Family and medical leave: Evidence from the 2000 surveys

Monthly Labor Review

Volumn 124, Issue 9, 2001, Pages 17-23

  Waldfogel, Jane ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0009877403     PISSN: 00981818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Further details on the 1995 surveys and their findings can be found in Commission on Family and Medical Leave, A Workable Balance: Report to Congress on Family Medical Leave Policies (U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, 1996); executive summary available on the Internet at www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/regs/compliance/ whd/fmla/summary.htm. Further details on the 2000 surveys and their findings can be found in David Cantor, Jane Waldfogel, Jeff Kerwin, Mareena McKinley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers: Family and Medical Leave Surveys, 2000 Update (Rockville, MD, Westat, 2001); on the Internet at http://www.dol.gov/ asp/fmla/main.htm. The 2000 surveys are also on the Internet at www.dol.gov/asp/fmla/database.htm.
2. Further details on the 1995 surveys and their findings can be found in Commission on Family and Medical Leave, A Workable Balance: Report to Congress on Family Medical Leave Policies (U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, 1996); executive summary available on the Internet at www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/regs/compliance/ whd/fmla/summary.htm. Further details on the 2000 surveys and their findings can be found in David Cantor, Jane Waldfogel, Jeff Kerwin, Mareena McKinley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers: Family and Medical Leave Surveys, 2000 Update (Rockville, MD, Westat, 2001); on the Internet at http://www.dol.gov/ asp/fmla/main.htm. The 2000 surveys are also on the Internet at www.dol.gov/asp/fmla/database.htm.
3. See Sheila Kamerman, "Parental Leave Policies: An Essential Ingredient in Early Childhood Education and Care Policies," Social Policy Report, vol. 14, no. 2, 2000, pp. 3-15; and "From Maternity to Parenting Policies: Women's Health, Employment, and Child and Family Well-Being," Journal of the American Women's Medical Association, in press; see also Peter Moss and Fred Deven (eds.), Parental Leave: Progress or Pitfall? Research and Policy Issues in Europe (Brussels, CBGS Publications, 1999); and Elizabeth Olson, "U.N. Surveys Paid Leave for Mothers: U.S. among Nations without a Policy," The New York Times, Feb. 16, 1998, p. A.5.
4. See Sheila Kamerman, "Parental Leave Policies: An Essential Ingredient in Early Childhood Education and Care Policies," Social Policy Report, vol. 14, no. 2, 2000, pp. 3-15; and "From Maternity to Parenting Policies: Women's Health, Employment, and Child and Family Well-Being," Journal of the American Women's Medical Association, in press; see also Peter Moss and Fred Deven (eds.), Parental Leave: Progress or Pitfall? Research and Policy Issues in Europe (Brussels, CBGS Publications, 1999); and Elizabeth Olson, "U.N. Surveys Paid Leave for Mothers: U.S. among Nations without a Policy," The New York Times, Feb. 16, 1998, p. A.5.
5. See Sheila Kamerman, "Parental Leave Policies: An Essential Ingredient in Early Childhood Education and Care Policies," Social Policy Report, vol. 14, no. 2, 2000, pp. 3-15; and "From Maternity to Parenting Policies: Women's Health, Employment, and Child and Family Well-Being," Journal of the American Women's Medical Association, in press; see also Peter Moss and Fred Deven (eds.), Parental Leave: Progress or Pitfall? Research and Policy Issues in Europe (Brussels, CBGS Publications, 1999); and Elizabeth Olson, "U.N. Surveys Paid Leave for Mothers: U.S. among Nations without a Policy," The New York Times, Feb. 16, 1998, p. A.5.
6. See Sheila Kamerman, "Parental Leave Policies: An Essential Ingredient in Early Childhood Education and Care Policies," Social Policy Report, vol. 14, no. 2, 2000, pp. 3-15; and "From Maternity to Parenting Policies: Women's Health, Employment, and Child and Family Well-Being," Journal of the American Women's Medical Association, in press; see also Peter Moss and Fred Deven (eds.), Parental Leave: Progress or Pitfall? Research and Policy Issues in Europe (Brussels, CBGS Publications, 1999); and Elizabeth Olson, "U.N. Surveys Paid Leave for Mothers: U.S. among Nations without a Policy," The New York Times, Feb. 16, 1998, p. A.5.
7. Jane Waldfogel, "Family leave coverage in the 1990s," Monthly Labor Review, October 1999, pp. 13-21; and "The Impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 18, no. 2, 1999, pp. 281-302.
8. Jane Waldfogel, "Family leave coverage in the 1990s," Monthly Labor Review, October 1999, pp. 13-21; and "The Impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 18, no. 2, 1999, pp. 281-302.
9. Katherin Ross, "Labor Pains: The Effects of the Family and Medical Leave Act on Recent Mothers' Returns to Work after Childbirth," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago, Apr. 2-4, 1998; Waldfogel, "Family and Medical Leave Act"; and Jane Waldfogel, Wenjui Han, and Katherin Ross Phillips, "Parental Leave-Taking and the FMLA," revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, Mar. 24, 2000. See also related research summarized in Christopher Ruhm, "Policy Watch: The Family and Medical Leave Act," Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 11, no. 3, 1997, pp. 175-86.
10. Katherin Ross, "Labor Pains: The Effects of the Family and Medical Leave Act on Recent Mothers' Returns to Work after Childbirth," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago, Apr. 2-4, 1998; Waldfogel, "Family and Medical Leave Act"; and Jane Waldfogel, Wenjui Han, and Katherin Ross Phillips, "Parental Leave-Taking and the FMLA," revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, Mar. 24, 2000. See also related research summarized in Christopher Ruhm, "Policy Watch: The Family and Medical Leave Act," Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 11, no. 3, 1997, pp. 175-86.
11. Katherin Ross, "Labor Pains: The Effects of the Family and Medical Leave Act on Recent Mothers' Returns to Work after Childbirth," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago, Apr. 2-4, 1998; Waldfogel, "Family and Medical Leave Act"; and Jane Waldfogel, Wenjui Han, and Katherin Ross Phillips, "Parental Leave-Taking and the FMLA," revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, Mar. 24, 2000. See also related research summarized in Christopher Ruhm, "Policy Watch: The Family and Medical Leave Act," Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 11, no. 3, 1997, pp. 175-86.
12. Katherin Ross, "Labor Pains: The Effects of the Family and Medical Leave Act on Recent Mothers' Returns to Work after Childbirth," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago, Apr. 2-4, 1998; Waldfogel, "Family and Medical Leave Act"; and Jane Waldfogel, Wenjui Han, and Katherin Ross Phillips, "Parental Leave-Taking and the FMLA," revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, Mar. 24, 2000. See also related research summarized in Christopher Ruhm, "Policy Watch: The Family and Medical Leave Act," Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 11, no. 3, 1997, pp. 175-86.
13. See Martin Malin, "Fathers and Parental Leave," Texas Law Review, vol. 72, no. 5, 1994, pp. 1047-95; and "Fathers and Parental Leave Revisited," Northern Illinois University Law Review, vol. 19, no. 1, 1998, pp. 25-56; and Waldfogel, Han, and Ross Phillips, "Parental Leave-Taking."
14. See Martin Malin, "Fathers and Parental Leave," Texas Law Review, vol. 72, no. 5, 1994, pp. 1047-95; and "Fathers and Parental Leave Revisited," Northern Illinois University Law Review, vol. 19, no. 1, 1998, pp. 25-56; and Waldfogel, Han, and Ross Phillips, "Parental Leave-Taking."
15. See Martin Malin, "Fathers and Parental Leave," Texas Law Review, vol. 72, no. 5, 1994, pp. 1047-95; and "Fathers and Parental Leave Revisited," Northern Illinois University Law Review, vol. 19, no. 1, 1998, pp. 25-56; and Waldfogel, Han, and Ross Phillips, "Parental Leave-Taking."
16. The reasons for this increase are not clear. Noncovered establishments may be increasing their provision of these benefits either as a way of keeping up with the benefits offered by covered establishments in a tight labor market or as a way of responding to the increased attention that family and medical leave issues have received in recent years.
17. Cantor et al., Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers, table 6.4.
18. Ibid., tables 6.3 and A2-2.2.
19. The data from the Survey of Employees tell a similar story: the most common method for covering work, according to employees who had taken leave, was to assign it to other workers, and the share of leave takers who said their work was covered by a temporary replacement was significantly lower in 2000 than in 1995.
20. Cantor et al., Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers, table A2-3.1.
21. The 46.9-percent figure was calculated by multiplying the share of employees identified as covered in the 2000 Survey of Establishments (58.3 percent) by the share of covered employees identified as eligible in the survey (80.5 percent). All the figures in this paragraph are from Commission on Family and Medical Leave, A Workable Balance, Executive Summary; and Cantor et al., Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers, tables 3.1 and A.2-3.2.
22. The 46.9-percent figure was calculated by multiplying the share of employees identified as covered in the 2000 Survey of Establishments (58.3 percent) by the share of covered employees identified as eligible in the survey (80.5 percent). All the figures in this paragraph are from Commission on Family and Medical Leave, A Workable Balance, Executive Summary; and Cantor et al., Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers, tables 3.1 and A.2-3.2.
23. Cantor et al., Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers, table 2.5.
24. p < .05. See Cantor et al., Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers, table 3.5.
25. Ibid., table 3.6.
26. p < .05. See Cantor et al., Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers, table 2.14.
27. Ibid., table 2.17.
28. Ibid., tables 4.10 and 4.11; comparable data for 1995 are not available.
29. Ibid., figure 4.3.
30. Ibid., table 4.1; comparable data for 1995 are not available.
31. Ibid., figure 4.2 and table 4.9; comparable data for 1995 are not available.
32. Ibid., table 2.17.
33. Ibid., table 2.18.
34. Ibid., tables 4.16, 4.17, and 4.19.
35. Jane Waldfogel, "What Other Nations Do: International Policies toward Parental Leave and Child Care," paper prepared for a special issue of The Future of Children on "Caring for Infants and Toddlers," spring-summer 2001, pp. 99-111.