New Trends in Peacekeeping: The Experience of Operation Alba

Security Dialogue

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 201-212

  Greco, Ettore ^a  

^a Security and Defence Department   (Italy)

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EID: 0009867255     PISSN: 09670106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0967010698029002008     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (New York: United Nations, 1992), Part VII.
2. For a comprehensive discussion of those problems see the special issue of Third World Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 3, 1997, on 'Beyond UN Sub-contracting: Task-sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and Service-providing NGOs'.
3. John Mackinlay & Jarat Chopra, A Draft Concept of Second Generation Multinational Operations (Providence, RI: Brown University, 1993).
4. At the elections that took place in two rounds - on 29 June and 9 July 1997 - the Socialist Party won a clear victory, gaining an overwhelming majority of the seats in the Albanian Parliament.
5. The literature on Operation Alba includes the following articles: Georgios Kostakos & Dimitris Bourantonis, 'Innovations in Peace-Keeping: The Case of Albania', Fatmir Mema, 'Did Albania Really Need Operation "Alba"?', both in Security Dialogue, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 49-58 and 59-62, resp.; Frank Debie, 'La Grèce, l'Italie et l'Europe face au problème albanais. Gestion de crise et représentation gèopolitique', Relations Internationales et Stratègiques, no. 28, Winter 1997, pp. 96-108; Stefno Silvestri, 'The Albanian Test Case', The International Spectator, vol. 32, no. 3-4, July-December 1997, pp. 87-98; Hugh Mall, 'The OSCE Role in Albania: A Success for Conflict Prevention?', Helsinki Monitor, vol. 8, no. 4, 1997, pp. 74-85.
6. The literature on Operation Alba includes the following articles: Georgios Kostakos & Dimitris Bourantonis, 'Innovations in Peace-Keeping: The Case of Albania', Fatmir Mema, 'Did Albania Really Need Operation "Alba"?', both in Security Dialogue, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 49-58 and 59-62, resp.; Frank Debie, 'La Grèce, l'Italie et l'Europe face au problème albanais. Gestion de crise et représentation gèopolitique', Relations Internationales et Stratègiques, no. 28, Winter 1997, pp. 96-108; Stefno Silvestri, 'The Albanian Test Case', The International Spectator, vol. 32, no. 3-4, July-December 1997, pp. 87-98; Hugh Mall, 'The OSCE Role in Albania: A Success for Conflict Prevention?', Helsinki Monitor, vol. 8, no. 4, 1997, pp. 74-85.
7. The literature on Operation Alba includes the following articles: Georgios Kostakos & Dimitris Bourantonis, 'Innovations in Peace-Keeping: The Case of Albania', Fatmir Mema, 'Did Albania Really Need Operation "Alba"?', both in Security Dialogue, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 49-58 and 59-62, resp.; Frank Debie, 'La Grèce, l'Italie et l'Europe face au problème albanais. Gestion de crise et représentation gèopolitique', Relations Internationales et Stratègiques, no. 28, Winter 1997, pp. 96-108; Stefno Silvestri, 'The Albanian Test Case', The International Spectator, vol. 32, no. 3-4, July-December 1997, pp. 87-98; Hugh Mall, 'The OSCE Role in Albania: A Success for Conflict Prevention?', Helsinki Monitor, vol. 8, no. 4, 1997, pp. 74-85.
8. The literature on Operation Alba includes the following articles: Georgios Kostakos & Dimitris Bourantonis, 'Innovations in Peace-Keeping: The Case of Albania', Fatmir Mema, 'Did Albania Really Need Operation "Alba"?', both in Security Dialogue, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 49-58 and 59-62, resp.; Frank Debie, 'La Grèce, l'Italie et l'Europe face au problème albanais. Gestion de crise et représentation gèopolitique', Relations Internationales et Stratègiques, no. 28, Winter 1997, pp. 96-108; Stefno Silvestri, 'The Albanian Test Case', The International Spectator, vol. 32, no. 3-4, July-December 1997, pp. 87-98; Hugh Mall, 'The OSCE Role in Albania: A Success for Conflict Prevention?', Helsinki Monitor, vol. 8, no. 4, 1997, pp. 74-85.
9. On the role of international institutions in conflict prevention see Abram Chayes & Antonia Handler Chayes (eds), Preventing Conflict in the Post-Communist World. Mobilizing International and Regional Organizations (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1996).
10. For the ODIHR's report on the elections see Helsinki Monitor, vol. 7, no. 3, 1996, pp. 127-134.
11. See Radoslava Stefanova, 'Preventing Violent Conflict in Europe: The Case of Macedonia', The International Spectator, vol. 32, no. 3/4, July-December 1997, pp. 108-109.
12. This statement was made at a press conference in Skopje on 12 April 1997.
13. Quoted in Financial Times, 15/16 March 1997 and International Herald Tribune, 16 March 1997.
14. Quoted in Financial Times, 15/16 March 1997 and International Herald Tribune, 16 March 1997.
15. See 'Plusieurs pays occidentaux estiment que le Président albanais doit démissioner', Le Monde, 18 March 1997.
16. See International Herald Tribune, 7 March 1997; Europe, no. 6936, 17/18 March 1997, pp. 5-6. German Chancellor Helmut Kohl had also expressed his deep scepticism: 'To put it quite bluntly, if you say we should send troops, then you would have to tell the soldiers what they would do there' (International Herald Tribune, 16 March 1997).
17. See International Herald Tribune, 7 March 1997; Europe, no. 6936, 17/18 March 1997, pp. 5-6. German Chancellor Helmut Kohl had also expressed his deep scepticism: 'To put it quite bluntly, if you say we should send troops, then you would have to tell the soldiers what they would do there' (International Herald Tribune, 16 March 1997).
18. See International Herald Tribune, 7 March 1997; Europe, no. 6936, 17/18 March 1997, pp. 5-6. German Chancellor Helmut Kohl had also expressed his deep scepticism: 'To put it quite bluntly, if you say we should send troops, then you would have to tell the soldiers what they would do there' (International Herald Tribune, 16 March 1997).
19. On the latter aspect see Frank Debie, note 5.
20. In order to prepare this work, an EU 'Advance Team' paid a visit to Albania from 26 March to 2 April. See also Europe, no. 6941, 24725 March 1997, p. 3.
21. Europe, no. 6952, 11 April 1997, p. 3.
22. Ministero Affari Esteri, Segreteria Generale, Discorso di Lamberto Dini alla Commissione Affari Istituzionali nel Parlamento Europeo, Brussels, 21 May 1997, p. 6.
23. The WEU was later given the task of contributing to the reorganization of the Albanian police forces through an ad hoc mission (Multinational Advisory Police Element, MAPE).
24. See Arie Bloed, 'The OSCE Response to Conflicts in the Region', Helsinki Monitor, vol. 8, no. 2, 1997, p. 52.
25. See PC Journal, no. 108, 26 March 1997, Annex; S/1997/258.
26. From the speech delivered by the UN Secretary-General before the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Parliament. See Atti Parlamentari, XIII Legislatura, Camera dei Deputati (Parliamentary Proceedings, XIII Legislature, Chamber of Deputies), 15 April 1997, pp. 192-193 (author's translation).
27. S/RES/1105 (1997), para. 2.
28. Europe, no. 6967, 2/3 May 1997, p. 5.
29. See Pino Agnetti, 'Operazione Alba. La Missione della Forza Multinazionale di Protezione in Albania' (Operation Alba. The Mission of the Multinational Protection Force) (Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 1997), p. 64.
30. As of 29 June 1997: Italy 3,778 troops, France 938, Greece 797, Turkey 758, Romania 398, Spain 342, Austria 110, Denmark 56, Slovenia 1 medical unit (24), Belgium 1 medical unit (14), Portugal 1 'C-130' aircraft and crew. Eighth Report to the UN Security Council on the Operation of the Multinational Protection Force in Albania, 2 July 1997, para 11.
31. The most important international organizations that participated in the Steering Committee's meetings in an observer capacity were the OSCE, the EU, the WEU, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the World Food Programme. The UN was also represented by the Department of Humanitarian Affairs.
32. PC.DEC/160, 27 March 1997.
33. A special cell for civil-military cooperation was set up at the MPF Command in Tirana. It interacted daily with the representatives of the main international organizations. During Operation Alba two international conferences on Albania, promoted by the Italian government, were held in Rome on 26 May and 31 July. They also contributed to the overall coordination of international efforts in Albania.
34. The Albanian government established a central commission in Tirana which interacted continuously with the Steering Committee.
35. For a comparison of Operation Alba and Operation Pelican see Mema, note 5 above.