A step-mountain coordinate general circulation model: Description and validation of medium-range forecasts

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 124, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 102-121

  Wyman, B L ^a,b  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009862470     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0102:ASMCGC>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Arakawa, A., 1966: Computational design for long-term numerical integration of the equations of fluid motion: Two-dimensional incompressible flow. Part I. J. Comput. Phys., 1, 119-143.
2. _, and V. R. Lamb, 1977: Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. Methods in Computational Physics, Vol. 17, J. Chang, Ed., Academic Press, 173-265.
3. _, and M. J. Suarez, 1983: Vertical differencing of the primitive equations in sigma coordinates. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 34-45.
4. Corby, G. A., A. Gilchrist, and R. L. Newson, 1972: A general circulation model of the atmosphere suitable for long period integrations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 809-832.
5. Delsol, F., K. Miyakoda, and R. H. Clarke, 1971: Parameterized processes in the surface boundary layer of an atmospheric circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 97, 181-208.
6. Fels, S. B., and M. D. Schwarzkopf, 1975: The simplified exchange approximation: A new method for radiative transfer calculations. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1476-1488.
7. 2 15-μm band cooling rates. J. Geophys. Res., 86(C2), 1205-1232.
8. Gadd, A. J., 1978: A split explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 569-582.
9. Gates, W. L., 1992: An AMS continuing series: Global change, AMIP: The atmospheric model intercomparison project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1962-1970.
10. Gordon, C. T., and W. F. Stern, 1982: A description of the GFDL global spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 625-644.
11. _, and _, 1984: Medium range prediction by a GFDL global spectral model: Results for three winter cases and sensitivity to dissipation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 217-245.
12. Janjić, Z. I., 1977: Pressure gradient force and advection scheme used for forecasting with steep and small scale topography. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 50, 186-199.
13. _, 1979: Forward-backward scheme modified to prevent two-grid-interval noise and its application in sigma coordinate models. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 52, 69-84.
14. _, 1984: Nonlinear advection schemes and energy cascade on semi-staggered grids. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1234-1245.
15. _, 1990: The step-mountain coordinate: Physical package. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1429-1443.
16. _, and F. Mesinger, 1984: Finite difference methods for the shallow water quations on various horizontal grids. ECMWF Seminar 1983, Numerical Methods for Weather Prediction, Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 29-101.
17. _, _, and T. L. Black, 1988: Horizontal discretization and forcing. Workshop on Techniques for the Horizontal Discretization in Numerical Weather Prediction Models, Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 207-227.
18. Kurihara, Y., 1965: On the use of implicit and iterative methods for the time integration of the wave equation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 33-46.
19. _, and G. J. Tripoli, 1976: An iterative time integration scheme designed to preserve a low-frequency wave. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 761-764.
20. Manabe, S., 1969: Climate and the ocean circulation. Part I: The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth's surface. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 739-774.
21. _, J. Smagorinsky, and R. F. Strickler, 1965: Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 769-798.
22. Matsuno, T., 1966: Numerical integrations of the primitive equations by a simulated backward difference method. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 44, 76-84.
23. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875.
24. Mesinger, F., 1973: A method for construction of second-order accuracy difference schemes permitting no false two-grid interval wave in the height field. Tellus, 25, 444-458.
25. _, 1977: Forward-backward scheme, and its use in a limited area model. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 50, 186-199.
26. _, 1981: Horizontal advection schemes of a staggered grid - An enstrophy and energy-conserving model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 467-478.
27. _, 1982: On the convergence and error problems of the calculation of the pressure gradient force in sigma coordinate models. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 19, 105-117.
28. _, 1984: A blocking technique for representation of mountains in atmospheric models. Riv. Meteor. Aeronautica, 44, 195-202.
29. _, and Z. I. Janjić, 1987: Numerical techniques for the representation of mountains. Observation, Theory and Modelling of Orographic Effects, Seminar/Workshop, Shinefield Park, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 29-80.
30. _, and T. L. Black, 1992: On the impact on forecast accuracy of the step-mountain (eta) vs. sigma coordinate. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 50, 47-60.
31. _, Z. I. Janjić, S. Ničković, D. Gavrilov, and D. G. Deaven, 1988: The step-mountain coordinate: Model description and performance for cases of Alpine lee cyclogenesis and for a case of an Appalachian redevelopment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1493-1518.
32. Miyakoda, K., and J. Sirutis, 1977: Comparative integrations of global models with various parameterized processes of subgrid-scale vertical transports: Description of the parameterizations. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 50, 445-487.
33. Phillips, N. A., 1957: A coordinate system having some special advantages for numerical forecasting. J. Meteor., 14, 184-185.
34. _, 1959: Numerical integration of the primitive equations on the hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 87, 333-345.
35. Pierrehumbert, R. T., 1987: An essay on the parameterization of orographic gravity wave drag. Observation, Theory and Modelling of Orographic Effects, Seminar/workshop, Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 251-282.
36. Rančić, M., and S. Ničković, 1988: Numerical testing of E-grid horizontal advection schemes on the hemisphere. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 61, 265-273.
37. Schwarzkopf, M. D., and S. B. Fels, 1991: The simplified exchange method revisited: An accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 96(D5), 9075-9096.
38. Shapiro, R., 1970: Smoothing, filtering, and boundary effects. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 8, 359-387.
39. Simmons, A. J., 1987: Orography and development of the ECMWF forecast model. Observation, Theory and Modelling of Orographic Effects, Seminar/Workshop, Shinefield Park, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 129-163.
40. _, 1988: Some aspects of the design and performance of the global ECMWF spectral model. Workshop on Techniques for the Horizontal Discretization in Numerical Weather Prediction Models, Shinefield Park, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 249-303.
41. _, and M. Jarraud, 1984: The design and performance of the new ECMWF operation model. ECMWF Seminar 1983, Numerical Methods for Weather Prediction, Shinefield Park, Reading, ECMWF, 113-164.
42. Sirutis, J., and K. Miyakoda, 1990: Subgrid scale physics in 1-month forecasts. Part I: Experiment with four parameterization packages. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1043-1064.
43. Smagorinsky, J., 1963: General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. Part I: The basic experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 91, 99-164.
44. Stern, W. F., and R. T. Pierrehumbert, 1988: The impact of an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization on extended range predictions with a GCM. Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Baltimore, MD, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 745-750.
45. Takacs, L. L., and R. C. Balgovind, 1983: High-latitude filtering in global grid-point models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 2005-2015.
46. Tomine, K., and S. Abe, 1982: A trial to reduce truncation errors of the pressure gradient force in sigma coordinate systems. J. Meteor Soc. Japan, 60, 709-716.