The lowland Maya "protoclassic": A reconsideration of its nature and significance

Ancient Mesoamerica

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 17-38

  Brady, James E ^a   Ball, Joseph W ^b   Bishop, Ronald L ^c   Pring, Duncan C ^d   Hammond, Norman ^e   Housley, Rupert A ^f  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION   (United States)

^d Cathay Pacific Airways Limited   (Hong Kong)

^e Boston University   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009859872     PISSN: 09565361     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0956536100001826     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Adams, Richard E.W. 1971 The Ceramics of Altar de Sacrificios. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 63, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
2. 1973 Maya Collapse: Transformation and Termination in the Ceramic Sequence at Altar de Sacrificios. In The Classic Maya Collapse, edited By T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 133-163. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
3. Anderson, A. Hamilton, and Herbert J. Cook 1944 Archaeological Finds near Douglas, British Honduras. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology No. 40. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.
4. Andrews, E. Wyllys IV 1965 Progress Report on the 1960-1964 Field Seasons, National Geographic Society-Tulane University Dzibilchaltun Program. In Middle American Research Institute Publication No. 31, pp. 23-67. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
5. Ball, Joseph W. 1976 Ceramic Sphere Affiliations of the Barton Ramie Ceramic Complexes. In Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize Valley, compiled by J.C. Gifford and C.A. Gifford, pp. 323-330. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 18. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
6. 1977 The Archaeological Ceramics of Becan, Campeche, Mexico. Publication No. 43. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
7. 1978a Archaeological Pottery of the Yucatan-Campeche Coast. Publication No. 46, Pt. 2. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
8. 1978b The Rise of the Northern Maya Chiefdoms: A Socio-processual Analysis, Part II. Estudios de Cultura Maya 10:209-222. Mexico.
9. 1980 The Archaeological Ceramics of Chinkultic, Chiapas, Mexico. Papers No. 43. New World Archaeological Foundation, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
10. 1993 Pottery, Potters, Palaces, and Polities: Some Socioeconomic and Political Implications of Late Classic Maya Ceramic Industries. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D., edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson, pp. 243-272. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.
11. Ball, Joseph W., and Jennifer T. Taschek 1992 Economics and Economies in the Late Classic Maya Lowlands: A Trial Examination of Some Apparent Patterns and Implications. Paper presented at the Wenner-Gren Foundation Symposium, "The Segmentary State and the Classic Lowland Maya: A 'New' Model for Ancient Political Organization." Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH.
12. 1993 Las Ruinas de Arenal: A Preliminary Report on a Subregional Major Center in the Upper Belize Valley (1991 Excavations). Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University.
13. Brady, James E. 1985 A Re-evaluation of Protoclassic Orange Wares. Paper presented at the 1985 Maya Ceramic Conference, Washington, DC.
14. 1987 A Re-evaluation of Protoclassic Orange Wares. In Maya Ceramics: Papers from the 1985 Maya Ceramic Conference, edited by Pru- dence M. Rice and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 469-477. BAR International Series 345. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
15. 1989 An Investigation of Maya Ritual Cave Use with Special Reference to Naj Tunich, Peten, Guatemala. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.
16. 1992 Function and Meaning of Lowland Maya Shoe-Pots. Ceramica de Cultura Maya 16:1-10.
17. Brady, James E., T. Patrick Culbert, Hector Escobedo, Donald Forsyth, Richard Hansen, and Prudence M. Rice 1995 El protoclásico in las tierras bajas mayas: Algunas apuntes sobre los resultados del taller de cerámica. In VIII Simposio sobre Arqueología Cuatemalteca, pp. 463-468. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes y Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.
18. Brady, James E., George Veni, Andrea Stone, and Allan Cobb 1992 Explorations in the New Branch of Naj Tunich: Implications for Interpretation. Mexicon 14(4):74-81.
19. Brainerd, George W. 1958 The Archaeological Ceramics of Yucatan. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
20. Case, Robert P. 1982 Type: Variety Analysis and the Protoclassic Ceramics of El Pozito, Belize: A Critical Review. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
21. Chase, Arlen F. 1994 A Contextual Approach to the Ceramics of Caracol, Belize. In Studies in the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize, edited by D.Z. Chase and A.F. Chase, pp. 157-182. Monograph No. 7. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco, CA.
22. Chase, A.F., and D.Z. Chase 1987 Putting Together the Pieces: Maya Pottery of Northern Belize and Central Peten, Guatemala. In Maya Ceramics: Papers from the 1985 Maya Ceramic Conference, edited by Prudence M. Rice and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 47-72. BAR International Series 345. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
23. Coe, William R. 1965 Tikal, Guatemala, and Emergent Maya Civilization. Science 147:1401-1419.
24. 1990 Excavations in the Great Plaza, North Terrace, and North Acropolis of Tikal. Tikal Reports No. 14, Vol. 3. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
25. Culbert, T. Patrick 1963 Ceramic Research at Tikal, Guatemala. Ceramica de Cultura Maya 1(2-3):34-42.
26. Demarest, Arthur A. 1986 The Archaeology of Santa Leticia and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Publication No. 52. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
27. Demarest, Arthur A., and Robert J. Sharer 1982 The Origins and Evolution of Usulutan Ceramics. American Antiquity 47:810-822.
28. 1986 Late Preclassic Ceramic Spheres, Culture Areas, and Cultural Evolution in the Southeastern Highlands of Mesoamerica. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Patricia A. Urban and Edward M. Schortman, pp. 195-223. University of Texas Press, Austin.
29. Escobedo Ayala, Hector L. 1992 Resultados preliminares del análisis de la cerámica de Naj Tunich. Utz'ib 1(2):9-15.
30. Forsyth, Donald W. 1983 Investigations at Edzna, Campeche, Mexico: Ceramics. Papers No. 46, Vol. 2. New World Archaeological Foundation, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
31. 1989 The Ceramics of El Mirador, Peten, Guatemala. Papers No. 63. New World Archaeological Foundation, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
32. Fry, Robert E. 1983 The Ceramics of the Pulltrouser Area: Settlements and Fields. In Pulltrouser Swamp: Ancient Maya Habitat, Agriculture, and Settlement in Northern Belize, edited by B.L. Turner II and P.D. Harrison, pp. 194-211. University of Texas Press, Austin.
33. Gifford, James C. 1965 Ceramics. In Prehistoric Maya Settlement Patterns in the Belize Valley, edited by G.R. Willey, W.R. Bullard, Jr., J.B. Glass, and J.C. Gifford. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 54. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
34. 1974 Recent Thought Concerning the Interpretation of Maya Prehistory. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Norman Hammond, pp. 77-98. University of Texas Press, Austin.
35. 1976 Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize Valley. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology No. 18. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
36. Graham, Elizabeth 1986 Barton Ramie Ceramic Types at Colson Point, North Stann Creek: A Focus on the Protoclassic. Ceramica de Cultura Maya 13:1-17.
37. 1994 The Highlands of the Lowlands: Environment and Archaeology in the Stann Creek District, Belize, Central America. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 19. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.
38. Hammond, Norman 1974 Preclassic to Postclassic in Northern Belize. Antiquity 48:177-189.
39. 1984 Holmul and Nohmul: A Comparison and Assessment of Two Maya Lowland Protoclassic Sites. Ceramica de Cultura Maya 13:1-17.
40. Henderson, John S., and Marilyn Beaudry-Corbett 1993 Pottery of Prehistoric Honduras. Monograph No. 35. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
41. Hermes Cifuentes, Bernard 1993 La secuencia cerámica de Topoxte: Un informe preliminar. Beitrage zur Allegemeinen und Vergleichenden Archaologie 13:221- 251.
42. Houston, Stephen D., David Stuart, and Karl Taube 1992 Image and Text on the "Jauncy Vase." In The Maya Vase Book, vol. 3, edited by Justin Kerr, pp. 499-512. Kerr Associates, New York.
43. Ichon, Alain 1985 La fouille du Groupe A de La Lagunita (periode protoclassique). In Le protoclassique a La Lagunita, El Quiche, Guatemala, edited by A. Ichon and M. Charlotte Arnauld, pp.11-103. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/R.C.P. 294 et 500, Institut d'Ethnologie, Paris. Piedra Santa, Guatemala.
44. Ichon, Alain, and Marie Charlotte Arnauld (editors) 1985 Le protoclassique a La Lagunita, El Quiche, Guatemala. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/R.C.P. 294 et 500, Institut d'Ethnologie, Paris. Piedra Santa, Guatemala.
45. Kosakowsky, Laura J. 1987 Preclassic Maya Pottery at Cuello, Belize. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
46. Kurjack, Edward B. 1974 Prehistoric Lowland Maya Community and Social Organization: A Case Study at Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico. Publication No. 38. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
47. Laporte, Juan Pedro, Lilian A. Corzo, Hector L. Escobedo, Rosa Maria Flores, K. Isabel Izaguirre, Nancy Monterroso, Paulino I. Morales, Carmen Ramos, Irma Rodas, Julio A. Roldan, Franklin Solares, and Bernard Hermes 1993 La secuencia cerámica del volle de Dolores, Peten: Las unidades cerámicas. Publicación No. 1. Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes y Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala.
48. Laporte, Juan Pedro, and Vilma Fialko C. 1990 New Perspectives on Old Problems: Dynastic References for the Early Classic at Tikal. In Vision and Revision in Maya Studies, edited by F.S. Clancy and P.D. Harrison, pp. 33-66. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
49. Lincoln, Charles E. 1985 Ceramics and Ceramic Chronology. In A Consideration of the Early Classic Period in the Maya Lowlands, edited by G.R. Willey and P. Mathews, pp. 55-94. Publication No. 10. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York, Albany.
50. Lothrop, Samuel K. 1927 Pottery Types and Their Sequence in El Salvador. Indian Notes and Monographs Vol. 1, No. 4. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York.
51. Merwin, Raymond E., and George C. Vaillant 1932 The Ruins of Holmul Guatemala. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 3, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
52. Meskill, Frances K. 1992 Ceramics and Context: A Protoclassic Perspective from the Sites of Kichpanha and Colha. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, San Antonio.
53. Morley, Sylvanus G., George W. Brainerd, and Robert J. Sharer 1983 The Ancient Maya. 4th ed. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
54. Pring, Duncan C. 1977a Influence or Intrusion? The Protoclassic in the Maya Lowlands. In Social Process in Maya Prehistory, edited by Norman Hammond. pp. 135-165. Academic Press, London.
55. 1977b The Preclassic Ceramics of Northern Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of London, London.
56. 1996 The Holmul I Style in the Maya Lowlands. Manuscript on file, Cathay Pacific Airways, Hong Kong.
57. Rice, Don S., and Prudence M. Rice 1981 Muralla de Leon: A Lowland Maya Fortification. Journal of Field Archaeology 8:271-288.
58. Rice, Prudence M. 1983 Problems with the Protoclassic: A Proposal for Radical Surgery. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
59. 1979 Ceramic and Nonceramic Artifacts of Lake Yaxha-Sacnab, El Peten, Guatemala. Part I, Ceramics. Section A: Introduction and the Middle Preclassic Ceramics of Yaxha-Sacnab, Guatemala. Ceramica de Cultura Maya 10:1-36.
60. 1985 Maya Pottery Techniques and Technology. In Ancient Technology to Modern Science, edited by W. David Kingery, pp. 113-132. American Ceramic Society, Columbus, OH.
61. 1987 Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
62. Robles Castellanos, J. Fernando 1990 La secuencia cerámica de la región de Coba, Quintana Roo. Colección Científica (Serie Arqueología), Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.
63. Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1975 Excavations at Seibal: Ceramics. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 13, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
64. Sharer, Robert J. 1978 The Prehistory of Chalchuapa, El Salvador. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
65. 1994 The Ancient Maya. 5th ed. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
66. Sharer, Robert J., and James C. Gifford 1970 Preclassic Ceramics from Chalchuapa, El Salvador, and Their Relationships with the Lowland Maya. American Antiquity 35:441-462.
67. Shepard, Anna O. 1976 Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.
68. Smith, Robert E. 1955 Ceramic Sequence at Uaxactun, Guatemala. 2 vols. Publication No. 20. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
69. 1971 The Pottery of Mayapan. 2 vols. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 66. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
70. Smith, Robert E., and James C. Gifford 1965 Pottery of the Maya Lowlands. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Pt. 1, edited by Gordon R. Willey, pp. 498-534. Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 2, Robert L. Wauchope, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.
71. Stone, Doris 1948 The Basic Cultures of Central America. In The Circum-Caribbean Tribes, edited by Julian H. Steward, pp. 169-193. Handbook of South American Indians, vol. 4. Bulletin No. 143. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
72. Stuiver, M., and Becker, B. 1986 High-Precision Decadal Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, AD 1950-2500 BC. Radiocarbon 28:863-910.
73. Taschek, Jennifer T., and Joseph W. Ball 1992 Lord Smoke-Squirrel's Cacao Cup: The Archaeological Context and Socio-Historical Significance of the Buenavista 'Jauncy Vase.' In The Maya Vase Book, vol. 3, edited by Justin Kerr, pp. 490-498. Kerr Associates, New York.
74. Thompson, J. Eric S. 1931 Archaeological Investigations in the Southern Cayo District, British Honduras. Anthropological Series XVII, No. 3. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
75. Vaillant, George C. 1928 Notes on the Middle Cultures of Middle America. In Proceedings of the XXIII International Congress of Americanists, pp. 74-81. New York.
76. 1934 The Archaeological Setting of the Playa de los Muertos Culture. Maya Research 1:87-100. New Orleans.
77. Valdez, Fred, Jr. 1987 The Prehistoric Ceramics of Colha, Northern Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
78. Viel, Rene 1993 Evolución de la cerámica en Copán, Resultados preliminares. In Introducción a la arqueología de Copán, Honduras, tomo I, edited by Claude F. Baudez, pp. 473-549. Secretaría del Estado en el Despacho de Cultura y Turismo, Tegucigalpa.
79. Willey, Gordon R. 1977 The Rise of Maya Civilization: A Summary View. In The Origins of Maya Civilization, edited by R.E.W. Adams, pp. 383-423. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
80. Willey, Gordon R., W.R. Bullard, Jr., J.B. Glass, and J.C. Gifford 1965 Prehistoric Maya Settlements in the Belize Valley. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 54. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
81. Willey, G.R., T.P. Culbert, and R.E.W. Adams 1967 Maya Lowland Ceramics: A Report from the 1965 Guatemala City Conference. American Antiquity 32:289-315.
82. Willey, G.R., and James C. Gifford 1961 Pottery of the Holmul I Style from Barton Ramie, British Honduras. In Essays in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, edited by Samuel Lothrop et al., pp. 152-170. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.