The ideology of success in major American farm magazines, 1934-1991

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 594-608

  Walter, Gerry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009450694     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300307     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Donald B. Marti, "Agricultural Journalism and the Diffusion of Knowledge: The First Half-Century in America," Agricultural History 54 (January 1980): 28-37; Richard T. Farrell, "Advice to Farmers: The Content of Agricultural Newspapers, 1860-1910," Agricultural History 51 (January 1977): 209-17; James F. Evans and Rodolfo N. Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture: The American Farm Press (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974); and Stephen Ford and Emerson Babb, "Farmer Sources and Uses of Information," Agribusiness 5 (September 1989): 465-76.
2. Donald B. Marti, "Agricultural Journalism and the Diffusion of Knowledge: The First Half-Century in America," Agricultural History 54 (January 1980): 28-37; Richard T. Farrell, "Advice to Farmers: The Content of Agricultural Newspapers, 1860-1910," Agricultural History 51 (January 1977): 209-17; James F. Evans and Rodolfo N. Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture: The American Farm Press (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974); and Stephen Ford and Emerson Babb, "Farmer Sources and Uses of Information," Agribusiness 5 (September 1989): 465-76.
3. Donald B. Marti, "Agricultural Journalism and the Diffusion of Knowledge: The First Half-Century in America," Agricultural History 54 (January 1980): 28-37; Richard T. Farrell, "Advice to Farmers: The Content of Agricultural Newspapers, 1860-1910," Agricultural History 51 (January 1977): 209-17; James F. Evans and Rodolfo N. Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture: The American Farm Press (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974); and Stephen Ford and Emerson Babb, "Farmer Sources and Uses of Information," Agribusiness 5 (September 1989): 465-76.
4. Donald B. Marti, "Agricultural Journalism and the Diffusion of Knowledge: The First Half-Century in America," Agricultural History 54 (January 1980): 28-37; Richard T. Farrell, "Advice to Farmers: The Content of Agricultural Newspapers, 1860-1910," Agricultural History 51 (January 1977): 209-17; James F. Evans and Rodolfo N. Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture: The American Farm Press (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974); and Stephen Ford and Emerson Babb, "Farmer Sources and Uses of Information," Agribusiness 5 (September 1989): 465-76.
5. Tony Trew, "Theory and Ideology at Work," in Language and Control, ed. Roger Fowler, Bruce Hodge, George Kress, and Tony Trew (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 94-116; Teun A. van Dijk, News Analysis (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988); and S. Elizabeth Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives: Television and the Press, ed. James W. Carey (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-86.
6. Tony Trew, "Theory and Ideology at Work," in Language and Control, ed. Roger Fowler, Bruce Hodge, George Kress, and Tony Trew (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 94-116; Teun A. van Dijk, News Analysis (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988); and S. Elizabeth Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives: Television and the Press, ed. James W. Carey (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-86.
7. Tony Trew, "Theory and Ideology at Work," in Language and Control, ed. Roger Fowler, Bruce Hodge, George Kress, and Tony Trew (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 94-116; Teun A. van Dijk, News Analysis (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988); and S. Elizabeth Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives: Television and the Press, ed. James W. Carey (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-86.
8. Farmers in 1935 received an average of 2.7 farm magazines; by 1965 the number had increased to 6.7. A 1963 survey of 790 Illinois farmers found that 69 percent received all three magazines examined in this study. Susan Thompson and James F. Evans, Where Farmers Get Information, Agricultural Communications Research Report, no. 14 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1963); Robert E. Schingoethe and James F. Evans, Illinois Farmers' Opinions About Three Farm Publications, Agricultural Communications Research Report, no. 21 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1964); Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 65; and Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986).
9. Farmers in 1935 received an average of 2.7 farm magazines; by 1965 the number had increased to 6.7. A 1963 survey of 790 Illinois farmers found that 69 percent received all three magazines examined in this study. Susan Thompson and James F. Evans, Where Farmers Get Information, Agricultural Communications Research Report, no. 14 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1963); Robert E. Schingoethe and James F. Evans, Illinois Farmers' Opinions About Three Farm Publications, Agricultural Communications Research Report, no. 21 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1964); Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 65; and Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986).
10. Farmers in 1935 received an average of 2.7 farm magazines; by 1965 the number had increased to 6.7. A 1963 survey of 790 Illinois farmers found that 69 percent received all three magazines examined in this study. Susan Thompson and James F. Evans, Where Farmers Get Information, Agricultural Communications Research Report, no. 14 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1963); Robert E. Schingoethe and James F. Evans, Illinois Farmers' Opinions About Three Farm Publications, Agricultural Communications Research Report, no. 21 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1964); Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 65; and Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986).
11. Farmers in 1935 received an average of 2.7 farm magazines; by 1965 the number had increased to 6.7. A 1963 survey of 790 Illinois farmers found that 69 percent received all three magazines examined in this study. Susan Thompson and James F. Evans, Where Farmers Get Information, Agricultural Communications Research Report, no. 14 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1963); Robert E. Schingoethe and James F. Evans, Illinois Farmers' Opinions About Three Farm Publications, Agricultural Communications Research Report, no. 21 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1964); Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 65; and Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986).
12. Farm Journal and Successful Farming are national-circulation magazines; Prairie Farmer circulates primarily in Illinois. The magazines' published circulations in 1990 were 759,424 (FJ), 485,624 (SF), and 61,782 (PF); in 1965 they were 3.1 million, 1.3 million, and 218,000, respectively. Published national circulation numbers for earlier years are unavailable. The magazines' circulations in Illinois in 1935 (when the state had 214,000 farms) were 82,511 (FJ), 104,335 (SF), and 172,336 (PF). Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 65; Willard W. Cochrane, The Development of American Agriculture, 2d ed. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 122-70; and James F. Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS: The Burridge D. Butler Years (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1969), 81.
13. Farm Journal and Successful Farming are national-circulation magazines; Prairie Farmer circulates primarily in Illinois. The magazines' published circulations in 1990 were 759,424 (FJ), 485,624 (SF), and 61,782 (PF); in 1965 they were 3.1 million, 1.3 million, and 218,000, respectively. Published national circulation numbers for earlier years are unavailable. The magazines' circulations in Illinois in 1935 (when the state had 214,000 farms) were 82,511 (FJ), 104,335 (SF), and 172,336 (PF). Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 65; Willard W. Cochrane, The Development of American Agriculture, 2d ed. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 122-70; and James F. Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS: The Burridge D. Butler Years (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1969), 81.
14. Farm Journal and Successful Farming are national-circulation magazines; Prairie Farmer circulates primarily in Illinois. The magazines' published circulations in 1990 were 759,424 (FJ), 485,624 (SF), and 61,782 (PF); in 1965 they were 3.1 million, 1.3 million, and 218,000, respectively. Published national circulation numbers for earlier years are unavailable. The magazines' circulations in Illinois in 1935 (when the state had 214,000 farms) were 82,511 (FJ), 104,335 (SF), and 172,336 (PF). Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 65; Willard W. Cochrane, The Development of American Agriculture, 2d ed. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 122-70; and James F. Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS: The Burridge D. Butler Years (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1969), 81.
15. Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 14-18, 39; Earl W. McMunn, "Great Men and Enduring Farm Magazines: A Commentary," in Agricultural Literature: Proud Heritage - Future Promise, ed. Alan Fusonie and Leila Moran (Washington, DC: Graduate School Press, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1977), 193-206; van Dijk, News Analysis; and Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action.
16. Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 14-18, 39; Earl W. McMunn, "Great Men and Enduring Farm Magazines: A Commentary," in Agricultural Literature: Proud Heritage - Future Promise, ed. Alan Fusonie and Leila Moran (Washington, DC: Graduate School Press, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1977), 193-206; van Dijk, News Analysis; and Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action.
17. Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 14-18, 39; Earl W. McMunn, "Great Men and Enduring Farm Magazines: A Commentary," in Agricultural Literature: Proud Heritage - Future Promise, ed. Alan Fusonie and Leila Moran (Washington, DC: Graduate School Press, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1977), 193-206; van Dijk, News Analysis; and Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action.
18. Evans and Salcedo, Communications in Agriculture, 14-18, 39; Earl W. McMunn, "Great Men and Enduring Farm Magazines: A Commentary," in Agricultural Literature: Proud Heritage - Future Promise, ed. Alan Fusonie and Leila Moran (Washington, DC: Graduate School Press, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1977), 193-206; van Dijk, News Analysis; and Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action.
19. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Claude LeviStrauss, Structural Anthropology (NY: Basic Books, 1963); Lucien Goldmann, "The Sociology of Literature: Status and Problems of Method," International Social Science Journal 19 (1967): 493-516; and Willard W. Cochrane, "American Agricultural Development, Rural Values and Societal Valuation Conflicts," in Agriculture, Change and Human Values, ed. Richard Haynes and Richard Lanier (Gainesville: University of Florida Humanities and Agriculture Program, 1982), 1-13.
20. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Claude LeviStrauss, Structural Anthropology (NY: Basic Books, 1963); Lucien Goldmann, "The Sociology of Literature: Status and Problems of Method," International Social Science Journal 19 (1967): 493-516; and Willard W. Cochrane, "American Agricultural Development, Rural Values and Societal Valuation Conflicts," in Agriculture, Change and Human Values, ed. Richard Haynes and Richard Lanier (Gainesville: University of Florida Humanities and Agriculture Program, 1982), 1-13.
21. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Claude LeviStrauss, Structural Anthropology (NY: Basic Books, 1963); Lucien Goldmann, "The Sociology of Literature: Status and Problems of Method," International Social Science Journal 19 (1967): 493-516; and Willard W. Cochrane, "American Agricultural Development, Rural Values and Societal Valuation Conflicts," in Agriculture, Change and Human Values, ed. Richard Haynes and Richard Lanier (Gainesville: University of Florida Humanities and Agriculture Program, 1982), 1-13.
22. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Claude LeviStrauss, Structural Anthropology (NY: Basic Books, 1963); Lucien Goldmann, "The Sociology of Literature: Status and Problems of Method," International Social Science Journal 19 (1967): 493-516; and Willard W. Cochrane, "American Agricultural Development, Rural Values and Societal Valuation Conflicts," in Agriculture, Change and Human Values, ed. Richard Haynes and Richard Lanier (Gainesville: University of Florida Humanities and Agriculture Program, 1982), 1-13.
23. William P. Browne, Jerry R. Skees, Louis E. Swanson, Paul B. Thompson, and Laurian J. Unnewehr, Sacred Cows and Hot Potatoes: Agrarian Myths in Agricultural Policy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); Kirk L. Heinze, "From Virgil to Virginia: The Wellsprings of the American Agrarian Mythology," in The American West on Film, ed. Michael V. Doyle (Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt, 1990), 6-25; and Thomas Jefferson, "Manufactures," in Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), 164-65.
24. William P. Browne, Jerry R. Skees, Louis E. Swanson, Paul B. Thompson, and Laurian J. Unnewehr, Sacred Cows and Hot Potatoes: Agrarian Myths in Agricultural Policy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); Kirk L. Heinze, "From Virgil to Virginia: The Wellsprings of the American Agrarian Mythology," in The American West on Film, ed. Michael V. Doyle (Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt, 1990), 6-25; and Thomas Jefferson, "Manufactures," in Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), 164-65.
25. William P. Browne, Jerry R. Skees, Louis E. Swanson, Paul B. Thompson, and Laurian J. Unnewehr, Sacred Cows and Hot Potatoes: Agrarian Myths in Agricultural Policy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); Kirk L. Heinze, "From Virgil to Virginia: The Wellsprings of the American Agrarian Mythology," in The American West on Film, ed. Michael V. Doyle (Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt, 1990), 6-25; and Thomas Jefferson, "Manufactures," in Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), 164-65.
26. Cochrane, "American Agricultural Development"; Walter Goldschmidt, "Agricultural Production and the American Ethos," in Agriculture, Change and Human Values, ed. Haynes and Lanier, 406-22 ; and Paul B. Thompson, "The Social Goals of Agriculture," Agriculture and Human Values 4 (summer 1986): 32-42.
27. Cochrane, "American Agricultural Development"; Walter Goldschmidt, "Agricultural Production and the American Ethos," in Agriculture, Change and Human Values, ed. Haynes and Lanier, 406-22 ; and Paul B. Thompson, "The Social Goals of Agriculture," Agriculture and Human Values 4 (summer 1986): 32-42.
28. Cochrane, "American Agricultural Development"; Walter Goldschmidt, "Agricultural Production and the American Ethos," in Agriculture, Change and Human Values, ed. Haynes and Lanier, 406-22 ; and Paul B. Thompson, "The Social Goals of Agriculture," Agriculture and Human Values 4 (summer 1986): 32-42.
29. Michael G. Dalecki and C. Milton Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society," Rural Sociology 57 (spring 1992): 48-64; Robert Goldman and David R. Dickens, "The Selling of Rural America," Rural Sociology 48 (winter 1983): 585-606; Charles U. Larson and Christine Oravec, '"A Prairie Home Companion' and the Fabrication of Community," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (winter 1987): 221-44; Frederick H. Buttel and William L. Flinn, "Sources and Consequences of Agrarian Values in American Society," Rural Sociology 40 (summer 1975): 134-51; Edward G. Singer and Ivan S. F. de Sousa, "The Sociopolitical Consequences of Agrarianism Reconsidered," Rural Sociology 48 (summer 1983): 291-307; Yi-Fu Tuan, "Cultural Models I: Farm Life," in The Good Life (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 32-41; Thomas Urban, "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices 6, no. 4 (1991): 4-6; and Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (NY: Vintage, 1964).
30. Michael G. Dalecki and C. Milton Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society," Rural Sociology 57 (spring 1992): 48-64; Robert Goldman and David R. Dickens, "The Selling of Rural America," Rural Sociology 48 (winter 1983): 585-606; Charles U. Larson and Christine Oravec, '"A Prairie Home Companion' and the Fabrication of Community," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (winter 1987): 221-44; Frederick H. Buttel and William L. Flinn, "Sources and Consequences of Agrarian Values in American Society," Rural Sociology 40 (summer 1975): 134-51; Edward G. Singer and Ivan S. F. de Sousa, "The Sociopolitical Consequences of Agrarianism Reconsidered," Rural Sociology 48 (summer 1983): 291-307; Yi-Fu Tuan, "Cultural Models I: Farm Life," in The Good Life (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 32-41; Thomas Urban, "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices 6, no. 4 (1991): 4-6; and Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (NY: Vintage, 1964).
31. Michael G. Dalecki and C. Milton Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society," Rural Sociology 57 (spring 1992): 48-64; Robert Goldman and David R. Dickens, "The Selling of Rural America," Rural Sociology 48 (winter 1983): 585-606; Charles U. Larson and Christine Oravec, '"A Prairie Home Companion' and the Fabrication of Community," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (winter 1987): 221-44; Frederick H. Buttel and William L. Flinn, "Sources and Consequences of Agrarian Values in American Society," Rural Sociology 40 (summer 1975): 134-51; Edward G. Singer and Ivan S. F. de Sousa, "The Sociopolitical Consequences of Agrarianism Reconsidered," Rural Sociology 48 (summer 1983): 291-307; Yi-Fu Tuan, "Cultural Models I: Farm Life," in The Good Life (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 32-41; Thomas Urban, "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices 6, no. 4 (1991): 4-6; and Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (NY: Vintage, 1964).
32. Michael G. Dalecki and C. Milton Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society," Rural Sociology 57 (spring 1992): 48-64; Robert Goldman and David R. Dickens, "The Selling of Rural America," Rural Sociology 48 (winter 1983): 585-606; Charles U. Larson and Christine Oravec, '"A Prairie Home Companion' and the Fabrication of Community," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (winter 1987): 221-44; Frederick H. Buttel and William L. Flinn, "Sources and Consequences of Agrarian Values in American Society," Rural Sociology 40 (summer 1975): 134-51; Edward G. Singer and Ivan S. F. de Sousa, "The Sociopolitical Consequences of Agrarianism Reconsidered," Rural Sociology 48 (summer 1983): 291-307; Yi-Fu Tuan, "Cultural Models I: Farm Life," in The Good Life (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 32-41; Thomas Urban, "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices 6, no. 4 (1991): 4-6; and Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (NY: Vintage, 1964).
33. Michael G. Dalecki and C. Milton Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society," Rural Sociology 57 (spring 1992): 48-64; Robert Goldman and David R. Dickens, "The Selling of Rural America," Rural Sociology 48 (winter 1983): 585-606; Charles U. Larson and Christine Oravec, '"A Prairie Home Companion' and the Fabrication of Community," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (winter 1987): 221-44; Frederick H. Buttel and William L. Flinn, "Sources and Consequences of Agrarian Values in American Society," Rural Sociology 40 (summer 1975): 134-51; Edward G. Singer and Ivan S. F. de Sousa, "The Sociopolitical Consequences of Agrarianism Reconsidered," Rural Sociology 48 (summer 1983): 291-307; Yi-Fu Tuan, "Cultural Models I: Farm Life," in The Good Life (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 32-41; Thomas Urban, "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices 6, no. 4 (1991): 4-6; and Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (NY: Vintage, 1964).
34. Michael G. Dalecki and C. Milton Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society," Rural Sociology 57 (spring 1992): 48-64; Robert Goldman and David R. Dickens, "The Selling of Rural America," Rural Sociology 48 (winter 1983): 585-606; Charles U. Larson and Christine Oravec, '"A Prairie Home Companion' and the Fabrication of Community," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (winter 1987): 221-44; Frederick H. Buttel and William L. Flinn, "Sources and Consequences of Agrarian Values in American Society," Rural Sociology 40 (summer 1975): 134-51; Edward G. Singer and Ivan S. F. de Sousa, "The Sociopolitical Consequences of Agrarianism Reconsidered," Rural Sociology 48 (summer 1983): 291-307; Yi-Fu Tuan, "Cultural Models I: Farm Life," in The Good Life (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 32-41; Thomas Urban, "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices 6, no. 4 (1991): 4-6; and Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (NY: Vintage, 1964).
35. Michael G. Dalecki and C. Milton Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society," Rural Sociology 57 (spring 1992): 48-64; Robert Goldman and David R. Dickens, "The Selling of Rural America," Rural Sociology 48 (winter 1983): 585-606; Charles U. Larson and Christine Oravec, '"A Prairie Home Companion' and the Fabrication of Community," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (winter 1987): 221-44; Frederick H. Buttel and William L. Flinn, "Sources and Consequences of Agrarian Values in American Society," Rural Sociology 40 (summer 1975): 134-51; Edward G. Singer and Ivan S. F. de Sousa, "The Sociopolitical Consequences of Agrarianism Reconsidered," Rural Sociology 48 (summer 1983): 291-307; Yi-Fu Tuan, "Cultural Models I: Farm Life," in The Good Life (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 32-41; Thomas Urban, "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices 6, no. 4 (1991): 4-6; and Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (NY: Vintage, 1964).
36. Michael G. Dalecki and C. Milton Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society," Rural Sociology 57 (spring 1992): 48-64; Robert Goldman and David R. Dickens, "The Selling of Rural America," Rural Sociology 48 (winter 1983): 585-606; Charles U. Larson and Christine Oravec, '"A Prairie Home Companion' and the Fabrication of Community," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4 (winter 1987): 221-44; Frederick H. Buttel and William L. Flinn, "Sources and Consequences of Agrarian Values in American Society," Rural Sociology 40 (summer 1975): 134-51; Edward G. Singer and Ivan S. F. de Sousa, "The Sociopolitical Consequences of Agrarianism Reconsidered," Rural Sociology 48 (summer 1983): 291-307; Yi-Fu Tuan, "Cultural Models I: Farm Life," in The Good Life (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 32-41; Thomas Urban, "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices 6, no. 4 (1991): 4-6; and Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (NY: Vintage, 1964).
37. Peter L. Petersen, "The Making of an Agricultural Publisher: Edwin T. Meredith and the Development of Successful Farming Magazine," in Agricultural Literature, ed. Fusonie and Moran, 183; Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 102-108; and James Thompson, The Prairie Farmer Story (Chicago: self-published, n.d.), 134.
38. Peter L. Petersen, "The Making of an Agricultural Publisher: Edwin T. Meredith and the Development of Successful Farming Magazine," in Agricultural Literature, ed. Fusonie and Moran, 183; Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 102-108; and James Thompson, The Prairie Farmer Story (Chicago: self-published, n.d.), 134.
39. Peter L. Petersen, "The Making of an Agricultural Publisher: Edwin T. Meredith and the Development of Successful Farming Magazine," in Agricultural Literature, ed. Fusonie and Moran, 183; Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 102-108; and James Thompson, The Prairie Farmer Story (Chicago: self-published, n.d.), 134.
40. Robert Sommer and Tammy Pilisuk, "Pesticide Advertising in Farm Journals," Journal of Communication 32 (winter 1982): 37-42; Robert Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat From Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann Reisner and Robert Hays, "Media Ethics and Agriculture: Advertiser Demands Challenge Farm Press's Ethical Standards," Agriculture and Human Values 6 (winter 1989): 40-46; and Robert Hays and Ann Reisner, "Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring 1991): 172-78.
41. Robert Sommer and Tammy Pilisuk, "Pesticide Advertising in Farm Journals," Journal of Communication 32 (winter 1982): 37-42; Robert Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat From Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann Reisner and Robert Hays, "Media Ethics and Agriculture: Advertiser Demands Challenge Farm Press's Ethical Standards," Agriculture and Human Values 6 (winter 1989): 40-46; and Robert Hays and Ann Reisner, "Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring 1991): 172-78.
42. Robert Sommer and Tammy Pilisuk, "Pesticide Advertising in Farm Journals," Journal of Communication 32 (winter 1982): 37-42; Robert Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat From Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann Reisner and Robert Hays, "Media Ethics and Agriculture: Advertiser Demands Challenge Farm Press's Ethical Standards," Agriculture and Human Values 6 (winter 1989): 40-46; and Robert Hays and Ann Reisner, "Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring 1991): 172-78.
43. Robert Sommer and Tammy Pilisuk, "Pesticide Advertising in Farm Journals," Journal of Communication 32 (winter 1982): 37-42; Robert Hays and Ann Reisner, "Feeling the Heat From Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 936-42; Ann Reisner and Robert Hays, "Media Ethics and Agriculture: Advertiser Demands Challenge Farm Press's Ethical Standards," Agriculture and Human Values 6 (winter 1989): 40-46; and Robert Hays and Ann Reisner, "Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring 1991): 172-78.
44. Successful Farming, October 1902, 1; Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 102-108.
45. Successful Farming, October 1902, 1; Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 102-108.
46. Wendell Berry, "Whose Head is the Farmer Using? Whose Head is Using the Farmer?" in Meeting the Expectations of the Land, ed. Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, and Bruce Colman (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1983), 19-30; George DeVault, "Editors on the Dole," New Farm, September/October 1983, 34-37, 44; Ann Reisner and Gerry Walter, "Agricultural Journalists' Assessments of Print Coverage of Agricultural News," Rural Sociology 59 (winter 1994): 525-37; Victoria D. Alexander, "The Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements From 1905 to 1990," Communication Research 21 (December 1994): 742-65; and Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 149.
47. Wendell Berry, "Whose Head is the Farmer Using? Whose Head is Using the Farmer?" in Meeting the Expectations of the Land, ed. Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, and Bruce Colman (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1983), 19-30; George DeVault, "Editors on the Dole," New Farm, September/October 1983, 34-37, 44; Ann Reisner and Gerry Walter, "Agricultural Journalists' Assessments of Print Coverage of Agricultural News," Rural Sociology 59 (winter 1994): 525-37; Victoria D. Alexander, "The Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements From 1905 to 1990," Communication Research 21 (December 1994): 742-65; and Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 149.
48. Wendell Berry, "Whose Head is the Farmer Using? Whose Head is Using the Farmer?" in Meeting the Expectations of the Land, ed. Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, and Bruce Colman (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1983), 19-30; George DeVault, "Editors on the Dole," New Farm, September/October 1983, 34-37, 44; Ann Reisner and Gerry Walter, "Agricultural Journalists' Assessments of Print Coverage of Agricultural News," Rural Sociology 59 (winter 1994): 525-37; Victoria D. Alexander, "The Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements From 1905 to 1990," Communication Research 21 (December 1994): 742-65; and Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 149.
49. Wendell Berry, "Whose Head is the Farmer Using? Whose Head is Using the Farmer?" in Meeting the Expectations of the Land, ed. Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, and Bruce Colman (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1983), 19-30; George DeVault, "Editors on the Dole," New Farm, September/October 1983, 34-37, 44; Ann Reisner and Gerry Walter, "Agricultural Journalists' Assessments of Print Coverage of Agricultural News," Rural Sociology 59 (winter 1994): 525-37; Victoria D. Alexander, "The Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements From 1905 to 1990," Communication Research 21 (December 1994): 742-65; and Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 149.
50. Wendell Berry, "Whose Head is the Farmer Using? Whose Head is Using the Farmer?" in Meeting the Expectations of the Land, ed. Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, and Bruce Colman (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1983), 19-30; George DeVault, "Editors on the Dole," New Farm, September/October 1983, 34-37, 44; Ann Reisner and Gerry Walter, "Agricultural Journalists' Assessments of Print Coverage of Agricultural News," Rural Sociology 59 (winter 1994): 525-37; Victoria D. Alexander, "The Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements From 1905 to 1990," Communication Research 21 (December 1994): 742-65; and Evans, Prairie Farmer and WLS, 149.
51. Philip H. Johnstone, "Old Ideals Versus New Idea in Farm Life," in Farmers in a Changing World: The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1940, ed. George Hambidge (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940); Charles H. Hamilton, "The Sociology of a Changing Agriculture," Social Forces 37 (1958): 1-7; William L. Flinn and Donald E. Johnson, "Agrarianism Among Wisconsin Farmers," Rural Sociology 39 (summer 1974): 189-204; and Dalecki and Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society."
52. Philip H. Johnstone, "Old Ideals Versus New Idea in Farm Life," in Farmers in a Changing World: The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1940, ed. George Hambidge (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940); Charles H. Hamilton, "The Sociology of a Changing Agriculture," Social Forces 37 (1958): 1-7; William L. Flinn and Donald E. Johnson, "Agrarianism Among Wisconsin Farmers," Rural Sociology 39 (summer 1974): 189-204; and Dalecki and Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society."
53. Philip H. Johnstone, "Old Ideals Versus New Idea in Farm Life," in Farmers in a Changing World: The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1940, ed. George Hambidge (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940); Charles H. Hamilton, "The Sociology of a Changing Agriculture," Social Forces 37 (1958): 1-7; William L. Flinn and Donald E. Johnson, "Agrarianism Among Wisconsin Farmers," Rural Sociology 39 (summer 1974): 189-204; and Dalecki and Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society."
54. Philip H. Johnstone, "Old Ideals Versus New Idea in Farm Life," in Farmers in a Changing World: The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1940, ed. George Hambidge (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940); Charles H. Hamilton, "The Sociology of a Changing Agriculture," Social Forces 37 (1958): 1-7; William L. Flinn and Donald E. Johnson, "Agrarianism Among Wisconsin Farmers," Rural Sociology 39 (summer 1974): 189-204; and Dalecki and Coughenour, "Agrarianism in American Society."
55. Trew, "Theory and Ideology at Work"; William Leiss, Stephen Kline, and Sut Jhally, Social Communication in Advertising (Toronto: Methuen, 1986); and Alexander, "Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements."
56. Trew, "Theory and Ideology at Work"; William Leiss, Stephen Kline, and Sut Jhally, Social Communication in Advertising (Toronto: Methuen, 1986); and Alexander, "Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements."
57. Trew, "Theory and Ideology at Work"; William Leiss, Stephen Kline, and Sut Jhally, Social Communication in Advertising (Toronto: Methuen, 1986); and Alexander, "Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements."
58. With the exception of 1984-85, the selected years also roughly correspond to national agricultural census years and thus permit comparison of farmers featured in the magazines with contemporary census data.
59. Fred Jerome, "Gee Whiz! Is That All There Is?" in Scientists and Journalists: Reporting Science as News, ed. Sharon M. Friedman, Sharon Dunwoody, and Carol L. Rogers (NY: Free Press, 1986), 147-54; and Edwin T. Meredith, Farmers' Tribune, 13 December 1899, 1.
60. Fred Jerome, "Gee Whiz! Is That All There Is?" in Scientists and Journalists: Reporting Science as News, ed. Sharon M. Friedman, Sharon Dunwoody, and Carol L. Rogers (NY: Free Press, 1986), 147-54; and Edwin T. Meredith, Farmers' Tribune, 13 December 1899, 1.
61. Sonya Salamon, Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); and Peggy Barlett, American Dreams, Rural Realities: Family Farms in Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993).
62. Sonya Salamon, Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); and Peggy Barlett, American Dreams, Rural Realities: Family Farms in Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993).