Richard Price, the Debate on Free Will, and Natural Rights

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 105-123

  Molivas, Gregory I ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0009407743     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3653990     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. 2), 15.
2. F. Dreyer, "The Genesis of Burke's Reflections" Journal of Modern History, 50 (1978), 462-79.
3. Ibid., 467.
4. 3).
5. W. King, An Essay on Civil Government (London, 1776), 21.
6. D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford 1977), viii-ix; W. B. Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, 1979), 13, 15, 23; C. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 93; C. B. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom. The Influence of Richard Price on Eighteenth Century Thought (Lexington, 1952), 26, 79; P. Brown, The Chathamites: A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the second half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1967), 134; H. F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York 1976), 158; D. D. Raphael, "Enlightenment and Revolution" in eds. N. MacCkormick & Z. Bankowski, Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution (Aberdeen, 1989). Contrast J. Stephens, "Price, Providence and the Principia," Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 86-87.
7. D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford 1977), viii-ix; W. B. Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, 1979), 13, 15, 23; C. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 93; C. B. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom. The Influence of Richard Price on Eighteenth Century Thought (Lexington, 1952), 26, 79; P. Brown, The Chathamites: A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the second half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1967), 134; H. F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York 1976), 158; D. D. Raphael, "Enlightenment and Revolution" in eds. N. MacCkormick & Z. Bankowski, Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution (Aberdeen, 1989). Contrast J. Stephens, "Price, Providence and the Principia," Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 86-87.
8. D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford 1977), viii-ix; W. B. Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, 1979), 13, 15, 23; C. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 93; C. B. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom. The Influence of Richard Price on Eighteenth Century Thought (Lexington, 1952), 26, 79; P. Brown, The Chathamites: A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the second half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1967), 134; H. F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York 1976), 158; D. D. Raphael, "Enlightenment and Revolution" in eds. N. MacCkormick & Z. Bankowski, Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution (Aberdeen, 1989). Contrast J. Stephens, "Price, Providence and the Principia," Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 86-87.
9. D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford 1977), viii-ix; W. B. Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, 1979), 13, 15, 23; C. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 93; C. B. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom. The Influence of Richard Price on Eighteenth Century Thought (Lexington, 1952), 26, 79; P. Brown, The Chathamites: A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the second half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1967), 134; H. F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York 1976), 158; D. D. Raphael, "Enlightenment and Revolution" in eds. N. MacCkormick & Z. Bankowski, Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution (Aberdeen, 1989). Contrast J. Stephens, "Price, Providence and the Principia," Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 86-87.
10. D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford 1977), viii-ix; W. B. Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, 1979), 13, 15, 23; C. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 93; C. B. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom. The Influence of Richard Price on Eighteenth Century Thought (Lexington, 1952), 26, 79; P. Brown, The Chathamites: A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the second half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1967), 134; H. F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York 1976), 158; D. D. Raphael, "Enlightenment and Revolution" in eds. N. MacCkormick & Z. Bankowski, Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution (Aberdeen, 1989). Contrast J. Stephens, "Price, Providence and the Principia," Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 86-87.
11. D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford 1977), viii-ix; W. B. Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, 1979), 13, 15, 23; C. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 93; C. B. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom. The Influence of Richard Price on Eighteenth Century Thought (Lexington, 1952), 26, 79; P. Brown, The Chathamites: A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the second half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1967), 134; H. F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York 1976), 158; D. D. Raphael, "Enlightenment and Revolution" in eds. N. MacCkormick & Z. Bankowski, Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution (Aberdeen, 1989). Contrast J. Stephens, "Price, Providence and the Principia," Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 86-87.
12. D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford 1977), viii-ix; W. B. Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, 1979), 13, 15, 23; C. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 93; C. B. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom. The Influence of Richard Price on Eighteenth Century Thought (Lexington, 1952), 26, 79; P. Brown, The Chathamites: A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the second half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1967), 134; H. F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York 1976), 158; D. D. Raphael, "Enlightenment and Revolution" in eds. N. MacCkormick & Z. Bankowski, Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution (Aberdeen, 1989). Contrast J. Stephens, "Price, Providence and the Principia," Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 86-87.
13. D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford 1977), viii-ix; W. B. Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, 1979), 13, 15, 23; C. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1977), 93; C. B. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom. The Influence of Richard Price on Eighteenth Century Thought (Lexington, 1952), 26, 79; P. Brown, The Chathamites: A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the second half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1967), 134; H. F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York 1976), 158; D. D. Raphael, "Enlightenment and Revolution" in eds. N. MacCkormick & Z. Bankowski, Enlightenment, Rights and Revolution (Aberdeen, 1989). Contrast J. Stephens, "Price, Providence and the Principia," Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 86-87.
14. J. C. D. Clark, English Society 1688-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime (Cambridge, 1985), 330.
15. Brown, The Chathamites, 136. See also L. Aqvist, The Moral Philosophy of Richard Price (Uppsala, 1960), 14, 16.
16. Brown, The Chathamites, 136. See also L. Aqvist, The Moral Philosophy of Richard Price (Uppsala, 1960), 14, 16.
17. J. A. W. Gunn, Beyond Liberty and Property: The Process of Self-Recognition in Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Kingston and Montreal, 1983), 244-45.
18. M. White The Philosophy of the American Revolution (Oxford, 1981), 262; see also 289-91. It might be said that this argument applies to Joseph Towers, but for more mundane reasons than White suggests. See [J. Towers], Peace and Reform against War and Corruption (London, 1794), 81, 95-100.
19. M. White The Philosophy of the American Revolution (Oxford, 1981), 262; see also 289-91. It might be said that this argument applies to Joseph Towers, but for more mundane reasons than White suggests. See [J. Towers], Peace and Reform against War and Corruption (London, 1794), 81, 95-100.
20. C. Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transition, Development and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought, from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies (Cambridge Mass., 1959), 336-37.
21. D. D. Raphael, The Moral Sense (London, 1947), 134.
22. D. G. Long, Bentham and Liberty: Jeremy Bentham's Idea of Liberty in Relation to his Utilitarianism (Toronto, 1977), 56 (emphasis added).
23. Ibid., 55.
24. "If the operation of the passions destroyed moral liberty, where is the man who is morally free? Do you suppose any man to act without motive? Can you point out any other motive than the passions?" ([J. Lind], Three Letters to Dr. Price [London, 1776], 14); see also Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, Progress and Establishment of National Society (London, 1776), 63, 39; cf. T. Hobbes, Human Nature or the Fundamental Elements of Policy, xii in ed. W. Molesworth, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (14 vols.; London, 1839-45), IV, 69.
25. "If the operation of the passions destroyed moral liberty, where is the man who is morally free? Do you suppose any man to act without motive? Can you point out any other motive than the passions?" ([J. Lind], Three Letters to Dr. Price [London, 1776], 14); see also Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, Progress and Establishment of National Society (London, 1776), 63, 39; cf. T. Hobbes, Human Nature or the Fundamental Elements of Policy, xii in ed. W. Molesworth, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (14 vols.; London, 1839-45), IV, 69.
26. "If the operation of the passions destroyed moral liberty, where is the man who is morally free? Do you suppose any man to act without motive? Can you point out any other motive than the passions?" ([J. Lind], Three Letters to Dr. Price [London, 1776], 14); see also Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, Progress and Establishment of National Society (London, 1776), 63, 39; cf. T. Hobbes, Human Nature or the Fundamental Elements of Policy, xii in ed. W. Molesworth, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (14 vols.; London, 1839-45), IV, 69.
27. "If the operation of the passions destroyed moral liberty, where is the man who is morally free? Do you suppose any man to act without motive? Can you point out any other motive than the passions?" ([J. Lind], Three Letters to Dr. Price [London, 1776], 14); see also Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, Progress and Establishment of National Society (London, 1776), 63, 39; cf. T. Hobbes, Human Nature or the Fundamental Elements of Policy, xii in ed. W. Molesworth, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (14 vols.; London, 1839-45), IV, 69.
28. H. Laboucheix, Richard Price as Moral Philosopher and Political Scientist, translated by Sylvia and D. Raphael in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 207 (1982), 89.
29. H. Laboucheix, Richard Price as Moral Philosopher and Political Scientist, translated by Sylvia and D. Raphael in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 207 (1982), 89.
30. Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom, 24.
31. Ibid. 23.
32. Cf. S. R. Peterson, "The Compatibility of Richard Price's Politics and Ethics," JHI, 45 (1984), 546-47.
33. Laboucheix, Richard Price as Moral Philosopher and Political Theorist, 100-101; contrast Laboucheix, "Chemistry Materialism and Theology in the Works of Joseph Priestley," Price-Priestley Newsletter, 1 (1977), 36, 41. A similar misunderstanding can be found in Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom, 99 and J. J. Hoecker, Joseph Priestley and the Idea of Progress (New York, 1987), 81.
34. Laboucheix, Richard Price as Moral Philosopher and Political Theorist, 100-101; contrast Laboucheix, "Chemistry Materialism and Theology in the Works of Joseph Priestley," Price-Priestley Newsletter, 1 (1977), 36, 41. A similar misunderstanding can be found in Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom, 99 and J. J. Hoecker, Joseph Priestley and the Idea of Progress (New York, 1987), 81.
35. Laboucheix, Richard Price as Moral Philosopher and Political Theorist, 100-101; contrast Laboucheix, "Chemistry Materialism and Theology in the Works of Joseph Priestley," Price-Priestley Newsletter, 1 (1977), 36, 41. A similar misunderstanding can be found in Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom, 99 and J. J. Hoecker, Joseph Priestley and the Idea of Progress (New York, 1987), 81.
36. Laboucheix, Richard Price as Moral Philosopher and Political Theorist, 100-101; contrast Laboucheix, "Chemistry Materialism and Theology in the Works of Joseph Priestley," Price-Priestley Newsletter, 1 (1977), 36, 41. A similar misunderstanding can be found in Cone, Torchbearer of Freedom, 99 and J. J. Hoecker, Joseph Priestley and the Idea of Progress (New York, 1987), 81.
37. J. Priestley, The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated in ed. Rutt, The Theological and Miscellaneous Works of Joseph Priestley (25 vols.; 1817-32), III, 503.
38. J. Burgh, The Dignity of the Human Nature (London, 1754), 212-13 (emphasis added); see also R. Price, "To Lord Monboddo 10 August 1780," in eds. D. O. Thomas & B. Peach, The Correspondence of Richard Price (2 vols.; Durham-Cardiff, 1983-91), II, 65-66.
39. J. Burgh, The Dignity of the Human Nature (London, 1754), 212-13 (emphasis added); see also R. Price, "To Lord Monboddo 10 August 1780," in eds. D. O. Thomas & B. Peach, The Correspondence of Richard Price (2 vols.; Durham-Cardiff, 1983-91), II, 65-66.
40. G. Sharp, An Essay on Slavery (Burlington, 1773; repr. London, 1776), 7.
41. Anonymous, The Political Crisis; or a Dissertation on the Rights of Man (London, 1791), 5.
42. B. W. Brown, An Essay on the Natural Equality of Men (London, 1794), 133.
43. T. Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Civil Society to Man in a State of Nature (Dublin, 1792), 96.
44. Ibid., 120; see also 123ff., 167, and especially his comments on Locke, 102-3.
45. G. Sharp, The Declaration of the People's Natural Right to a Share in the Legislature (London, 1774), xxviii.
46. 2), 60.
47. 3), 26.
48. Ibid., 10; cf. 52. The influence of Price is evident in Ibid., 39.
49. Ibid., 10; cf. 52. The influence of Price is evident in Ibid., 39.
50. G. Rous, A Letter to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke (London, [1791]), 36.
51. J. Cartwright, Take your Choice (London, 1776), 3.
52. Both statements are in the same passage, J. Cartwright, Give us our Rights (London, [1782]), 2.
53. S. Cooper, The First Principles of Civil and Ecclesiastical Government (Yarmouth, 1791), 38-39.
54. Ibid., 44.
55. See, for example, J. Thelwall, The Rights of Nature against Usurpations of Establishments (London, 1796), II, 38; M. Dawes, Philosophical Considerations (London, 1780), 35-36; cf. 41, 43n, 49n; D. Simpson, Strictures on Religious Opinions (London, 1792), 96n; cf. [D. Williams], An Apology for Professing the Religion of Nature (London, 1789).
56. See, for example, J. Thelwall, The Rights of Nature against Usurpations of Establishments (London, 1796), II, 38; M. Dawes, Philosophical Considerations (London, 1780), 35-36; cf. 41, 43n, 49n; D. Simpson, Strictures on Religious Opinions (London, 1792), 96n; cf. [D. Williams], An Apology for Professing the Religion of Nature (London, 1789).
57. See, for example, J. Thelwall, The Rights of Nature against Usurpations of Establishments (London, 1796), II, 38; M. Dawes, Philosophical Considerations (London, 1780), 35-36; cf. 41, 43n, 49n; D. Simpson, Strictures on Religious Opinions (London, 1792), 96n; cf. [D. Williams], An Apology for Professing the Religion of Nature (London, 1789).
58. See, for example, J. Thelwall, The Rights of Nature against Usurpations of Establishments (London, 1796), II, 38; M. Dawes, Philosophical Considerations (London, 1780), 35-36; cf. 41, 43n, 49n; D. Simpson, Strictures on Religious Opinions (London, 1792), 96n; cf. [D. Williams], An Apology for Professing the Religion of Nature (London, 1789).
59. Price, Observations, 3.
60. [J. Stuart], A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Price, wherein his Observations ... are Candidly Examined (London, 1776), 6; also 15.
61. Lind, Three Letters, 17-19; also J. Gray, Doctor Price's Notions of the Nature of Civil Liberty (London, 1777), 5.
62. Lind, Three Letters, 17-19; also J. Gray, Doctor Price's Notions of the Nature of Civil Liberty (London, 1777), 5.
63. Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 4-8, 68, 105.
64. [A. Ferguson], Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by Dr. Price (London, 1776), 5.
65. J. Wesley, Some Observations on Liberty, Occasioned by a Late Tract (Edinburgh, 1776), 4.
66. Anon The Honor of Parliament and the Justice of the Nation Vindicated (London, 1776) 4; Anon., Experience Preferable to Theory (London, 1776); [Jonathan Watson], Cursory Remarks on Dr. Price's Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty in a Letter to a Friend (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Obedience the Best Charter; or Law the Only Sanction of Liberty (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Civil Liberty Asserted and the Rights of the Subject Defended (London, 1776), 6.
67. Anon The Honor of Parliament and the Justice of the Nation Vindicated (London, 1776) 4; Anon., Experience Preferable to Theory (London, 1776); [Jonathan Watson], Cursory Remarks on Dr. Price's Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty in a Letter to a Friend (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Obedience the Best Charter; or Law the Only Sanction of Liberty (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Civil Liberty Asserted and the Rights of the Subject Defended (London, 1776), 6.
68. Anon The Honor of Parliament and the Justice of the Nation Vindicated (London, 1776) 4; Anon., Experience Preferable to Theory (London, 1776); [Jonathan Watson], Cursory Remarks on Dr. Price's Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty in a Letter to a Friend (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Obedience the Best Charter; or Law the Only Sanction of Liberty (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Civil Liberty Asserted and the Rights of the Subject Defended (London, 1776), 6.
69. Anon The Honor of Parliament and the Justice of the Nation Vindicated (London, 1776) 4; Anon., Experience Preferable to Theory (London, 1776); [Jonathan Watson], Cursory Remarks on Dr. Price's Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty in a Letter to a Friend (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Obedience the Best Charter; or Law the Only Sanction of Liberty (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Civil Liberty Asserted and the Rights of the Subject Defended (London, 1776), 6.
70. Anon The Honor of Parliament and the Justice of the Nation Vindicated (London, 1776) 4; Anon., Experience Preferable to Theory (London, 1776); [Jonathan Watson], Cursory Remarks on Dr. Price's Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty in a Letter to a Friend (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Obedience the Best Charter; or Law the Only Sanction of Liberty (London, 1776), 1-2; Anon., Civil Liberty Asserted and the Rights of the Subject Defended (London, 1776), 6.
71. Stewart, A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Price, 6-7; cf. 50.
72. C. A. Dodd, The Contrast (London, 1777), 36.
73. Anon., The Duty of the King and Subject, 10, 4-6.
74. The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. Paul Ramsey (New Haven, 1957). See King, An Essay on Civil Government, 21-23; cf. the ambivalent stance of John Martin, Familiar Dialogues between Americus and Britanicus (London, 1776), 43, 46-47, 53.
75. The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. Paul Ramsey (New Haven, 1957). See King, An Essay on Civil Government, 21-23; cf. the ambivalent stance of John Martin, Familiar Dialogues between Americus and Britanicus (London, 1776), 43, 46-47, 53.
76. The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. Paul Ramsey (New Haven, 1957). See King, An Essay on Civil Government, 21-23; cf. the ambivalent stance of John Martin, Familiar Dialogues between Americus and Britanicus (London, 1776), 43, 46-47, 53.
77. Hey, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, 22.
78. Price, A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals, ed. D. D. Raphael (Oxford, 1974), 182.
79. Price, Observations, 5; see also Price-Priestley, A Free Discussion, 342.
80. Price, Observations, 5; see also Price-Priestley, A Free Discussion, 342.
81. Price, Observations, 5.
82. Price, Sermons on Various Subjects, in The Works of Richard Price with Memoirs of his Life, ed. Morgan (10 vols.; London, 1816), X, 286 (emphasis added); also 285; see also Price, Review, 204. The same idea appears in [D. Williams], A Letter to the Body of Protestant Dissenters (London, 1777), 22; Burgh, The Dignity of Human Nature, 219, 220; G. Sharp, A Tract on the Law of Nature and the Principles of Action in Man (London, 1777), 202-3; Cartwright, Take Your Choice, 18;
83. Price, Sermons on Various Subjects, in The Works of Richard Price with Memoirs of his Life, ed. Morgan (10 vols.; London, 1816), X, 286 (emphasis added); also 285; see also Price, Review, 204. The same idea appears in [D. Williams], A Letter to the Body of Protestant Dissenters (London, 1777), 22; Burgh, The Dignity of Human Nature, 219, 220; G. Sharp, A Tract on the Law of Nature and the Principles of Action in Man (London, 1777), 202-3; Cartwright, Take Your Choice, 18;
84. Price, Sermons on Various Subjects, in The Works of Richard Price with Memoirs of his Life, ed. Morgan (10 vols.; London, 1816), X, 286 (emphasis added); also 285; see also Price, Review, 204. The same idea appears in [D. Williams], A Letter to the Body of Protestant Dissenters (London, 1777), 22; Burgh, The Dignity of Human Nature, 219, 220; G. Sharp, A Tract on the Law of Nature and the Principles of Action in Man (London, 1777), 202-3; Cartwright, Take Your Choice, 18;
85. Price, Sermons on Various Subjects, in The Works of Richard Price with Memoirs of his Life, ed. Morgan (10 vols.; London, 1816), X, 286 (emphasis added); also 285; see also Price, Review, 204. The same idea appears in [D. Williams], A Letter to the Body of Protestant Dissenters (London, 1777), 22; Burgh, The Dignity of Human Nature, 219, 220; G. Sharp, A Tract on the Law of Nature and the Principles of Action in Man (London, 1777), 202-3; Cartwright, Take Your Choice, 18;
86. Price, Sermons on Various Subjects, in The Works of Richard Price with Memoirs of his Life, ed. Morgan (10 vols.; London, 1816), X, 286 (emphasis added); also 285; see also Price, Review, 204. The same idea appears in [D. Williams], A Letter to the Body of Protestant Dissenters (London, 1777), 22; Burgh, The Dignity of Human Nature, 219, 220; G. Sharp, A Tract on the Law of Nature and the Principles of Action in Man (London, 1777), 202-3; Cartwright, Take Your Choice, 18;
87. Price, Sermons on Various Subjects, in The Works of Richard Price with Memoirs of his Life, ed. Morgan (10 vols.; London, 1816), X, 286 (emphasis added); also 285; see also Price, Review, 204. The same idea appears in [D. Williams], A Letter to the Body of Protestant Dissenters (London, 1777), 22; Burgh, The Dignity of Human Nature, 219, 220; G. Sharp, A Tract on the Law of Nature and the Principles of Action in Man (London, 1777), 202-3; Cartwright, Take Your Choice, 18;
88. Anon., Tyranny Unmasked, in Three Replies to Taxation no Tyranny (London, 1775), 36.
89. 3), 19.
90. 3), 19.
91. Price, Review, 109, 188, 194, 210, 215, 218, 222, 226, 227; cf. 74, 78.
92. "The faculty that was made to govern preserves its authority ..." (Sermons by R. Price and J. Priestley, ii, 21); "Then only is the soul in its right state, when the faculty of reason preserves its superiority over our other faculties ... Sin ... places the passions on the throne of reason." (Ibid., xiv, 272); "... under the government of reason ... in the throne of our minds ... all passions and affections in subjection ... disobedience of our lower powers to the authority of reason ... the supreme controuling power within us ... all our affections are in a state of subordination to that faculty which God has made to be our ruling faculty ... real supremacy ... direct and govern ... he is under a different government from that of reason ..." (Sermons on Various Subjects, Works, X, 251-54).
93. See M. R. Watts, The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (Oxford, 1978), 476.
94. Price, Review, 119 and note.
95. J. Butler, Sermons, in The Works of Joseph Butler, ed. W. E. Gladstone (3 vols.; Oxford, 1986), II, 69, 56.
96. These and similar words are continuously repeated throughout his second and third Sermons. See Butler, Works, II, 51-57. Cf. Balguy in British Moralists, ed. Selby-Bigge, II, 60; R. Cudworth, A Treatise of Free Will, ed. John Allen (London, 1838), 46-47; see esp. 37.
97. These and similar words are continuously repeated throughout his second and third Sermons. See Butler, Works, II, 51-57. Cf. Balguy in British Moralists, ed. Selby-Bigge, II, 60; R. Cudworth, A Treatise of Free Will, ed. John Allen (London, 1838), 46-47; see esp. 37.
98. These and similar words are continuously repeated throughout his second and third Sermons. See Butler, Works, II, 51-57. Cf. Balguy in British Moralists, ed. Selby-Bigge, II, 60; R. Cudworth, A Treatise of Free Will, ed. John Allen (London, 1838), 46-47; see esp. 37.
99. Butler, Sermons, Works, II, 63.
100. Ibid.; cf. Paine's distinction between power and right Paine, Rights of Man, ed. E. Foner (Harmondsworth, 1985), 68.
101. Butler, Sermons, Works, II, 68.
102. Ibid., II, 64 ; see also Brown, An Essay on the Natural Equality of Men, 162-63, 166-67; J. Towers, A Vindication of the Principles of Mr Locke (London, 1782), 11. Compare with Paine's "inability of moral virtue to govern the world" in Paine, Common Sense, ed. I. Kramnick (Harmondsworth, 1986), 68.
103. Ibid., II, 64 ; see also Brown, An Essay on the Natural Equality of Men, 162-63, 166-67; J. Towers, A Vindication of the Principles of Mr Locke (London, 1782), 11. Compare with Paine's "inability of moral virtue to govern the world" in Paine, Common Sense, ed. I. Kramnick (Harmondsworth, 1986), 68.
104. Ibid., II, 64 ; see also Brown, An Essay on the Natural Equality of Men, 162-63, 166-67; J. Towers, A Vindication of the Principles of Mr Locke (London, 1782), 11. Compare with Paine's "inability of moral virtue to govern the world" in Paine, Common Sense, ed. I. Kramnick (Harmondsworth, 1986), 68.
105. Ibid., II, 64 ; see also Brown, An Essay on the Natural Equality of Men, 162-63, 166-67; J. Towers, A Vindication of the Principles of Mr Locke (London, 1782), 11. Compare with Paine's "inability of moral virtue to govern the world" in Paine, Common Sense, ed. I. Kramnick (Harmondsworth, 1986), 68.
106. Price, Sermon on Various Subjects, Works, X, 209 (emphasis added); see the same language in J. J. Burlamaqui, The Principles of Natural Law (London, 1748), 32.
107. Price, Sermon on Various Subjects, Works, X, 209 (emphasis added); see the same language in J. J. Burlamaqui, The Principles of Natural Law (London, 1748), 32.
108. Price, Sermon on Various Subjects, Works, X, 210 (emphasis added); see also Ibid., 223; Observations, 11, 18; Additional Observations, 31; C. Lofft, Elements of Universal Law and Particularly of the law of England (London, 1779), 267.
109. Price, Sermon on Various Subjects, Works, X, 210 (emphasis added); see also Ibid., 223; Observations, 11, 18; Additional Observations, 31; C. Lofft, Elements of Universal Law and Particularly of the law of England (London, 1779), 267.
110. Price, Sermon on Various Subjects, Works, X, 210 (emphasis added); see also Ibid., 223; Observations, 11, 18; Additional Observations, 31; C. Lofft, Elements of Universal Law and Particularly of the law of England (London, 1779), 267.
111. Price, Sermon on Various Subjects, Works, X, 210 (emphasis added); see also Ibid., 223; Observations, 11, 18; Additional Observations, 31; C. Lofft, Elements of Universal Law and Particularly of the law of England (London, 1779), 267.
112. Price, Sermon on Various Subjects, Works, X, 210 (emphasis added); see also Ibid., 223; Observations, 11, 18; Additional Observations, 31; C. Lofft, Elements of Universal Law and Particularly of the law of England (London, 1779), 267.
113. Lind, Three Letters, 37.
114. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
115. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
116. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
117. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
118. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
119. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
120. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
121. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
122. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
123. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
124. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
125. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
126. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
127. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
128. See Cooper, The First Principles of Government, 78; J. Jones, The Reason of Man (London, 1792), 15; Shebbeare, An Essay on the Origin, 40. See further Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord, The Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, ed. Rivington (16 vols.; 1815-26), VIII, 23-24; Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, ibid., VII, 375-76; see further Anon., Letters to Thomas Paine, 9, 23, 29, 80; Anon., Considerations on Mr Paine's Pamphlet, 49; Anon., The Interests of Man in Opposition to the Rights of Man (Edinburgh, 1793), 10-11; Anon., Licentiousness Unmask'd (London, n.d.), 2; E. Tatham, Letters to the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on Politics (Oxford, 1791), 16n; R. Hey, Happiness and Rights (York, 1792), 161; F. Plowden, Jura Anglorum: The Rights of Englishmen (London, 1792), 462; M. Dawes, An Essay on Intellectual Liberty (London, 1780), 43n; contrast, Molloy, An Appeal from Man in a State of Nature, 129; J. Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders (London, 1792), i, 79.
129. D. Scurlock, Thoughts on the Influence of Religion in Civil Government (London, 1792), 39-40.
130. [L. Parsons], Thoughts on Liberty and Equality (Dublin, 1793), 36.
131. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, Works, VI, 204-5 (emphasis added).
132. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 151 (emphasis added).
133. Burke, Third Letter on a Regicide Peace, Works, VIII, 376.
134. Burke, A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly, Works, VI, 64 (emphasis added).
135. Similar attacks sometimes come even as a more direct consequence of the rejection of the doctrine of moral agency and free will. See John Brown, Thoughts on Civil Liberty, on Licentiousness and Faction (London, 1765), 12, 14, 25, 37-40.
136. E.g., Price, A Free Discussion, 131, 158-59, 143; Review, 188, 218; Additional Observations, 11.
137. E.g., Price, A Free Discussion, 131, 158-59, 143; Review, 188, 218; Additional Observations, 11.
138. E.g., Price, A Free Discussion, 131, 158-59, 143; Review, 188, 218; Additional Observations, 11.
139. See my Natural Rights and Liberty: A Critical Examination of Some Late-Eighteenth-Century Debates in English Political Thought (unpub. thesis, University of London, 1994), ch. II.
140. J. Balguy, The Second Part of the Foundation of Moral Goodness (London, 1728), 16.