Women, citizenship and Catholicism in the Irish free state, 1922-1948

Women's History Review

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 563-585

  Beaumont, Caitriona ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009360649     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612029700200154     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Hanna Sheehy Skeffington (1942) General Election Manifesto 1943.
2. The Irish Independent, 11 May 1937.
3. See John Whyte (1980) Church and State in Modern Ireland 1923-1979, (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan)
4. Catherine Rose (1976) The Female Experience: the story of the women's movement in Ireland (Galway: Aden House).
5. and Liam O'Dowd (1987) Church, state and women: the aftermath of partition, in C. Curtain, P. Jackson & B. O'Connor (Eds) Gender in Irish Society, pp. 3-33 (Galway: Galway University Press).
6. Whyte, Church and State, p. 56.
7. Rose, Female Experience, p. 11.
8. Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum. The Condition of the Working Classes Encyclical Letter, p. 38 (15 May 1891).
9. Pope Pius XI (1931) The Encyclical Quadragesima Anno - The Social Order: its reconstruction and perfection, p. 32 (Dublin: Catholic Truth Society).
10. Dermot Keogh (1986) The Vatican, The Bishops and Irish Politics 1919-1939, p. 128 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
11. Since 1924, 3,000 films have been banned and 8,000 films cut by the Irish film censor. Films banned during the 1940s included 'Good Time Girl', 'Lulu Belle' and 'Brief Encounter', See Kevin Rockett (1980) Film censorship and the state, Film Directions, 3(9), p. 14.
12. List of books prohibited under The Censorship of Publications Act 1929. Hanna Sheehy Skeffington Papers, MS 24,190, National Library of Ireland.
13. For further discussion on marriage patterns in Ireland see J. J. Lee (1978) Women and the church since the famine, in M MacCurtain, & D. O'Corrain (Eds) Women in Irish Society: the historical dimension, pp. 39-42 (Dublin: The Women's Press).
14. Between the years 1926-1936, 9,420 women and 7,255 men emigrated from Ireland. The figure for female emigration during this period was one of the highest for any European country. R. E. Kennedy (1973) The Irish, Emigration, Marriage and Fertility, p. 78 (Berkeley: University of California Press). Mary Daly has written that employment opportunities for single women in Ireland improved during the 1930s. Between 1932 and 1939, 59%per cent of new jobs in the manufacturing industry were filled by women.
15. See Mary Daly (1995) Women in the Irish Free State, 1922-1939: the interaction between economics and ideology, Journal of Women's History, 6(4) & 7(1), p. 110.
16. In 1928, Clanna Bhride (The Family of Brigid) was founded in the Archdiocese of Dublin. In 1933, the association spread throughout the country and was renamed the Catholic Girl Guides of Ireland. Extracts from a draft copy of 'A History of Guiding and Scouting in Ireland', courtesy of Margaret Agnew, Executive Officer, Catholic Guides of Ireland.
17. 'The Catholic Girl Guides of Ireland' (1930) Typed Document, John Charles McQuaid Papers, Dublin Diocesan Archives.
18. See also, Margaret O'Callaghan (1984) Language, nationality and cultural identity in the Irish Free State, 1922-1927: the Irish Statesman and the Catholic Bulletin reappraised, Irish Historical Studies, 94, pp. 226-245, for a discussion of Irish cultural identity in the years following independence.
19. By 1946 the ratio between lay and clerical teachers in the Irish Free State was 1:1. Lee, 'Women and the church', p. 41.
20. See, D. H. Akenson (1974) A Mirror to Kathleen's Face: education in Independent Ireland, 1922-1960 (Belfast: Queen's University Press).
21. D.H. Akenson, A Mirror to Kathleen's Face: Education in Independent Ireland, 1922-1960, Ibid., p. 101.
22. Mary Immaculate Training College Annual 1927, Mary Immaculate College Archives, Limerick.
23. Hunter Guthrie S.J. (1941) Women in the modern world, The Irish Monthly, 101, May 1941, p. 305.
24. Mary Claney (1990) Aspects of women's contribution to the Oireachtas debate in the Irish Free State, 19224937, in Maria Luddy & Cliona Murphy (Eds) Women Surviving: studies in Irish women 's history in the 19th and 20th centuries, pp. 218-219 (Dublin: Poolbeg Press).
25. See Maryann Valiulis (1995) Power, gender, and identity in the Irish Free State, Journal of Women 's History, 6(4) & 7(1), p. 121.
26. United Irishwomen (1926) 1(7), p. 1.
27. Mary Clancy, 'Women's contribution to the Oireachtas debate', p. 219.
28. Maryann Valiulis has written that in County Dublin alone the number of exemption forms issued to women jurors in 1924 was 4,514. As a result 3,276 applications were granted. Valiulis, 'Power, gender and identity', p. 123.
29. Brian Harrison (1978) Separate Spheres: the opposition to women's suffrage in Britain, p. 230 (London: Croom Helm).
30. See Susan Kingsley Kent (1988) The politics of sexual difference: World War I and the demise of British feminism, Journal of British Studies, 27, pp. 232-251.
31. The Times, 25 September 1933.
32. The directive stated that "it may be necessary to avoid pregnancy on account of the mother's own health and in such cases it is necessary to explain exactly what steps she and her husband should take to prevent [conception]". Keogh, The Vatican, p. 203.
33. In spite of this initial defeat, a Joint Committee of Women's Societies and Social Workers was set up in March 1935 to continue the campaign to improve the welfare of women and children. Membership of the Committee included: the National Council of Women, the Mothers' Union and the Irish Women's Citizens' Association. See Report of The Joint Committee of Women's Societies and Social Workers 1935-1942, National University Women Graduates' Association Archive 1/ 60, University College Dublin.
34. For a full account of this campaign see, Mary Jones (1988) These Obstreperous Lassies: a history of the Irish women workers' union (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan).
35. Daly, 'Women, work and trade unionism', p. 75.
36. W. P. McDonagh (1939) The position of women in modern life, The Irish Monthly, 67, p. 393.
37. See, J. J. Lee (1989) Ireland 1912-1988: politics and society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
38. Bunreacht na hEireann (1937) Article 41.1. p. 136. (Dublin: Government Publications).
39. Bunreacht na hEireann, Ibid., p. 138.
40. "Memorandum on the status of women" to the president and members of the executive council, National University Women Graduates' Association, 23 May 1937. NUWGAPapers 1/ 51, University College Dublin.
41. B. B. Waters, 'Women under the Constitution' (John Charles McQuaid Papers), Dublin Diocesan Archives.
42. 'Rights of Women'. John Charles McQuaid Papers, Section 5, File 48, Dublin Diocesan Archives.
43. The Irish Times, 11 May 1937.
44. 'Memorandum on the Status of Women' to the President and members of The Executive Council, NUWGA 23 May 1937. NUWGA Papers 1/15, University College Dublin.
45. McDonagh, The position of women', p. 392.
46. See Hilda Tweedy (1992) A Link in the Chain: the story of the Irish housewives association, 1942-1992 (Dublin: Attic Press).
47. The Irish Housewife (1946), p. 5.