The pr ort,fm of pauper marriage in seventeenth-century england the alexander prize essay

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

Volumn 8, Issue , 1998, Pages 71-89

  Hindle, Steve ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0009360083     PISSN: 00804401     EISSN: 14740648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3679289     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction (reprinted edn, Cambridge, 1989), 450-453
2. E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English Population History From Family Reconstitution, 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997), 197.
3. The relationship of Wrigley and Schofield's model to its ‘Malthusian’ and ‘classical’ predecessors is helpfully discussed by John Landers, ‘From Colyton to Waterloo: Mortality, Politics and Economics in Historical Demography’, in Rethinking Social History: English Society 1570-IQ20 and Its Interpretation, ed. Adrian Wilson (Manchester, 1993), 100. For ‘dilatory homeostasis’
4. see Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, 451.
5. Cf. E. A. Wrigley, ‘Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., xix (1966)
6. reprinted in Wrigley, People, Cities and Wealth: The Transformation of Traditional Society (Oxford, 1987), 242-269.
7. E. A. Wrigley, ‘The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-Century England: A Conundrum Resolved’, Past and Present, no. 98 (February 1983), reprinted in Wrigley, People, Cities and Wealth, 239-40.
8. D. R. Weir, ‘Rather Never Than Late: Celibacy and Age at Marriage in English Cohort Fertility’, Journal of Family History, ix (1984), 349.
9. Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, xix
10. Wrigley et al., English Population History From Family Reconstitution, 195
11. For the Cambridge Group's detailed response to Weir, see R. S. Schofield, ‘English Marriage Patterns Revisited’, Journal of Family History, x (1985), 2-20.
12. Wrigley et al., English Population History From Family Reconstitution, 197.
13. For the Act of 1653 and its consequences see G. B. Nourse, ‘Law Reform Under the Commonwealth and Protectorate’, Law Quarterly Review, lxxv (1959), 512-529
14. and Christopher Durston, The Family in the English Revolution (Oxford, 1989), 71-86. On underregistration of marriages c. 1640-60, see Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, 23-8, especially table 1.4 and figure 1.2.
15. Wrigley et al., English Population History From Family Reconstitution, 125.
16. For criticisms of the ‘long lag’, see especially M. W. Flinn, ‘The Population History of England, 1541-1871’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 35 (1982), 443-457
17. and (David Levine in) D. Gaunt, D. Levine and E. Moodie, ‘The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Review Symposium’, Social History, viii (1983), 157.
18. For the shift of interest toward celibacy, see Weir, ‘Rather Never Than Late’
19. and J. A. Goldstone, ‘The Demographic Revolution in England: A Re-examination’, Population Studies, xlix (1986), 5'33-
20. Weir, ‘Rather Never Than Late’, 342
21. Goldstone, ‘Demographic Revolution’, 31.
22. The best discussion of the changing incidence of service is Ann Kussmaul, Servants in Husbandly in Early Modem England (Cambridge, 1981), 97-119. Local studies of the relationship between marriage formation and the labour markets include
23. David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977)
24. David Levine and Keith Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham, 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991)
25. and Pam Sharpe, ‘Literally Spinsters: A New Interpretation of Local Economy and Demography in Colyton in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., xliv (1991), 46-65.
26. For overviews, see Kevin Schurer, ‘Variations in Household Structure in the Late Seventeenth Century: Towards a Regional Analysis’, in Surveying the People: The Interpretation and Use of Document Sources for the Study of Population in the Later Seventeenth Century, ed. Kevin Schurer and Tom Arkell (Oxford, 1992), 253-278
27. and Wrigley et al., English Population History From Family Reconstitution, 182-194.
28. Quoting Roger Schofield, ‘Family Structure, Demographic Behaviour and Economic Growth’, in Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modem Society, ed. John Walter and Roger Schofield (Cambridge, 1989), 285, 304.
29. For other influential commentaries on the role of ideology in family formation, see Alan Macfarlane, The Origins ofEnglish Individualism: The Family, Property and Social Transition (Cambridge, 1978)
30. Ron Lesthaeghe, ‘On the Social Control of Human Reproduction’, Population and Development Review, vi (1980), 5424
31. Richard M. Smith, ‘Fertility, Economy and Household Formation in England Over Three Centuries’, Population and Development Review, vii (1981), 618-619
32. and Richard M. Smith, ‘Some Issues Concerning Families and Their Property in Rural England 12501800’, in Land, Kinship and life-Cycle, ed. Richard M. Smith (Cambridge, 1984), 1-86.
33. Martin Ingram, ‘The Reform of Popular Culture? Sex and Marriage in Early Modern England’, in Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. Barry Reay (1985), 143-155
34. Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, 298-305
35. Martin Ingram, ‘Spousals Litigation in the English Ecclesiastical Courts,.1350-1640’, in Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage, ed. R. B. Outhwaite (1981), 47-57
36. and Ralph Houlbrooke, The English Family 1450-1700 (1984), 85-88.
37. Legal developments with respect to marriage are usefully summarised in R. B. Outhwaite, Clandestine Marriage in England, 1500-1850 (1995), i-17.
38. For the late seventeenth-century flight from ecclesiastical solemnisation, see Roger Lee Brown, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Fleet Marriages’, in Marriage and Society, ed. Outhwaite, 117-136
39. John Gillis, 'Resort to Clandestine and Common Law Marriage in England and Wales, 1650-18505, in Disputes and Settlements: Law and Human Relations in the West, ed. John Bossy (Cambridge, 1983), 261-286
40. and Outhwaite, Clandestine Marriage, 19–74.
41. On objections to marriage banns on grounds of precontract or ‘incest’, see Martin Ingram, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England', 1570-1640 (Cambridge, 1987), 245*7
42. Richard Adair, Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modem England (Manchester, 1996), 162
43. and David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: Religion, Ritual and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 1997), 305-309.
44. Quoting Ingram ‘The Reform of Popular Culture?’, 136.
45. But see, from a general theoretical perspective, Lesthaeghe, ‘Social Control of Human Reproduction’
46. and, more specifically, Smith, ‘Fertility, Economy and Household Formation’, 602–11.
47. But see now D. M. Woodward, ‘The Background to the Statute of Artificers: the Genesis of Labour Policy, 1558-1563’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 33 (1980), 3244
48. and G. R. Elton, ‘The Parliament of England’ 1559-1581 (Cambridge, 1986), 263-267.
49. See Steve Hindle, ‘Exclusion Crises: Poverty, Migration and Parochial Responsibility in English Rural Communities -.1560-1660’, Rural History, vii (1996), 125-149
50. and Hindle, ‘Power, Poor Relief and Social Relations in Holland Fen, c. 1600-1800’, Historical Journal (forthcoming, 1998).
51. Lincolnshire Archives Office, Frampton PAR 10/1 [vestry minute book, 1597-1683], unfol. (29 May 1642); i/i [parish register], unfol. (Jan. 1654). For the immediate context of these decisions, see Hindle, ‘Power, Poor Relief and Social Relations’.
52. Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death, 286-292, provides an elegant summary of the transformations involved in matrimony.
53. The only detailed discussion of indemnity bonds is Philip Styles, ‘The Evolution of the Laws of Settlement’, University of Birmingham Historical Journal, ix (1963)
54. reprinted in Styles, Studies in Seventeenth-Century West Midlands History (Kineton, 1978), 180-183. ut see now Hindle, ‘Exclusion Crises’.
55. Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling, 1525-ijoo (2nd edn, Oxford, 1995), 135.
56. Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling, 1525-ijoo, 80.
57. Ingram, Church Courts, 131.
58. Ingram, ‘The Reform of Popular Culture?’, 145.
59. Diana O'Hara, ‘“Ruled By My Friends”: Aspects of Marriage in the Diocese of Canterbury’, Continuity and Change, vi (1991), 28.
60. Early Essex Town Meetings: Braintree, 1619-1636; Finchingfield, 1626-34> e<- F. G. Emmison (Chichester, 1970), 117
61. O'Hara, ‘“Ruled By My Friends’”, 28.
62. Worcestershire County Records: Calendar of the Quarter Sessions Papers, Volume I: 1591-1643, ed. J. W. Wills-Bund (Worcester, 1900), 266-267.
63. Lawrence Stone, Uncertain Unions: Marriage in England. 1660-1753 (Oxford, 1992), 8392.
64. G. R. Elton, ‘Reform by Statute: Thomas Starkey's Dialogue and Thomas Cromwell's Policy’, in Elton, Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government (4 vols., Cambridge, 1974-92), H> 252, notes a policy paper sent to Cromwell suggesting the prevention of the marriages of young men until they were of ‘potent age’.
65. David Dean, Law-Making and Society in Late Elizabethan England: The Parliament of England, 1584-1601 (Cambridge, 1996), 184-185, reports an abortive bill to prevent ‘sundry great abuses by licenses for marriages without banes’ in the parliamentary session of 1597-8.
66. Levine and Wrightson, Industrial Society, 352.
67. Wrightson and Levine, Poverty and Piety, 133.
68. O'Hara, '“Ruled By My Friends” 28
69. Hindle, ‘Power, Poor Relief and Social Relations’, passim; MS Ellesmere 6162, fo. 36; Huntington Library, San Marino, Ca.
70. Margaret Pelling, ‘Old Age, Poverty and Disability in Early Modem Norwich: Work, Remarriage, and Other Expedients’, in Life, Death and the Elderly: Historical Perspectives, ed. Margaret Pelling and Richard M. Smith (1991), 88.
71. Ingram, Church Courts, 215
72. cf. Hindle, ‘Exclusion Crises’.
73. John Walter, ‘A “Rising of the People”? The Oxfordshire Rising of 1596’, Past and Present, no. 107 (May 1985), 90-143.
74. See the theoretical discussion of the response patterns, including not only obedience and ‘deferred gratification’ but also deviance and rebellion, of those who lose out in systems where reproduction is subject to social control in Lesthaeghe, ‘Social Control of Human Reproduction’, 533–534.
75. Hertfordshire Record Office D/P 65/3/3, f°s- 329-3i, cited in Hindle, ‘Exclusion Crises’, 134.
76. Kussmaul, Servants in Husbandry, 24-27
77. David Souden, ‘Migrants and the Population Structure of Later Seventeenth-Century Provincial Cities and Market Towns’, in The Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 1600-1800, ed. Peter Clark (London, 1984), 150-161
78. David Souden, ‘“East, West-Home's Best”? Regional Patterns of Migration in Early Modem England’, in Migration and Society, ed. Clark and Souden, 292–332.
79. Barry Stapleton, ‘Marriage, Migration and Mendicancy in a Pre-Industrial Community’, in Conflict and Community in Southern England: Essays in the History of Rural and Urban Labour From Medieval to Modem Times, ed. Barry Stapleton (Gloucester, 1992), 56, 62.
80. Levine, Family Formation, 39.
81. Ingram, ‘Reform of Popular Culture?’
82. Martin Ingram, ‘Ridings, Rough Music and Mocking Rhymes’, in Popular Culture ed. Reay, 166-197.
83. Edward Thompson, Customs in Common (1991), 454, notes the use of rough music against exogamous marriage.
84. Quoting the definition of culture in A. P. Cohen, ‘Belonging: The Experience of Culture’, in Belonging: Identify and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, ed. A. P. Cohen (Manchester, 1982).
85. Citing Scott K. Phillips, ‘Natives and Incomers: the Symbolism of Belonging in Muker Parish, North Yorkshire’, in Symbolising Boundaries: Identity and Diversity in British culturesy ed. A. P. Cohen (Manchester, 1986)
86. reprinted in Michael Drake (ed.), Time, Family and Community: Perspectives on Family and Community History (Oxford, 1994), 234.
87. David Cressy's thorough, though not exhaustive, searches of church court materials do not appear to have turned up any additional instances of the practice: Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death, 312.
88. Richard M. Smith, ‘Marriage Processes in the English Past: Some Continuities’, in The World We Have GainedHistories of Population and Social Structure, ed. Lloyd Bonfield, Richard M. Smith and K. E. Wrightson (Oxford, 1986), 73 n. 101
89. Richard M. Smith, ‘Charity, Self-Interest and Welfare: Reflections From Demograpic and Family History’, in Charity, Self-Interest and Welfare in the English Past, ed. Martin Daunton (London, 1996)
90. Adair, Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage, 138.
91. Cf. Smith, ‘Charity, Self-Interest and Welfare’, 45 n. 3.
92. Ingram, ‘Spousals Litigation’, 55-56
93. Ingram, Church Courts, 131.
94. William Whateley, A Bnde-Bush: or a Direction for Married Persons (1623), 175.
95. John Johnson, The Clergy-man's Vade Mecum (1709), 186. For Johnson, rector of Cranbrook in Kent, see DNB Johnson, John]
96. Carew Reynel, The True English Interest (1674), 59-67
97. reprinted in Seventeenth-Century Economic Documents, ed. Joan Thirsk and J. P. Cooper (Oxford, 1972), 758-760, at 760.
98. Sir William Coventry, ‘An Essay Concerning the Decay of Rents and Their Remedies’ [c.1670], reprinted in Seventeenth-Century Economic Documents, ed. Thirsk and Cooper, 7984, at 80.
99. Dudley North, ‘Some Notes Concerning the Laws for the Poor’ [British Library Additional Manuscripts, 32512, fos. i24v-i3ov], fo. i28v.
100. J°yce Oldham Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England (Princeton, 1978), 135.
101. North, ‘Some Notes Concerning the Laws For the Poor’, fo. i28v.
102. Coventry, ‘Decay of Rents’, 80.
103. Johnson, Clergy Man's Vade Mecum, 186.
104. Reynel, True English Interest, 760.
105. Colin Brooks, ‘Projecting, Political Arithmetic and the Act of 1695’, English Historical Review 87 (1982), 39
106. Jeremy Boulton, ‘The Marriage Duty Act and Parochial Registration in London, 1695-1706’, in Surveying the People, ed. Schurer and Arkell, 227
107. Charles Davenant, Works, ed. C. Whitworth (5 vols., 1771), II, 190-191
108. London Inhabitants Within the Walls, 1695, ed. D. V. Glass (London Record Society Publications, ii, 1966), xiv-xxv.
109. Cf. Wrigley et al., English Population History From Family Reconstitution, 139.
110. W. J. Pressey, ‘Essex Affairs Matrimonial (As Seen in the Archdeaconry Records)’, Essex Review, xlix (1940), 86.
111. Ingram, ‘Spousals Litigation’, 56
112. Ingram, Church Courts, 131.
113. Reynel, True English Interest, 760.
114. Coventry, ‘Decay of Rents’, Bo.
115. Johnson, Clergy Man's Vade Mecum, 186-187.
116. North, ‘Some Notes Concerning the Laws for the Poor’, fos. 128-28v.
117. Quoting Keith Wrightson, ‘The Politics of the Parish in Early Modem England’, in The Experience ofAuthority in Early Modem England, ed. Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (Basingstoke, 1996), 19.
118. Peter M. Solar, ‘Poor Relief and English Economic Development Before the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., xlviii (1995), 16.
119. See, for example, the careful criticism of the categories of historical sociology in Naomi Tadmor, ‘The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England’, Past and Present, no. 151 (May 1996), 111-140.
120. Wrigley, ‘Family Limitation’
121. Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, xix, 450-453.
122. Wrigley et al., English Population History From Family Reconstitution, 125.
123. Cf. the scepticism of Paul Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1988), 207-208.