Aggression among highly identified spectators as a function of their need to maintain positive social identity

Journal of Sport & Social Issues

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1993, Pages 134-143

  Wann, Daniel L ^a  

^a MURRAY STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009237674     PISSN: 01937235     EISSN: 15527638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/019372359301700207     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2. Baron, R.A. (1977). Human aggression. New York: Plenum Press.
3. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73.
4. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.
5. Branscombe, N.R., & Wann, D.L. (1991). Self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation under identity-threatening and identity-bolstering conditions. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Jerusalem, Israel.
6. Branscombe, N.R., & Wann, D.L. (1992). Role of identification with a group, arousal, categorization processes, and self-esteem in sports spectator aggression. Human Relations, 45, 1013-1033.
7. Cialdini, R.B., Borden, R.J., Thorne, A., Walker, M.R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L.R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375.
8. Cialdini, R.B., & Richardson, K.D. (1980). Two indirect tactics of impression management: Basking and blasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 406-415.
9. Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and in-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1-8. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
10. Dollard, J. Doob, L., Miller, N., Mowrer, O.H., & Sears, R.R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
11. Eitzen, S.D. (1979). Sport and deviance. In O. S. Eitzen (Ed.), Sport in contemporary society (pp. 161-172). New York: St. Martin Press.
12. Fenichel, O. (1945). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York: Norton.
13. Freud, S. (1920). A general introduction to psycho-analysis. New York: Boni and Liveright.
14. Geen, R.G. (1990). Human aggression. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
15. Guttmann, A. (1986). Sports spectators. New York: Columbia University Press.
16. Harter, S. (1986). Processes underlying the construction, maintenance, and enhancement of the self-concept in children. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (pp. 136-182). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Hirt, E.R., Zillmann, D., Erickson, G.A., & Kennedy, C. (1992). The costs and benefits of allegiance: Changes in fans' self-ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 724-738.
18. Jenkins, S. (1993, May 10). Savage Assault. Sports Illustrated, pp. 18-22.
19. Lau, R.R., & Russell, D. (1980). Attributions in the sports page. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 29-38.
20. Le Bon, G. (1960). The crowd. New York: Viking Press.
21. LeUnes, A.D., & Nation, J.R. (1989). Sport psychology. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
22. Lipsyte, R. (1993, January 31). Violence translates at home. The New York Times, p. 5.
23. Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
24. Mann, L. (1979). Sports crowds viewed from the perspective of collective behavior. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (1st ed) (pp. 337-368). New York: Erlbaum.
25. Murrell, A.J., & Dietz, B. (1992). Fan support of sport teams: The effect of a common group identity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 28-39.
26. Oakes, P.J., & turner, J.C. (1980). Social categorization and intergroup behavior: Does minimal intergroup discrimination make social identity more positive? European Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 295-301.
27. Russell, G.W. (1983). Psychological issues in sports aggression. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports violence (pp. 157-181). New York: Springer-Verlag.
28. Russell, G.W. (1993). The social psychology of sport. New York: Springer-Verlag.
29. Simons, Y., & Taylor, J. (1992). A psychosocial model of fan violence. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23, 207-226.
30. Sloan, L.R. (1979). The function and impact of sports for fans: A review of theory and contemporary research. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (pp. 219-263). New York: Erlbaum.
31. Sloan, L.R. (1989). The motives of sports fans. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (2nd ed., pp. 175-240). New York: Erlbaum.
32. Smelser, N.J. (1963). Theory of collective behavior. New York: Free Press. Snyder, C.R., Lassegard, M.A., & Ford, C.E. (1986). Distancing after group success and failure: Basking in reflected glory and cutting off reflected failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 382-388.
33. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
35. Turner, R.H. (1964). Collective behavior. In R. E. L. Paris (Ed.), Handbook of modern sociology (pp. 110-143). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
36. Wann, D.L. (1991). The influence of identification with a group and physiological arousal on categorization processes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.
37. Wann, D.L., & Branscombe, N.R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 1-17.
38. Wann, D.L., & Branscombe, N.R. (1990). Die-hard and fair-weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14, 103-117.
39. Wann, D.L., & Branscombe, N.R. (1992a). Influence of identification with a sports team on objective knowledge and subjective beliefs. Unpublished manuscript.
40. Wann, D.L., & Branscombe, N.R. (1992b). Emotional responses to the sports page. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 16, 49-64.
41. Wann, D.L., Dolan, T.J., McGeorge, K.K., & Allison, J.A. (1993). An examination of the relationships between sports spectator identification and spectators' perceptions of influence, spectators' emotions, and competition outcome. Unpublished manuscript.
42. Webb, D. (1986). Sport and the hooligan. In M. L. Krotee & E. M. Jaeger (Eds.), Comparative physical education and sport, Vol. 3 (pp. 305-316). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
43. Wills, T.A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271.
44. Zillmann, D., Bryant, J., & Sapolsky, B.S. (1979). The enjoyment of watching sports contests. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (1st ed., pp. 297-335). New York: Erlbaum.
45. Zillmann, D., Bryant, J., & Sapolsky, B.S. (1989). Enjoyment from sports spectatorship. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (2nd ed., pp. 241-278). New York: Erlbaum.