Toward a troubleshooting manual for journalism history

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 463-476

  Schudson, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0009211455     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909707400302     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Michael Emery and Edwin Emery, with Nancy L. Roberts, The Press and America, 8th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996), 63. My own copy is the 1988 6th edition; the words in the 8th edition are unchanged from the 6th - see p. 72 in the 6th.
2. David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies (NY: Harper and Row, 1970), 142-44.
3. The insulation of journalism history from American historiography in general has been noted and criticized for a long time. Ronald T. Farrar criticized the original edition of The Press and America (1954) on this basis. See Ronald T. Farrar, "Mass Communication History: A Myriad of Approaches," in Mass Media and the National Experience, ed. Ronald T. Farrar and John Stevens (NY: Harper & Row, 1971), 3. (The 1954 edition was written by Edwin Emery and Henry Ladd Smith.)
4. Lance Banning, "The Federalist Papers," in Encyclopedia of American Political History (NY: Harper and Row, 1982), 565-71.
5. Jean Folkerts and Dwight L. Teeter Jr., Voices of a Nation (NY: Macmillan, 1989), 84.
6. Carol Sue Humphrey, The Press of the Young Republic 1783-1833 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 12.
7. Emery and Emery, The Press and America, 1996, 201; 1988, 234.
8. Emery and Emery, The Press and America, 1996, 201; 1988, 234.
9. Emery and Emery, The Press and America, 1996, 201; 1988, 235.
10. Emery and Emery, The Press and America, 1996, 201; 1988, 235.
11. Lewis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1982), 23-24.
12. Mark Matthew Welter, "Minnesota Newspapers and the Cuban Crisis, 1895-1898: Minnesota as a Test Case for the 'Yellow Journalism' Theory" (Ph.D. diss., Universiity of Minnesota, 1970). On the errors of the revisionists in exaggerating the power of British propaganda before American entry to World War I, see Kevin O'Keefe, A Thousand Deadlines: The New York City Press and American Neutrality, 1914-1917 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972).
13. Mark Matthew Welter, "Minnesota Newspapers and the Cuban Crisis, 1895-1898: Minnesota as a Test Case for the 'Yellow Journalism' Theory" (Ph.D. diss., Universiity of Minnesota, 1970). On the errors of the revisionists in exaggerating the power of British propaganda before American entry to World War I, see Kevin O'Keefe, A Thousand Deadlines: The New York City Press and American Neutrality, 1914-1917 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972).
14. Robert C. Hilderbrand, Power and the People: Executive Management of Public Opinion in Foreign Affairs, 1897-1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981), 27-28.
15. Rodger Streitmatter, Mightier Than The Sword (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 81.
16. Daniel Hallin, The "Uncensored War": The Media and Vietnam (NY: Oxford University Press, 1986); Michael Mandelbaum, "Vietnam: The television war," Daedalus 3 (fall 1982): 157-69; and George Donelson Moss, "News or Nemesis: Did Television Lose the Vietnam War?" in A Vietnam Reader, ed. George Donelson Moss (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991), 245-300.
17. 13. Daniel Hallin, The "Uncensored War": The Media and Vietnam (NY: Oxford University Press, 1986); Michael Mandelbaum, "Vietnam: The television war," Daedalus 3 (fall 1982): 157-69; and George Donelson Moss, "News or Nemesis: Did Television Lose the Vietnam War?" in A Vietnam Reader, ed. George Donelson Moss (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991), 245-300.
18. 13. Daniel Hallin, The "Uncensored War": The Media and Vietnam (NY: Oxford University Press, 1986); Michael Mandelbaum, "Vietnam: The television war," Daedalus 3 (fall 1982): 157-69; and George Donelson Moss, "News or Nemesis: Did Television Lose the Vietnam War?" in A Vietnam Reader, ed. George Donelson Moss (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991), 245-300.
19. Folkerts and Teeter, Voices of a Nation, 512-17. See Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (NY: Viking, 1983), 488; and also William M. Hammond, "The Press in Vietnam As Agent of Defeat; A Critical Examination," in Reviews in American History 17 (June 1989): 312-32.
20. Folkerts and Teeter, Voices of a Nation, 512-17. See Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (NY: Viking, 1983), 488; and also William M. Hammond, "The Press in Vietnam As Agent of Defeat; A Critical Examination," in Reviews in American History 17 (June 1989): 312-32.
21. Folkerts and Teeter, Voices of a Nation, 512-17. See Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (NY: Viking, 1983), 488; and also William M. Hammond, "The Press in Vietnam As Agent of Defeat; A Critical Examination," in Reviews in American History 17 (June 1989): 312-32.
22. Streitmatter's chapter on Vietnam repeats the most absurd charges of the military's apologists - "graphic televised images turned the American public against the war and helped bring an end to the fighting" (p. 188) in pure form. He cites Hallin but shows no cognizance of Hallin's primary argument. See pp. 187-203. In contrast, probably the most thoughtful assessment of media influence in the canon of journalism history is James L. Baughman's The Republic of Mass Culture: Journalism, Filmmaking, and Broadcasting in America since 1941 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992). Again and again, Baughman punctures the claims of media prominence - television's role in the downfall of Senator Joseph McCarthy, including Edward R. Murrow's celebrate broadcasts, has been much exaggerated; television's role in Vietnam, likewise; television as a source of news for citizens, as well. See pp. 52, 114, 96-97, 160.
23. Gerald Baldasty, The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 143.
24. Baldasty, Commercialization of News, 123.
25. I have calculated this from Baldasty's tables on pp. 153, 155.
26. Donald L. Shaw, "Technology: Freedom for What?" in Mass Media and the National Experience, ed. Farrar and Stevens, 64-86; Donald L. Shaw, "News Bias and the Telegraph: A Study of Historical Change," Journalism Quarerly 44 (spring 1967): 3-12, 31; and Donald L. Shaw, "The Nature of Campaign News in the Wisconsin Press 1852-1916," Journalism Quarterly 45 (summer 1968): 326-29.
27. Donald L. Shaw, "Technology: Freedom for What?" in Mass Media and the National Experience, ed. Farrar and Stevens, 64-86; Donald L. Shaw, "News Bias and the Telegraph: A Study of Historical Change," Journalism Quarerly 44 (spring 1967): 3-12, 31; and Donald L. Shaw, "The Nature of Campaign News in the Wisconsin Press 1852-1916," Journalism Quarterly 45 (summer 1968): 326-29.
28. Donald L. Shaw, "Technology: Freedom for What?" in Mass Media and the National Experience, ed. Farrar and Stevens, 64-86; Donald L. Shaw, "News Bias and the Telegraph: A Study of Historical Change," Journalism Quarerly 44 (spring 1967): 3-12, 31; and Donald L. Shaw, "The Nature of Campaign News in the Wisconsin Press 1852-1916," Journalism Quarterly 45 (summer 1968): 326-29.
29. James Carey, Communication and Culture (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
30. Shaw, "News Bias and the Telegraph," 6.
31. Michael Schudson, Discovering the News (NY: Basic Books, 1978).
32. See Elliot King, "Ungagged Partisanship: The Political Values of the Public Press, 1835-1920" (Ph.D. diss., Department of Sociology, University of California, San Diego, 1992), 185-87.
33. Elmer Davis, History of the New York Times 1851-1921 (NY: New York Times, 1921), 218.
34. Schudson, Discovering the News, 65.
35. Emery and Emery, The Press and America, 1996, 181.
36. King, "Ungagged Partisanship," 396-98, 467-68.
37. See especially Michael McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics (NY: Oxford University Press, 1986).
38. Leo Bogart, The Press and the Public, 2d ed.(Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), 336-37; Phyllis Kaniss, Making Local News (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 22-34.
39. Leo Bogart, The Press and the Public, 2d ed.(Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), 336-37; Phyllis Kaniss, Making Local News (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 22-34.
40. Folkerts and Teeter, Voices of a Nation, 279.
41. Louis Brownlow, A Passion for Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955), 233.
42. "The Journalist's Birthday," The Journalist, 23 April 1898, 8.
43. Fischer, Historians' Fallacies, 139.
44. James Carey, "'Putting the World at Peril': A Conversation with James W. Carey," Journalism History 12 (summer 1985): 47.
45. Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990). For appreciation and critique of this work, see Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991). Calhoun's introduction is especially lucid.
46. Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990). For appreciation and critique of this work, see Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991). Calhoun's introduction is especially lucid.
47. 36. Daniel C. Hallin, We Keep America on Top of the World (London: Routledge, 1994), 145. This essay originally appeared as "Soundbite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988," Journal of Communication 42 (spring 1992): 5-24. See also Kiku Adatto, "Sound Bite Democracy: Network Evening News Presidential Campaign Coverage 1986 and 1988," Joan Shorenstein Barone Center, Harvard University, Research Paper R-2, 1990.
48. Daniel C. Hallin, We Keep America on Top of the World (London: Routledge, 1994), 145. This essay originally appeared as "Soundbite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988," Journal of Communication 42 (spring 1992): 5-24. See also Kiku Adatto, "Sound Bite Democracy: Network Evening News Presidential Campaign Coverage 1986 and 1988," Joan Shorenstein Barone Center, Harvard University, Research Paper R-2, 1990.
49. Daniel C. Hallin, We Keep America on Top of the World (London: Routledge, 1994), 145. This essay originally appeared as "Soundbite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988," Journal of Communication 42 (spring 1992): 5-24. See also Kiku Adatto, "Sound Bite Democracy: Network Evening News Presidential Campaign Coverage 1986 and 1988," Joan Shorenstein Barone Center, Harvard University, Research Paper R-2, 1990.
50. Hallin, We Keep America on Top of the World, 144.
51. Hallin, We Keep America on Top of the World, 144-46.
52. Hallin, We Keep America on Top of the World, 145.
53. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969), 519.
54. David J. Russo, The Origins of Local News in the U.S. Country Press, 1840s-1870s, Journalism Monographs, no. 65 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, February 1980), 2.
55. Baldasty, Commercialization of News, 179 (footnote 80).
56. Daniel P. Jordan, Political Leadership in Jefferson's Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 149, concerning Virginia 1799-1825.
57. Stuart Blumin, The Urban Threshold (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 126-49.
58. Richard B. Kielbowicz, News in the Mail (NY: Greenwood Press, 1989), 63.
59. Sally Foreman Griffith, Home Town News: William Allen White and the Emporia Gazette (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 14.
60. Russo, Origins of Local News, 26.
61. Paula Baker, "The Culture of Politics in the Late Nineteenth Century: Community and Political Behavior in Rural New York," Journal of Social History 18 (winter 1984): 167-93 at 170. See also Paula Baker, The Moral Frameworks of Public Life: Gender, Politics, and the State in Rural New York, 1870-1930 (NY: Oxford University Press, 1991).
62. Paula Baker, "The Culture of Politics in the Late Nineteenth Century: Community and Political Behavior in Rural New York," Journal of Social History 18 (winter 1984): 167-93 at 170. See also Paula Baker, The Moral Frameworks of Public Life: Gender, Politics, and the State in Rural New York, 1870-1930 (NY: Oxford University Press, 1991).
63. David Nord, "Teleology and News: The Religious Roots of American Journalism, 1630-1730," Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 9-38.
64. Richard L. Kaplan,"The American Press and Political Community: Reporting in Detroit 1865-1920," Media, Culture and Society 19 (July 1997): 331-56.
65. Richard John, Spreading the News (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).
66. Thomas Leonard, News for All (NY: Oxford University Press, 1995).