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Volumn 58, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 597-616

Vitoria, Cajetan, and the Conciliarists

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EID: 0009129586     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3653962     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 0010723527 scopus 로고
    • The Hague
    • Vitoria's surviving works consist of thirteen lectures which he delivered as Prime Professor (catedrático de prima) of Theology at Salamanca between 1527 and 1543; for titles and dates see Carlos Noreña, Studies in Spanish Renaissance Thought (The Hague, 1975), 59-62.
    • (1975) Studies in Spanish Renaissance Thought , pp. 59-62
    • Noreña, C.1
  • 2
    • 0346133357 scopus 로고
    • Valladolid
    • Camilo Barcía Trelles, Francisco de Vitoria, fundador del derecho internacional moderno (Valladolid, 1928); Luis G. Alonso Getino, El Maestro Fr. Francisco de Vitoria: su vida, su doctrina e influencia (Madrid, 1930); James Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and his Law of Nations (Oxford, 1934). For a summary of the historiography, see James Muldoon, "The Contribution of the Medieval Canon Lawyers to the Formation of International Law," Traditio, 28 (1972), 483-97.
    • (1928) Francisco de Vitoria, Fundador del Derecho Internacional Moderno
    • Trelles, C.B.1
  • 3
    • 84878588976 scopus 로고
    • Madrid
    • Camilo Barcía Trelles, Francisco de Vitoria, fundador del derecho internacional moderno (Valladolid, 1928); Luis G. Alonso Getino, El Maestro Fr. Francisco de Vitoria: su vida, su doctrina e influencia (Madrid, 1930); James Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and his Law of Nations (Oxford, 1934). For a summary of the historiography, see James Muldoon, "The Contribution of the Medieval Canon Lawyers to the Formation of International Law," Traditio, 28 (1972), 483-97.
    • (1930) El Maestro Fr. Francisco de Vitoria: Su Vida, su Doctrina e Influencia
    • Alonso Getino, L.G.1
  • 4
    • 0011305343 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • Camilo Barcía Trelles, Francisco de Vitoria, fundador del derecho internacional moderno (Valladolid, 1928); Luis G. Alonso Getino, El Maestro Fr. Francisco de Vitoria: su vida, su doctrina e influencia (Madrid, 1930); James Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and his Law of Nations (Oxford, 1934). For a summary of the historiography, see James Muldoon, "The Contribution of the Medieval Canon Lawyers to the Formation of International Law," Traditio, 28 (1972), 483-97.
    • (1934) The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and His Law of Nations
    • Scott, J.B.1
  • 5
    • 0346763838 scopus 로고
    • The Contribution of the Medieval Canon Lawyers to the Formation of International Law
    • Camilo Barcía Trelles, Francisco de Vitoria, fundador del derecho internacional moderno (Valladolid, 1928); Luis G. Alonso Getino, El Maestro Fr. Francisco de Vitoria: su vida, su doctrina e influencia (Madrid, 1930); James Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and his Law of Nations (Oxford, 1934). For a summary of the historiography, see James Muldoon, "The Contribution of the Medieval Canon Lawyers to the Formation of International Law," Traditio, 28 (1972), 483-97.
    • (1972) Traditio , vol.28 , pp. 483-497
    • Muldoon, J.1
  • 6
    • 0346133389 scopus 로고
    • Salamanca
    • For example, Luciano Perena Vicente, La universidad de Salamanca, forja del pensamiento político español en el siglo XVI (Salamanca, 1954); Lewis Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston, 1965); Joseph Höffner, Kolonialismus und Evangelium: Spanische Kolonialethik im Goldenen Zeitalter (Trier, 1972); J. A. Fernández-Santamaría, The State, War, and Peace (Cambridge, 1977); and especially Bernice Hamilton, Political Thought in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Oxford, 1963).
    • (1954) La Universidad de Salamanca, Forja del Pensamiento Político Español en el Siglo XVI
    • Vicente, L.P.1
  • 7
    • 0007277606 scopus 로고
    • Boston
    • For example, Luciano Perena Vicente, La universidad de Salamanca, forja del pensamiento político español en el siglo XVI (Salamanca, 1954); Lewis Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston, 1965); Joseph Höffner, Kolonialismus und Evangelium: Spanische Kolonialethik im Goldenen Zeitalter (Trier, 1972); J. A. Fernández-Santamaría, The State, War, and Peace (Cambridge, 1977); and especially Bernice Hamilton, Political Thought in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Oxford, 1963).
    • (1965) The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America
    • Hanke, L.1
  • 8
    • 85012946165 scopus 로고
    • Trier
    • For example, Luciano Perena Vicente, La universidad de Salamanca, forja del pensamiento político español en el siglo XVI (Salamanca, 1954); Lewis Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston, 1965); Joseph Höffner, Kolonialismus und Evangelium: Spanische Kolonialethik im Goldenen Zeitalter (Trier, 1972); J. A. Fernández-Santamaría, The State, War, and Peace (Cambridge, 1977); and especially Bernice Hamilton, Political Thought in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Oxford, 1963).
    • (1972) Kolonialismus und Evangelium: Spanische Kolonialethik im Goldenen Zeitalter
    • Höffner, J.1
  • 9
    • 0010673583 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • For example, Luciano Perena Vicente, La universidad de Salamanca, forja del pensamiento político español en el siglo XVI (Salamanca, 1954); Lewis Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston, 1965); Joseph Höffner, Kolonialismus und Evangelium: Spanische Kolonialethik im Goldenen Zeitalter (Trier, 1972); J. A. Fernández-Santamaría, The State, War, and Peace (Cambridge, 1977); and especially Bernice Hamilton, Political Thought in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Oxford, 1963).
    • (1977) The State, War, and Peace
    • Santamaría, J.A.1
  • 10
    • 0043255183 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • For example, Luciano Perena Vicente, La universidad de Salamanca, forja del pensamiento político español en el siglo XVI (Salamanca, 1954); Lewis Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston, 1965); Joseph Höffner, Kolonialismus und Evangelium: Spanische Kolonialethik im Goldenen Zeitalter (Trier, 1972); J. A. Fernández-Santamaría, The State, War, and Peace (Cambridge, 1977); and especially Bernice Hamilton, Political Thought in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Oxford, 1963).
    • (1963) Political Thought in Sixteenth-Century Spain
    • Hamilton, B.1
  • 11
    • 0346763846 scopus 로고
    • Dispossessing the Barbarian: The Language of Spanish Thomism and the Debate over the Property Rights of the American Indians
    • Pagden (ed.), Cambridge
    • 2). For a learned critique, see Brian Tiemey, "Aristotle and the American Indians - Again," Cristianesimo nella storia, 12 (1991), 295-322.
    • (1987) The Languages of Political Theory in Early Modern Europe , pp. 79
    • Pagden, A.1
  • 12
    • 25544444762 scopus 로고
    • The 'School of Salamanca' and the 'Affair of the Indies,'
    • 2). For a learned critique, see Brian Tiemey, "Aristotle and the American Indians - Again," Cristianesimo nella storia, 12 (1991), 295-322.
    • (1981) History of the Universities , vol.1
  • 13
    • 0003958947 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • 2). For a learned critique, see Brian Tiemey, "Aristotle and the American Indians - Again," Cristianesimo nella storia, 12 (1991), 295-322.
    • (1987) The Fall of Natural Man
  • 14
    • 0010835578 scopus 로고
    • Aristotle and the American Indians - Again
    • 2). For a learned critique, see Brian Tiemey, "Aristotle and the American Indians - Again," Cristianesimo nella storia, 12 (1991), 295-322.
    • (1991) Cristianesimo nella Storia , vol.12 , pp. 295-322
    • Tiemey, B.1
  • 15
    • 0003771927 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Richard Tuck, Natural Rights Theories (Cambridge, 1977). Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (2 vols.; Cambridge, 1978).
    • (1977) Natural Rights Theories
    • Tuck, R.1
  • 18
    • 0346133344 scopus 로고
    • Doctrina de Francisco de Vitoria sobre las relaciones entre la iglesia y el estado y fuentes de la misma
    • See Vicente Beltrán de Heredia, "Doctrina de Francisco de Vitoria sobre las relaciones entre la iglesia y el estado y fuentes de la misma," Ciencia Tomista, 56 (1937), 22-39.
    • (1937) Ciencia Tomista , vol.56 , pp. 22-39
    • De Heredia, V.B.1
  • 19
    • 0346133394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De potestate ecclesiae I and II
    • De potestate ecclesiae I and II, trans. in Pagden and Lawrance (eds.), Vitoria, 45-151. For De potestate papae et concilii, I have used the bilingual Latin/Spanish edition of Luis G. Alonso Getino (ed.), Relecciones teológicas del maestro fray Francisco de Vitoria (Madrid, 1933-34), II.
    • Vitoria , pp. 45-151
    • Pagden1    Lawrance2
  • 20
    • 0346133388 scopus 로고
    • For de potestate papae et concilii
    • I have used the bilingual Latin/Spanish edition Madrid
    • De potestate ecclesiae I and II, trans. in Pagden and Lawrance (eds.), Vitoria, 45-151. For De potestate papae et concilii, I have used the bilingual Latin/Spanish edition of Luis G. Alonso Getino (ed.), Relecciones teológicas del maestro fray Francisco de Vitoria (Madrid, 1933-34), II.
    • (1933) Relecciones Teológicas del Maestro Fray Francisco de Vitoria
    • Alonso Getino, L.G.1
  • 21
    • 0004198523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton, esp. chapter 5
    • See The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, 1957), esp. chapter 5.
    • (1957) The King's Two Bodies
  • 24
    • 0347394285 scopus 로고
    • ed. J. Leclercq Paris, c. 10
    • John of Paris, De potestate regia et papali, ed. J. Leclercq (Paris, 1942), c. 10, p. 199; quoted in Ullmann, Principles, 265.
    • (1942) De Potestate Regia et Papali , pp. 199
    • Paris, J.O.1
  • 25
    • 84955854357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John of Paris, De potestate regia et papali, ed. J. Leclercq (Paris, 1942), c. 10, p. 199; quoted in Ullmann, Principles, 265.
    • Principles , pp. 265
    • Ullmann1
  • 26
    • 0010092897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Conciliar Movement
    • J. H. Burns (ed.), Cambridge
    • See Anthony Black, "The Conciliar Movement," in J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350-c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1988), 573-87; and Brian Tierney, Foundations of the Conciliar Theory (Cambridge, 1955).
    • (1988) The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought C. 350-c. 1450 , pp. 573-587
    • Black, A.1
  • 27
    • 0003820778 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • See Anthony Black, "The Conciliar Movement," in J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350-c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1988), 573-87; and Brian Tierney, Foundations of the Conciliar Theory (Cambridge, 1955).
    • (1955) Foundations of the Conciliar Theory
    • Tierney, B.1
  • 28
    • 0039807101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tierney traces conciliarist ideas to early medieval canonistic sources rather than to Aquinas's influence. For Tierney, John of Paris's conciliarism was "simply an exercise in applied canonistic theory" (Foundations, 177).
    • Foundations , pp. 177
  • 29
    • 0003924393 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Brian Tierney, Religion, Law, and the Growth of Constitutional Thought (Cambridge, 1982); Francis Oakley, "On the Road from Constance to 1688: The Political Thought of John Major and George Buchanan," Journal of British Studies, 2 (1962), 1-31; Anthony Black, Monarchy and Community: Political Ideas in the Later Conciliar Controversy 1430-1530 (Cambridge, 1970).
    • (1982) Religion, Law, and the Growth of Constitutional Thought
    • Tierney, B.1
  • 30
    • 0010869530 scopus 로고
    • On the Road from Constance to 1688: The Political Thought of John Major and George Buchanan
    • Brian Tierney, Religion, Law, and the Growth of Constitutional Thought (Cambridge, 1982); Francis Oakley, "On the Road from Constance to 1688: The Political Thought of John Major and George Buchanan," Journal of British Studies, 2 (1962), 1-31; Anthony Black, Monarchy and Community: Political Ideas in the Later Conciliar Controversy 1430-1530 (Cambridge, 1970).
    • (1962) Journal of British Studies , vol.2 , pp. 1-31
    • Oakley, F.1
  • 31
    • 0004225730 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Brian Tierney, Religion, Law, and the Growth of Constitutional Thought (Cambridge, 1982); Francis Oakley, "On the Road from Constance to 1688: The Political Thought of John Major and George Buchanan," Journal of British Studies, 2 (1962), 1-31; Anthony Black, Monarchy and Community: Political Ideas in the Later Conciliar Controversy 1430-1530 (Cambridge, 1970).
    • (1970) Monarchy and Community: Political Ideas in the Later Conciliar Controversy 1430-1530
    • Black, A.1
  • 32
    • 0009129850 scopus 로고
    • Almain and Major: Conciliar Theory on the Eve of the Reformation
    • Quotation, 674.
    • Francis Oakley, "Almain and Major: Conciliar Theory on the Eve of the Reformation," American Historical Review, 70 (1965), 673-90. (Quotation, 674). For the case of England, see Thomas F. Mayer, "Thomas Starkey, an Unknown Conciliarist at the Court of Henry VIII," JHI, 49 (1988), 207-27.
    • (1965) American Historical Review , vol.70 , pp. 673-690
    • Oakley, F.1
  • 33
    • 0347394218 scopus 로고
    • Thomas Starkey, an Unknown Conciliarist at the Court of Henry VIII
    • Francis Oakley, "Almain and Major: Conciliar Theory on the Eve of the Reformation," American Historical Review, 70 (1965), 673-90. (Quotation, 674). For the case of England, see Thomas F. Mayer, "Thomas Starkey, an Unknown Conciliarist at the Court of Henry VIII," JHI, 49 (1988), 207-27.
    • (1988) JHI , vol.49 , pp. 207-227
    • Mayer, T.F.1
  • 34
    • 0348025037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • respectively
    • Skinner, Foundations, II; 114-23 and 135-73, respectively.
    • Foundations , vol.2 , pp. 114-123
    • Skinner1
  • 35
    • 0009278953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scholasticism: Survival and Revival
    • One exception is J. H. Burns, "Scholasticism: Survival and Revival," The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, 132-55, whose account of the Thomist revival includes some discussion of the "curious convergence" between the arguments for and against conciliarism in the sixteenth century.
    • The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought , pp. 132-155
    • Burns, J.H.1
  • 36
    • 0347394282 scopus 로고
    • España y el Concilio de Letrán
    • This position was already common among the Spanish episcopacy in the early sixteenth century. See José Goñi Gaztambide, "España y el Concilio de Letrán," Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum, 6 (1974), 154-222; José Doussinague, Fernando el Católico y el cisma de Pisa (Madrid, 1946). Some of the Spanish party at Trent later resisted formal recognition of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17), claiming that it had increased deformatio in the Church; Vitoria's pupil Domingo de Soto rejected the decrees of Lateran V as "formally unfree"; Hubert Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent, trans. Ernst Graf (London, 1957-61), I, 132, n. 2.
    • (1974) Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum , vol.6 , pp. 154-222
    • Gaztambide, J.G.1
  • 37
    • 0346763872 scopus 로고
    • Madrid
    • This position was already common among the Spanish episcopacy in the early sixteenth century. See José Goñi Gaztambide, "España y el Concilio de Letrán," Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum, 6 (1974), 154-222; José Doussinague, Fernando el Católico y el cisma de Pisa (Madrid, 1946). Some of the Spanish party at Trent later resisted formal recognition of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17), claiming that it had increased deformatio in the Church; Vitoria's pupil Domingo de Soto rejected the decrees of Lateran V as "formally unfree"; Hubert Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent, trans. Ernst Graf (London, 1957-61), I, 132, n. 2.
    • (1946) Fernando el Católico y el Cisma de Pisa
    • Doussinague, J.1
  • 38
    • 0347394288 scopus 로고
    • trans. Ernst Graf London
    • This position was already common among the Spanish episcopacy in the early sixteenth century. See José Goñi Gaztambide, "España y el Concilio de Letrán," Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum, 6 (1974), 154-222; José Doussinague, Fernando el Católico y el cisma de Pisa (Madrid, 1946). Some of the Spanish party at Trent later resisted formal recognition of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17), claiming that it had increased deformatio in the Church; Vitoria's pupil Domingo de Soto rejected the decrees of Lateran V as "formally unfree"; Hubert Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent, trans. Ernst Graf (London, 1957-61), I, 132, n. 2.
    • (1957) A History of the Council of Trent , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 132
    • Jedin, H.1
  • 39
    • 0346763878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De potestate papae et concilii [1534]
    • cap. 21 in Getino [ed.]
    • De potestate papae et concilii [1534], cap. 21 (in Getino [ed.], Relecciones, II, 274).
    • Relecciones , vol.2 , pp. 274
  • 42
    • 0348025031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitoria also followed Cajetan's example in organizing his theology lectures around Aquinas's commentaries rather than (as traditionally prescribed) the Sentences of Peter Lombard. See García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 316; and F. Stegmüller, Francisco de Vitoria y la doctrina de la gracia en la escuela salmantina (Barcelona, 1934), 13ff, on the influence of Cajetan on Vitoria (cited in García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 11). For some interesting speculations about their relationship and about whether Vitoria participated in the junta of Parisian theologians which examined Cajetan's treatise, see G. M. Bertini, Influencia de algunos renacentistas italianos en el pensamiento de Francisco de Vitoria (Salamanca, 1933), 32-42.
    • Universidad de Paris , pp. 316
    • Villoslada, G.1
  • 43
    • 25544450561 scopus 로고
    • Barcelona
    • Vitoria also followed Cajetan's example in organizing his theology lectures around Aquinas's commentaries rather than (as traditionally prescribed) the Sentences of Peter Lombard. See García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 316; and F. Stegmüller, Francisco de Vitoria y la doctrina de la gracia en la escuela salmantina (Barcelona, 1934), 13ff, on the influence of Cajetan on Vitoria (cited in García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 11). For some interesting speculations about their relationship and about whether Vitoria participated in the junta of Parisian theologians which examined Cajetan's treatise, see G. M. Bertini, Influencia de algunos renacentistas italianos en el pensamiento de Francisco de Vitoria (Salamanca, 1933), 32-42.
    • (1934) Francisco de Vitoria y la Doctrina de la Gracia en la Escuela Salmantina
    • Stegmüller, F.1
  • 44
    • 0348025031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitoria also followed Cajetan's example in organizing his theology lectures around Aquinas's commentaries rather than (as traditionally prescribed) the Sentences of Peter Lombard. See García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 316; and F. Stegmüller, Francisco de Vitoria y la doctrina de la gracia en la escuela salmantina (Barcelona, 1934), 13ff, on the influence of Cajetan on Vitoria (cited in García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 11). For some interesting speculations about their relationship and about whether Vitoria participated in the junta of Parisian theologians which examined Cajetan's treatise, see G. M. Bertini, Influencia de algunos renacentistas italianos en el pensamiento de Francisco de Vitoria (Salamanca, 1933), 32-42.
    • Universidad de Paris , pp. 11
    • Villoslada, G.1
  • 45
    • 0346133395 scopus 로고
    • Salamanca
    • Vitoria also followed Cajetan's example in organizing his theology lectures around Aquinas's commentaries rather than (as traditionally prescribed) the Sentences of Peter Lombard. See García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 316; and F. Stegmüller, Francisco de Vitoria y la doctrina de la gracia en la escuela salmantina (Barcelona, 1934), 13ff, on the influence of Cajetan on Vitoria (cited in García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 11). For some interesting speculations about their relationship and about whether Vitoria participated in the junta of Parisian theologians which examined Cajetan's treatise, see G. M. Bertini, Influencia de algunos renacentistas italianos en el pensamiento de Francisco de Vitoria (Salamanca, 1933), 32-42.
    • (1933) Influencia de Algunos Renacentistas Italianos en el Pensamiento de Francisco de Vitoria , pp. 32-42
    • Bertini, G.M.1
  • 46
    • 85037151203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Noreña, Studies, 38-50; and Francis Oakley, "Almain and Major: Conciliar Theory on the Eve of the Reformation," American Historical Review, 70 (1965), 673-90.
    • Studies , pp. 38-50
    • Noreña1
  • 47
    • 0009129850 scopus 로고
    • Almain and Major: Conciliar Theory on the Eve of the Reformation
    • See Noreña, Studies, 38-50; and Francis Oakley, "Almain and Major: Conciliar Theory on the Eve of the Reformation," American Historical Review, 70 (1965), 673-90.
    • (1965) American Historical Review , vol.70 , pp. 673-690
    • Oakley, F.1
  • 48
    • 79956686537 scopus 로고
    • Paris
    • See Augustin Renaudet, Le Concile Gallican de Pise-Milan: Documents Florentins (Paris, 1922); also Olivier de La Brosse, Le Pape et le Concile: La comparison de leurs pouvoirs à la veille de la Réforme (Paris, 1965).
    • (1922) Le Concile Gallican de Pise-Milan: Documents Florentins
  • 50
    • 0347394286 scopus 로고
    • La doctrine de Cajetan sur l'Eglise
    • See Vincent-Marie Pollet, O.P., "La doctrine de Cajetan sur l'Eglise," Angelicum, 11 (1934), 514-32; 12 (1935), 223-44. Cajetan's two treatises are reprinted in his Opuscula Omnia (Venice, 1596): Tractatus primus de comparatione auctoritatis papae et concilii (I, 5-31); and Tractatus secundus [etc.] (I, 31-48), cited here by chapter numbers.
    • (1934) Angelicum , vol.11 , pp. 514-532
    • Vincent-Marie Pollet, O.P.1
  • 51
    • 0346763880 scopus 로고
    • See Vincent-Marie Pollet, O.P., "La doctrine de Cajetan sur l'Eglise," Angelicum, 11 (1934), 514-32; 12 (1935), 223-44. Cajetan's two treatises are reprinted in his Opuscula Omnia (Venice, 1596): Tractatus primus de comparatione auctoritatis papae et concilii (I, 5-31); and Tractatus secundus [etc.] (I, 31-48), cited here by chapter numbers.
    • (1935) Angelicum , vol.12 , pp. 223-244
  • 52
    • 0348024994 scopus 로고
    • Venice
    • See Vincent-Marie Pollet, O.P., "La doctrine de Cajetan sur l'Eglise," Angelicum, 11 (1934), 514-32; 12 (1935), 223-44. Cajetan's two treatises are reprinted in his Opuscula Omnia (Venice, 1596): Tractatus primus de comparatione auctoritatis papae et concilii (I, 5-31); and Tractatus secundus [etc.] (I, 31-48), cited here by chapter numbers.
    • (1596) Opuscula Omnia
  • 53
    • 0346133358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Vincent-Marie Pollet, O.P., "La doctrine de Cajetan sur l'Eglise," Angelicum, 11 (1934), 514-32; 12 (1935), 223-44. Cajetan's two treatises are reprinted in his Opuscula Omnia (Venice, 1596): Tractatus primus de comparatione auctoritatis papae et concilii (I, 5-31); and Tractatus secundus [etc.] (I, 31-48), cited here by chapter numbers.
    • Tractatus Primus de Comparatione Auctoritatis Papae et Concilii , vol.1 , pp. 5-31
  • 54
    • 0348024993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Vincent-Marie Pollet, O.P., "La doctrine de Cajetan sur l'Eglise," Angelicum, 11 (1934), 514-32; 12 (1935), 223-44. Cajetan's two treatises are reprinted in his Opuscula Omnia (Venice, 1596): Tractatus primus de comparatione auctoritatis papae et concilii (I, 5-31); and Tractatus secundus [etc.] (I, 31-48), cited here by chapter numbers.
    • Tractatus Secundus [Etc.] , vol.1 , pp. 31-48
  • 56
    • 0347394236 scopus 로고
    • [written c. 1440] Venice
    • Torquemada's massive Summa de Ecclesia [written c. 1440] (Venice, 1561) was devoted largely to upholding papal supremacy against the conciliarists. Book II ("De Romana Ecclesia et de ejus pontificis primatu") discusses papal supremacy; book III ("De universalibus conciliis et de eorum auctoritate") discusses ecumenical councils.
    • (1561) Summa de Ecclesia
    • Torquemada1
  • 57
    • 0346763840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • lib. II, caps. 17-19; caps. 20-23; caps. 27-28; cap. 86; cap. 36, respectively
    • Torquemada, Summa, lib. II, caps. 17-19; caps. 20-23; caps. 27-28; cap. 86; cap. 36, respectively.
    • Summa
    • Torquemada1
  • 58
    • 0348024962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cap. 7
    • Cajetan describes Peter repeatedy as "vicarius Christi," but see esp. Tractatus primus, cap. 7.
    • Tractatus Primus
  • 59
    • 0348024962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cap. 2.
    • Tractatus primus, cap. 2. These alternative readings of Matthew 16:18-19 can be traced to different texts of Gratian's Decretum; see Tierney, Foundations, 30ff; see also Jeffrey Mirus, The Dominican Order and the Defense of the Papacy in the Renaissance (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1973), 84-85.
    • Tractatus Primus
  • 60
    • 0040454255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tractatus primus, cap. 2. These alternative readings of Matthew 16:18-19 can be traced to different texts of Gratian's Decretum; see Tierney, Foundations, 30ff; see also Jeffrey Mirus, The Dominican Order and the Defense of the Papacy in the Renaissance (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1973), 84-85.
    • Foundations
    • Tierney1
  • 61
    • 0348024981 scopus 로고
    • Ph.D. diss., Princeton University
    • Tractatus primus, cap. 2. These alternative readings of Matthew 16:18-19 can be traced to different texts of Gratian's Decretum; see Tierney, Foundations, 30ff; see also Jeffrey Mirus, The Dominican Order and the Defense of the Papacy in the Renaissance (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1973), 84-85.
    • (1973) The Dominican Order and the Defense of the Papacy in the Renaissance , pp. 84-85
    • Mirus, J.1
  • 67
    • 0346133316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tractatus de Auctoritate Ecclesiœ et Conciliorum Generalium adversus Thomam de Vio
    • Johannis Gersonii, ed. Louis Ellies Dupin 5 vols., Antwerp, 1706, II, 976-1012; cap. 1 (977)
    • Almain, Tractatus de Auctoritate Ecclesiœ et Conciliorum Generalium adversus Thomam de Vio, in Johannis Gersonii, Opera Omnia, ed. Louis Ellies Dupin (5 vols., Antwerp, 1706), II, 976-1012; cap. 1 (977).
    • Opera Omnia
    • Almain1
  • 68
    • 0346763820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cap. II
    • "Cum Christi fidelium collectio non sit solum corpus politicum, ad finem naturalem ordinatum qui est vivere secundum virtutem, verumetiam corpus mysticum Christi, et ad finem supernaturalem, vitam scilicet aeternam ordinatum.... Haec autem potestas non est naturalis, sed positiva, non ab homine puro, aut ab hominibus institutibus, sed a Deo solo." Almain, Tractatus, cap. II (979-80).
    • Tractatus , pp. 979-980
    • Almain1
  • 69
    • 0346763820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Almain, Tractatus, 989-92; cited in Oakley, "Almain and Major," 678.
    • Tractatus , pp. 989-992
    • Almain1
  • 70
  • 73
    • 0346763843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cap. 1
    • It is interesting that Cajetan does not explicitly distinguish between "natural" and "divine" law here, and insist that Christ's choice of Peter as his viceroy was a matter of divine positive law rather than natural law. (Vitoria would draw these distinctions much more sharply.) Instead, he describes the government of the Chuch in the language of natural law, whle arguing tha it has a different nature from the civitas: "Natura igitur ecclesiastici regimini ab ipsa sua nativitate est: non ut in communitate sit, nec ut a communitate ad unum, vel plures derivetur (quem admodum accidit in regimine civili humano), sed ut in uno certo principe suapte natura sit. Et cum princeps iste unus atque idem dominus Iesus heri, hodie et in saecula vivat, et regnet, secundum naturalis iuris consequentiam oportet, ut ad ipsum principem non ad communitatem ecclesiae spectet in sua absentia ordinare de vicario, non communitatis Ecclesiae,4 quae utpote serva nata, principandi iure caret, sed ipsius principis naturalis Domini communitatis ecclesiae" (Cajetan, Tractatus secundus, cap. 1).
    • Tractatus Secundus
    • Cajetan1
  • 75
    • 0348024987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skinner identifies as particular targets the Lutheran doctrines of sola scriptura and the priesthood of all believers; the "doctrine of the godly prince"; and the argument that "the commands of an ungodly prince cannot be binding in conscience." Skinner, Foundations, II, 138-44. Pagden ("Dispossessing the Barbarian," 83), in discussing Vitoria's arguments for Spanish dominion in the Indies, concurs that "in the end, Vitoria and his successors were far less concerned with the particulars of the American case than they were with the opportunities it provided for a refutation of Lutheran and, later. Calvinist theories of sovereignty." Skinner (Foundations, II, 138, n. 2) acknowledges Otto von Gierke, Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1934) as the first to bring to light the anti-Lutheran thrust of the neo-Thomists.
    • Foundations , vol.2 , pp. 138-144
    • Skinner1
  • 76
    • 0346763832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skinner identifies as particular targets the Lutheran doctrines of sola scriptura and the priesthood of all believers; the "doctrine of the godly prince"; and the argument that "the commands of an ungodly prince cannot be binding in conscience." Skinner, Foundations, II, 138-44. Pagden ("Dispossessing the Barbarian," 83), in discussing Vitoria's arguments for Spanish dominion in the Indies, concurs that "in the end, Vitoria and his successors were far less concerned with the particulars of the American case than they were with the opportunities it provided for a refutation of Lutheran and, later. Calvinist theories of sovereignty." Skinner (Foundations, II, 138, n. 2) acknowledges Otto von Gierke, Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1934) as the first to bring to light the anti-Lutheran thrust of the neo-Thomists.
    • Dispossessing the Barbarian , pp. 83
    • Pagden1
  • 77
    • 0348024987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skinner identifies as particular targets the Lutheran doctrines of sola scriptura and the priesthood of all believers; the "doctrine of the godly prince"; and the argument that "the commands of an ungodly prince cannot be binding in conscience." Skinner, Foundations, II, 138-44. Pagden ("Dispossessing the Barbarian," 83), in discussing Vitoria's arguments for Spanish dominion in the Indies, concurs that "in the end, Vitoria and his successors were far less concerned with the particulars of the American case than they were with the opportunities it provided for a refutation of Lutheran and, later. Calvinist theories of sovereignty." Skinner (Foundations, II, 138, n. 2) acknowledges Otto von Gierke, Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1934) as the first to bring to light the anti-Lutheran thrust of the neo-Thomists.
    • Foundations , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 138
    • Skinner1
  • 78
    • 0039420927 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Skinner identifies as particular targets the Lutheran doctrines of sola scriptura and the priesthood of all believers; the "doctrine of the godly prince"; and the argument that "the commands of an ungodly prince cannot be binding in conscience." Skinner, Foundations, II, 138-44. Pagden ("Dispossessing the Barbarian," 83), in discussing Vitoria's arguments for Spanish dominion in the Indies, concurs that "in the end, Vitoria and his successors were far less concerned with the particulars of the American case than they were with the opportunities it provided for a refutation of Lutheran and, later. Calvinist theories of sovereignty." Skinner (Foundations, II, 138, n. 2) acknowledges Otto von Gierke, Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1934) as the first to bring to light the anti-Lutheran thrust of the neo-Thomists.
    • (1934) Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500-1800
    • Von Gierke, O.1
  • 80
    • 84909312827 scopus 로고
    • To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
    • trans. Charles M. Jacobs, Philadelphia
    • Luther, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, trans. Charles M. Jacobs, in Luther, Three Treatises (Philadelphia, 1970), 12ff.
    • (1970) Luther, Three Treatises
    • Luther1
  • 83
    • 0347394226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1.1 ad 1
    • II On the Power of the Church 1.1 ad 1 (119). (He refers here to Aquinas, Summa Theologiae III.8.1 ad 2 and III.8.3 in c.)
    • II on the Power of the Church , pp. 119
  • 84
    • 0004296633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • III.8.1 ad 2 and III.8.3 in c
    • II On the Power of the Church 1.1 ad 1 (119). (He refers here to Aquinas, Summa Theologiae III.8.1 ad 2 and III.8.3 in c.)
    • Summa Theologiae
    • Aquinas1
  • 88
  • 90
    • 85086290393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Civil Power
    • 1.2; in Pagden and Lawrance (eds.)
    • a3.
    • Vitoria , pp. 6-10
    • Vitoria1
  • 92
    • 84880526103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1.5
    • On Civil Power 1.5 (12). Cf. II On the Power of the Church 1.1 (111-13).
    • On Civil Power , pp. 12
  • 96
    • 84880526103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1.6
    • On Civil Power 1.6 (17-18). Vitoria would elaborate on this point a decade later in this lecture On the American Indians, but there the discussion centers on dominium rather than potestas.
    • On Civil Power , pp. 17-18
  • 98
    • 0346133349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1.3
    • "... et quaedam alia tenet profecto male sonantia in doctrina theologica" (De potestate papae et concilii, cap. 2 [229]). In general, Vitoria was more friendly to Almain, whose views on moral theology he often cited favorably. See, for example, On Dietary Laws 1.3 (212); 1.5 (221), in Political Writings, ed. Pagden and Lawrance.
    • On Dietary Laws , pp. 212
  • 99
    • 0004215391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1.5
    • "... et quaedam alia tenet profecto male sonantia in doctrina theologica" (De potestate papae et concilii, cap. 2 [229]). In general, Vitoria was more friendly to Almain, whose views on moral theology he often cited favorably. See, for example, On Dietary Laws 1.3 (212); 1.5 (221), in Political Writings, ed. Pagden and Lawrance.
    • Political Writings , pp. 221
    • Pagden1    Lawrance2
  • 100
    • 0348025031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, García Villoslada, Universidad de Paris, 170ff; Vicente Beltrán de Heredia (ed.), Vitoria, Comentarios a la Secunda secundae de Santo Tomás (Salamanca, 1932), III, xxx (Introduction).
    • Universidad de Paris
    • Villoslada, G.1
  • 101
  • 102
    • 0346763843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • pars II, cap. 9
    • "Et ratio diversitatis in rege et papa est: quia potestas regia naturali iure est in populo primo, et ex populo derivator ad regem: potestas autem papalis supra naturam est, et divino iure in persona unica, non in communitate primo est" (Cajetan, Tractatus secundus, pars II, cap. 9).
    • Tractatus Secundus
    • Cajetan1
  • 104
    • 0348024962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cap. 6
    • "Et contra hos dicentes Ecclesiam habere authoritatem supra Papam, ratio est: quia positio ista peruertit ordinem regiminis Ecclesiae; oportet namque secundum istos regimen Ecclesiae esse democraticum, seu populare: in quo tola authoritas apud nullum residet, sed in tota communitate: sicut in capitulo accidit: ut sanctus Thomas in quarto sentent. distinctione decimanona, quaest. 1, art 1 q. 3 ad tertium dicit. Et hoc ipsi volunt, dum Ecclesiam velut communitatem liberam, potestatem supra Papam quasi Regem habere dicunt, ut Senatus populusque Romanus habebat super Imperatorem. Et quia hoc ipsi non reputant inconueniens, quantum ad rem, licet vocabula horrere videantur: ideo circa rem insistendo, monstrandum est, quod non communitati Ecclesiae, sed uni soli in ilia Christus plenitudinem potestatis Ecclesiasticae dedit" (Cajetan, Tractatus primus, cap. 6).
    • Tractatus Primus
    • Cajetan1
  • 105
    • 0348024976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Bracciolini] (1447-1522), (n.p., n.d.).
    • Giovanni Francesco Poggio [Bracciolini] (1447-1522), De potestate papae et concilii liber (n.p., n.d.). According to the Vatican Library catalogue, the book was published during the pontificate of Julius II, thus no later than 1513. Jedin dates it to the same period as Cajetan's treatise and identifies the author as the son of the humanist Poggio Bracciolini (History, I, 114-15). The volume lacks date, place of publication, and pagination. The argument cited is under "Argumenta contra potestatem papae," responsum ad 42; "Conclusio prima principalis" [last 3 pages of volume], no. 4.
    • De Potestate Papae et Concilii Liber
    • Poggio, G.F.1
  • 106
    • 0013462033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Giovanni Francesco Poggio [Bracciolini] (1447-1522), De potestate papae et concilii liber (n.p., n.d.). According to the Vatican Library catalogue, the book was published during the pontificate of Julius II, thus no later than 1513. Jedin dates it to the same period as Cajetan's treatise and identifies the author as the son of the humanist Poggio Bracciolini (History, I, 114-15). The volume lacks date, place of publication, and pagination. The argument cited is under "Argumenta contra potestatem papae," responsum ad 42; "Conclusio prima principalis" [last 3 pages of volume], no. 4.
    • History , vol.1 , pp. 114-115
  • 107
    • 0346763843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cap 9
    • "Tanta est in praesentando populum differentia, quod Rex tam creatus a populo, quam datus a Deo, populum et ejus potestatem representat: licet namque in fieri differant inter se, quia alter a populo, alter a Deo praeficitur: in natura tamen officii et potestatis non distinguuntur. Nam quemadmodum organum naturale (puta manus) sit a Deo miraculose, perinde est ac si esset a natura: ita organum politicum, puta Rex, cum est a Deo perinde est ac si esset a populo, et propterea eius potestatem utroque modo factus representat et exercet: illiusque vices gerere dicitur, et non Dei immediate" (Cajetan, Tractatus secundus, cap 9).
    • Tractatus Secundus
    • Cajetan1
  • 111
    • 25544458370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Suárez and Mariana, see the contributions of J. H. M. Salmon and Howell A. Lloyd to Burns (ed.), Cambridge History of Political Thought 1451-1700, 236ff. and 292ff., respectively Bernice Hamilton offers a useful exposition of these differences between Vitoria and Suárez but reaches the misleading conclusion they were mainly semantic - that "in spite of the stress on 'human law' by Suárez and on 'natural and divine law' by Vitoria, their ideas are approximately the same" (Hamilton, Political Thought, 39).
    • Cambridge History of Political Thought 1451-1700
    • Salmon, J.H.M.1    Lloyd, H.A.2
  • 112
    • 0348024977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Suárez and Mariana, see the contributions of J. H. M. Salmon and Howell A. Lloyd to Burns (ed.), Cambridge History of Political Thought 1451-1700, 236ff. and 292ff., respectively Bernice Hamilton offers a useful exposition of these differences between Vitoria and Suárez but reaches the misleading conclusion they were mainly semantic - that "in spite of the stress on 'human law' by Suárez and on 'natural and divine law' by Vitoria, their ideas are approximately the same" (Hamilton, Political Thought, 39).
    • Political Thought , pp. 39
    • Hamilton1


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