The European Union: Pooled sovereignty, divided accountability

Political Studies

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 559-578

  Peterson, John ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0009000177     PISSN: 00323217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.00096     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. European Court of Auditors, Annual Report concerning the financial year 1992, Official Journal C309, p. 276, November (1993).
2. The Court of Auditors generally estimated a global figure in the mid-1990s of between two and 10 per cent of the total EU budget. See also D. Ruimschotel 'The EC budget: ten per cent fraud? A policy analysis approach', Journal of Common Market Studies, 32 (1994), 319-42.
3. N. Tutt, Europe on a Fiddle (London, Croom Helm, 1989).
4. S. S. Andersen and K. A. Eliassen (eds), The European Union: How Democratic Is It? (London, Sage, 1996); M. Newman, Democracy, Sovereignty and the European Union (London, Hurst, 1996).
5. S. S. Andersen and K. A. Eliassen (eds), The European Union: How Democratic Is It? (London, Sage, 1996); M. Newman, Democracy, Sovereignty and the European Union (London, Hurst, 1996).
6. J. Peterson, 'Playing the transparency game: policy making and consultation in the European Commission', Public Administration, 73 (1995), 473-92; A. McLaughlin and J. Greenwood, 'The management of interest representation in the European Union', Journal of Common Market Studies, 33 (1995), 143-56.
7. J. Peterson, 'Playing the transparency game: policy making and consultation in the European Commission', Public Administration, 73 (1995), 473-92; A. McLaughlin and J. Greenwood, 'The management of interest representation in the European Union', Journal of Common Market Studies, 33 (1995), 143-56.
8. J. LaPalombara, 'Structural and institutional aspects of corruption', Social Research, 61 (1994), p. 328 (italics in original).
9. European Court of Auditors, Annual Report concerning the financial year 1977, Official Journal C313/8 (1978).
10. C. Kok, 'The Court of Auditors in the European Communities: "the other European court in Luxembourg"', Common Market Law Review, 26 (1989), p. 360.
11. A. Sherlock and C. Harding, 'Controlling fraud within the European Community', European Law Review, 16 (1991), 21-2.
12. I am grateful to Anthony Comfort for suggesting this point to me.
13. See J. Weiler, 'The White Paper and the Application of Community Law' in R. Bieber, R. Dehousse, J. Pinder and J. Weiler (eds), One European Market? (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1988).
14. M. Mendrinou, 'Non-compliance and the European Commission's role in integration', Journal of European Public Policy, 3 (1996), p. 6.
15. See The Danish Government's 'White Paper' entitled Basis for Negotiation: an Open Europe -Intergovernmental Conference 1996 (Copenhagen, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 11 December 1995).
16. J. Grønnegaard Christensen, 'Better than their reputation? Danish politicians and the absence of sleaze', Parliamentary Affairs, 48 (1995), 650-62.
17. Interview, Danish Folketing, Copenhagen, 5 January 1996.
18. See I. Bellier, 'Une culture de la Commission Européenne?', in Y. Mény, P. Muller and J.-L. Quermonne (eds), Politiques Publiques en Europe (Paris, L'Harmattan, 1995).
19. Interview, Brussels, 6 November 1995.
20. Figures on funded Commission posts are published annually in the Community budget. See also N. Nugent, The Government and Politics of the European Union (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 3rd ed., 1994), pp. 89-90.
21. See Peterson, 'Playing the transparency game', p. 475.
22. European Voice, 12-18 October 1995.
23. A total of 37 internal disciplinary proceedings in 1994-5 led to the dismissal of three officials and disciplinary measures against nine. In all cases, internal Commission procedures involve an administrative inquiry, a disciplinary board and then action by the Commission itself or the Director-General for personnel. See R. Watson, 'Officials face trial over tourism fraud', European Voice, 11-17 January 1996, p. 4; R. Watson, 'Report highlights erratic staff disciplinary policy', European Voice, 21-27 March 1996, p. 1.
24. A total of 37 internal disciplinary proceedings in 1994-5 led to the dismissal of three officials and disciplinary measures against nine. In all cases, internal Commission procedures involve an administrative inquiry, a disciplinary board and then action by the Commission itself or the Director-General for personnel. See R. Watson, 'Officials face trial over tourism fraud', European Voice, 11-17 January 1996, p. 4; R. Watson, 'Report highlights erratic staff disciplinary policy', European Voice, 21-27 March 1996, p. 1.
25. R. Dehousse, 'Integration v. regulation? On the dynamics of regulation in the European Community', Journal of Common Market Studies, 30 (1992), p. 399. See also G. Majone, 'Regulating Europe: problems and prospects', Jahrbuch zur Staats- und Verwaltungswisssenschaft, 3 (1989), 159-77.
26. R. Dehousse, 'Integration v. regulation? On the dynamics of regulation in the European Community', Journal of Common Market Studies, 30 (1992), p. 399. See also G. Majone, 'Regulating Europe: problems and prospects', Jahrbuch zur Staats- und Verwaltungswisssenschaft, 3 (1989), 159-77.
27. Interview, DG I, 21 March 1994.
28. L. Barber, 'Ex-EU envoy in misuse of funds inquiry', Financial Times, 15 February 1996, p. 2.
29. M. Mendrinou, 'European Community fraud and the politics of institutional development', European Journal of Political Research, 26 (1994), pp. 85-6.
30. European Commission, Protecting the Financial Interests of the Community: the Fight against Fraud (Luxembourg, Office of the Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996).
31. C. Grant, Delors: Inside the House that Jacques Built (London, Nicholas Brealey, 1994); G. Ross, Jacques Delors and European Integration (New York, Polity, 1995); Peterson, 'Playing the transparency game'.
32. C. Grant, Delors: Inside the House that Jacques Built (London, Nicholas Brealey, 1994); G. Ross, Jacques Delors and European Integration (New York, Polity, 1995); Peterson, 'Playing the transparency game'.
33. C. Grant, Delors: Inside the House that Jacques Built (London, Nicholas Brealey, 1994); G. Ross, Jacques Delors and European Integration (New York, Polity, 1995); Peterson, 'Playing the transparency game'.
34. It included two former Prime Ministers (Santer and Edith Cresson), a near-Prime Minister (Neil Kinnock), and three former Foreign Ministers (Hans van den Broek, João de Deus Pinheiro and Marcelino Oreja).
35. Interview, Brussels, 16 November 1995.
36. For a comprehensible discussion of the arcanum of the EU's budgetary process, see B. Laffan and M. Shackleton, 'The budget', in H. Wallace and W. Wallace (eds), Policy-Making in the European Union (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996).
37. On the co-decision procedure, see R. Corbett, 'Representing the people', in A. Duff, J. Pinder and R. Pryce (eds) Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union (London, Routledge, 1994), pp. 208-12; M. Westlake, The Council of the European Union (London, Cartermills, 1996), pp. 80-2.
38. On the co-decision procedure, see R. Corbett, 'Representing the people', in A. Duff, J. Pinder and R. Pryce (eds) Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union (London, Routledge, 1994), pp. 208-12; M. Westlake, The Council of the European Union (London, Cartermills, 1996), pp. 80-2.
39. Brinkhorst quoted in European Voice, 18-24 April 1996.
40. R. Watson, 'Assistants still critical of controls', European Voice, 3-10 April 1996, p. 8.
41. Quoted in European Voice, 23-29 November 1995.
42. The first failure of a legislative measure under co-decision, on legal protection for biotechnological inventions in March 1996, occurred largely because a large number of Socialist MEPs voted down a compromise text despite a positive recommendation from one of their own members.
43. Eventually, the EP agreed to watered down versions of both measures in July 1996, but without a detailed code of conduct for lobbyists and with rules on declarations of outside interests determined by national legislation in MEPs' Member States.
44. Tomlinson's web site may be accessed on http://www.poptel.org.uk/john.tomlinson/.
45. See Kok, 'The Court of Auditors in the European Communities', pp. 345-67.
46. Court of Auditors (1994) Annual Report Concerning the Financial Year 1993, Luxembourg: Official Journal of the European Communities, OJ C327, November.
47. Quoted in The Economist, 19 November 1994.
48. Interview, EP Socialist Group, 8 December 1995.
49. In 1996, Middlehoek was replaced by Bernhard Friedmann, a perhaps even more overtly political figure. Friedmann maintained a close friendship with the German chancellor, Helmut Kohl, close ties to the German Christian Democratic party, and called repeatedly for a reduction in Germany's budgetary contribution.
50. See Europe Information Service, Monthly Report on Europe, November (1996), III.6; European Court of Auditors (1996), Annual Report concerning the financial year 1995, Official Journal C340, November.
51. See Europe Information Service, Monthly Report on Europe, November (1996), III.6; European Court of Auditors (1996), Annual Report concerning the financial year 1995, Official Journal C340, November.
52. The subsequent evolution of the Sound and Effective Management 2000 programme (SEM 2000) is summarized in European Commission, 'SEM 2000: Stage III interim report', Brussels, Secretariat-General Direction C, SEC (96) 1015/2 revised version (1996), 4 July.
53. The MacSharry reforms - after the Irish Commissioner for Agriculture, Ray MacSharry -were agreed by EU Agricultural Ministers in 1992. They were a crucial element in the so-called Blair House agreement on agricultural subsidies between the USA and EU, which itself was an essential building block in the final agreement of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. See J. Peterson, Europe and America: the Prospects for Partnership (London, Routledge, 2nd ed., 1996), pp. 111-15.
54. Sherlock and Harding, 'Controlling fraud', p. 23.
55. Ruimschotel, 'The EC budget', p. 325.
56. T. Smith, 'Political sleaze in Britain: causes, concerns and cues', Parliamentary Affairs, 48 (1995), p. 553.
57. Sherlock and Handing, 'Controlling fraud', p. 28.
58. See M. Weber, Economy and Society (New York, Bedminster, 1968), especially volume 1, pp. 217-26.
59. See S. Bulmer, 'The governance of the European Union: a new institutionalist approach', Journal of Public Policy, 13(4) (1994), 351-80; P. Pierson, 'The path to European integration: a historical institutionalist analysis', Comparative Political Studies, 29(2) (1996), 123-63.
60. See S. Bulmer, 'The governance of the European Union: a new institutionalist approach', Journal of Public Policy, 13(4) (1994), 351-80; P. Pierson, 'The path to European integration: a historical institutionalist analysis', Comparative Political Studies, 29(2) (1996), 123-63.
61. Ruimschotel, 'The EC budget', p. 331.
62. Mendrinou, 'European Community fraud', p. 88.
63. See M. den Boer, 'Justice and Home Affairs: Cooperation without Integration' in Wallace and Wallace, Policy-Making in the European Union, p. 402.
64. Quoted in European Voice, 25 April-1 May 1996. For her part, Gradin argued that most competence for fraud prevention should be transferred from the EU's intergovernmental pillar III to the European Community's pillar I. See European Voice, 10-16 October 1996; Agence Europe, 2/3 November 1995.
65. Quoted in European Voice, 25 April-1 May 1996. For her part, Gradin argued that most competence for fraud prevention should be transferred from the EU's intergovernmental pillar III to the European Community's pillar I. See European Voice, 10-16 October 1996; Agence Europe, 2/3 November 1995.
66. Quoted in European Voice, 25 April-1 May 1996. For her part, Gradin argued that most competence for fraud prevention should be transferred from the EU's intergovernmental pillar III to the European Community's pillar I. See European Voice, 10-16 October 1996; Agence Europe, 2/3 November 1995.
67. On policy networks in EU governance, see J. Peterson 'Policy networks and European Union policy making', West European Politics, 18 (1995), 389-407; K. Middlemas, Orchestrating Europe: the Informal Politics of the European Union 1973-95 (London, Fontana, 1995); B. Kohler-Koch, 'Catching up with change: the transformation of governance in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, 3 (1996), pp. 359-80.
68. On policy networks in EU governance, see J. Peterson 'Policy networks and European Union policy making', West European Politics, 18 (1995), 389-407; K. Middlemas, Orchestrating Europe: the Informal Politics of the European Union 1973-95 (London, Fontana, 1995); B. Kohler-Koch, 'Catching up with change: the transformation of governance in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, 3 (1996), pp. 359-80.
69. On policy networks in EU governance, see J. Peterson 'Policy networks and European Union policy making', West European Politics, 18 (1995), 389-407; K. Middlemas, Orchestrating Europe: the Informal Politics of the European Union 1973-95 (London, Fontana, 1995); B. Kohler-Koch, 'Catching up with change: the transformation of governance in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, 3 (1996), pp. 359-80.
70. European Commission, 'Sound and Effective Management (SEM 2000) Progress Report', information note to the Commission by Mr Liikanen and Mrs Gradin in agreement with the President (1996), 29 May.
71. Interview, EP Secretariat, 2 May 1996.
72. Quoted in European Voice, 21 December 1995 3 January 1996, p. 8.