Epidemiology of child maltreatment recurrences

Social Service Review

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 218-239

  DePanfilis, Diane ^a   Zuravin, Susan J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0008865413     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/514415     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse (NCPCA), Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey (Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, 1997); Michael R. Petit and Patrick A. Curtis, Child Abuse and Neglect: A Look at the States: 1997 CWLA Stat Book (Washington, D.C.: CWLA Press, 1997); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Maltreatment 1996: Reports from the States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), and Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3): Final Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
2. National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse (NCPCA), Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey (Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, 1997); Michael R. Petit and Patrick A. Curtis, Child Abuse and Neglect: A Look at the States: 1997 CWLA Stat Book (Washington, D.C.: CWLA Press, 1997); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Maltreatment 1996: Reports from the States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), and Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3): Final Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
3. National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse (NCPCA), Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey (Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, 1997); Michael R. Petit and Patrick A. Curtis, Child Abuse and Neglect: A Look at the States: 1997 CWLA Stat Book (Washington, D.C.: CWLA Press, 1997); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Maltreatment 1996: Reports from the States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), and Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3): Final Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
4. National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse (NCPCA), Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey (Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, 1997); Michael R. Petit and Patrick A. Curtis, Child Abuse and Neglect: A Look at the States: 1997 CWLA Stat Book (Washington, D.C.: CWLA Press, 1997); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Maltreatment 1996: Reports from the States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), and Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3): Final Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Maltreatment 1996 (n. 1 above).
6. John Briere, Lucy Berliner, Josephine A. Bulkley, Carol Jenny, and Theresa Reid, eds., The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1996); National Research Council, Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1993).
7. John Briere, Lucy Berliner, Josephine A. Bulkley, Carol Jenny, and Theresa Reid, eds., The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1996); National Research Council, Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1993).
8. Diane DePanfilis and Marsha Salus, Child Protective Services: A Guide for Caseworkers (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1992).
9. Diane DePanfilis and Susan J. Zuravin, "Rates, Patterns, and Frequency of Child Maltreatment Recurrences among Families Known to CPS," Child Maltreatment 3, no. 1 (February 1998): 27-42.
10. American Public Welfare Association, Voluntary Cooperative. Information System (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1994); National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse (NCPCA) (n. 1 above); Petit and Curtis (n. 1 above); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Maltreatment 1996 (n. 1 above); Susan Wells, "The Role of Child Protective Services in Responding to and Preventing Child Deaths," APSAC Advisor 7, no. 4 (December 1995): 31-34.
11. American Public Welfare Association, Voluntary Cooperative. Information System (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1994); National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse (NCPCA) (n. 1 above); Petit and Curtis (n. 1 above); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Maltreatment 1996 (n. 1 above); Susan Wells, "The Role of Child Protective Services in Responding to and Preventing Child Deaths," APSAC Advisor 7, no. 4 (December 1995): 31-34.
12. American Public Welfare Association, Voluntary Cooperative. Information System (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1994); National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse (NCPCA) (n. 1 above); Petit and Curtis (n. 1 above); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Maltreatment 1996 (n. 1 above); Susan Wells, "The Role of Child Protective Services in Responding to and Preventing Child Deaths," APSAC Advisor 7, no. 4 (December 1995): 31-34.
13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, The Continuing Child Protection Emergency: A Challenge to the Nation (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, April 1993).
14. See, e.g., William Johnson, "Maltreatment Recurrence as a Criterion for Validating Risk Assessment Instruments," in Seventh National Roundtable on CPS Risk Assessment Summary of Highlights (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1994), pp. 175-82; Jill Marks and Thomas McDonald, Risk Assessment in Child Protective Services: Predicting the Recurrence of Child Maltreatment (Portland: University of Southern Maine, National Child Welfare Resource Center for Management and Administration, 1989); Toshio Tatara, ed., Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1988).
15. See, e.g., William Johnson, "Maltreatment Recurrence as a Criterion for Validating Risk Assessment Instruments," in Seventh National Roundtable on CPS Risk Assessment Summary of Highlights (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1994), pp. 175-82; Jill Marks and Thomas McDonald, Risk Assessment in Child Protective Services: Predicting the Recurrence of Child Maltreatment (Portland: University of Southern Maine, National Child Welfare Resource Center for Management and Administration, 1989); Toshio Tatara, ed., Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1988).
16. See, e.g., William Johnson, "Maltreatment Recurrence as a Criterion for Validating Risk Assessment Instruments," in Seventh National Roundtable on CPS Risk Assessment Summary of Highlights (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1994), pp. 175-82; Jill Marks and Thomas McDonald, Risk Assessment in Child Protective Services: Predicting the Recurrence of Child Maltreatment (Portland: University of Southern Maine, National Child Welfare Resource Center for Management and Administration, 1989); Toshio Tatara, ed., Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1988).
17. Diane DePanfilis, "The Epidemiology of Child Maltreatment Recurrences" (Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland, Baltimore, 1995).
18. Ibid.; Susan J. Zuravin and Diane DePanfilis, "Child Maltreatment Recurrences among Families Served by Child Protective Services: Final Report" (University of Maryland, Baltimore, 1996).
19. Ibid.; Susan J. Zuravin and Diane DePanfilis, "Child Maltreatment Recurrences among Families Served by Child Protective Services: Final Report" (University of Maryland, Baltimore, 1996).
20. Ibid.
21. Heather Coleman, "A Longitudinal Study of a Family Preservation Program" (Ph.D. diss., University of Utah, 1995); George E. Fryer and Thomas J. Miyoshi, "A Survival Analysis of the Revictimization of Children: The Case of Colorado," Child Abuse and Neglect 18, no. 12 (December 1994): 1063-71; Howard B. Levy, John Markovic, Urmila Chaudhry, Sharon Ahart, and Heriberto Torres, "Reabuse Rates in a Sample of Children Followed for Five Years after Discharge from a Child Abuse Inpatient Assessment Program," Child Abuse and Neglect 19, no. 11 (November 1995): 1363-77; John R. Schuerman, Tina L. Rzepnicki, and Julia H. Littell, Putting Families First: An Experiment in Family Preservation (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1994).
22. Heather Coleman, "A Longitudinal Study of a Family Preservation Program" (Ph.D. diss., University of Utah, 1995); George E. Fryer and Thomas J. Miyoshi, "A Survival Analysis of the Revictimization of Children: The Case of Colorado," Child Abuse and Neglect 18, no. 12 (December 1994): 1063-71; Howard B. Levy, John Markovic, Urmila Chaudhry, Sharon Ahart, and Heriberto Torres, "Reabuse Rates in a Sample of Children Followed for Five Years after Discharge from a Child Abuse Inpatient Assessment Program," Child Abuse and Neglect 19, no. 11 (November 1995): 1363-77; John R. Schuerman, Tina L. Rzepnicki, and Julia H. Littell, Putting Families First: An Experiment in Family Preservation (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1994).
23. Heather Coleman, "A Longitudinal Study of a Family Preservation Program" (Ph.D. diss., University of Utah, 1995); George E. Fryer and Thomas J. Miyoshi, "A Survival Analysis of the Revictimization of Children: The Case of Colorado," Child Abuse and Neglect 18, no. 12 (December 1994): 1063-71; Howard B. Levy, John Markovic, Urmila Chaudhry, Sharon Ahart, and Heriberto Torres, "Reabuse Rates in a Sample of Children Followed for Five Years after Discharge from a Child Abuse Inpatient Assessment Program," Child Abuse and Neglect 19, no. 11 (November 1995): 1363-77; John R. Schuerman, Tina L. Rzepnicki, and Julia H. Littell, Putting Families First: An Experiment in Family Preservation (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1994).
24. Heather Coleman, "A Longitudinal Study of a Family Preservation Program" (Ph.D. diss., University of Utah, 1995); George E. Fryer and Thomas J. Miyoshi, "A Survival Analysis of the Revictimization of Children: The Case of Colorado," Child Abuse and Neglect 18, no. 12 (December 1994): 1063-71; Howard B. Levy, John Markovic, Urmila Chaudhry, Sharon Ahart, and Heriberto Torres, "Reabuse Rates in a Sample of Children Followed for Five Years after Discharge from a Child Abuse Inpatient Assessment Program," Child Abuse and Neglect 19, no. 11 (November 1995): 1363-77; John R. Schuerman, Tina L. Rzepnicki, and Julia H. Littell, Putting Families First: An Experiment in Family Preservation (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1994).
25. Dorothy H. Browne, "The Role of Stress in the Commission of Subsequent Acts of Child Abuse and Neglect," Journal of Family Violence 1, no. 4 (1986): 289-97; Roy C. Herrenkohl, Ellen C. Herrenkohl, Monica Seech, and Brenda Egolf, "Final Report from the Project: An Investigation of the Effects of a Multidimensional Service Program on Recidivism/ Discontinuation of Child Abuse and Neglect" (Bethlehem, Pa.: Lehigh University Center for Social Research, 1978) ; Levy et al. (n. 12 above); Thomas E. Taw, "The Issue of Reinjury: An Agency Experience," Child Abuse and Neglect 3 (1979): 591-600.
26. Dorothy H. Browne, "The Role of Stress in the Commission of Subsequent Acts of Child Abuse and Neglect," Journal of Family Violence 1, no. 4 (1986): 289-97; Roy C. Herrenkohl, Ellen C. Herrenkohl, Monica Seech, and Brenda Egolf, "Final Report from the Project: An Investigation of the Effects of a Multidimensional Service Program on Recidivism/ Discontinuation of Child Abuse and Neglect" (Bethlehem, Pa.: Lehigh University Center for Social Research, 1978) ; Levy et al. (n. 12 above); Thomas E. Taw, "The Issue of Reinjury: An Agency Experience," Child Abuse and Neglect 3 (1979): 591-600.
27. Dorothy H. Browne, "The Role of Stress in the Commission of Subsequent Acts of Child Abuse and Neglect," Journal of Family Violence 1, no. 4 (1986): 289-97; Roy C. Herrenkohl, Ellen C. Herrenkohl, Monica Seech, and Brenda Egolf, "Final Report from the Project: An Investigation of the Effects of a Multidimensional Service Program on Recidivism/ Discontinuation of Child Abuse and Neglect" (Bethlehem, Pa.: Lehigh University Center for Social Research, 1978) ; Levy et al. (n. 12 above); Thomas E. Taw, "The Issue of Reinjury: An Agency Experience," Child Abuse and Neglect 3 (1979): 591-600.
28. Elisa T. Lee, Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis, 2d ed. (New York: Wiley, 1992). In the social science literature, readers may be used to seeing references to event history analysis, particularly regarding regression for longitudinal event data; see, e.g., Paul D. Allison, Event History Analysis (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1984); Kazuo Yamaguchi, Event History Analysis (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1991).
29. Elisa T. Lee, Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis, 2d ed. (New York: Wiley, 1992). In the social science literature, readers may be used to seeing references to event history analysis, particularly regarding regression for longitudinal event data; see, e.g., Paul D. Allison, Event History Analysis (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1984); Kazuo Yamaguchi, Event History Analysis (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1991).
30. Elisa T. Lee, Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis, 2d ed. (New York: Wiley, 1992). In the social science literature, readers may be used to seeing references to event history analysis, particularly regarding regression for longitudinal event data; see, e.g., Paul D. Allison, Event History Analysis (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1984); Kazuo Yamaguchi, Event History Analysis (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1991).
31. See, e.g., Mary I. Benedict and Roger B. White, "Factors Associated with Foster Care Length of Stay," Child Welfare 70, no. 1 (January-February 1991): 45-58; Mary I. Benedict, Roger B. White, and Rebecca Stallings, "Race and Length of Stay in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 23, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 23-26; Mark E. Courtney, "Factors Associated with the Reunification of Foster Children with Their Families," Social Service Review 68, no. 1 (March 1994): 81-108, and "Reentry to Foster Care of Children Returned to Their Families," Social Service Review 69, no. 2 (June 1995): 226-41; Robert M. Goerge, "The Reunification Process in Substitute Care," Social Service Review 64, no. 3 (September 1990): 422-57; Steven L. McMurtry and Gwat-Yong Lie, "Differential Exit Rates of Minority Children in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 28, no. 1 (March 1992): 42-48.
32. See, e.g., Mary I. Benedict and Roger B. White, "Factors Associated with Foster Care Length of Stay," Child Welfare 70, no. 1 (January-February 1991): 45-58; Mary I. Benedict, Roger B. White, and Rebecca Stallings, "Race and Length of Stay in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 23, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 23-26; Mark E. Courtney, "Factors Associated with the Reunification of Foster Children with Their Families," Social Service Review 68, no. 1 (March 1994): 81-108, and "Reentry to Foster Care of Children Returned to Their Families," Social Service Review 69, no. 2 (June 1995): 226-41; Robert M. Goerge, "The Reunification Process in Substitute Care," Social Service Review 64, no. 3 (September 1990): 422-57; Steven L. McMurtry and Gwat-Yong Lie, "Differential Exit Rates of Minority Children in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 28, no. 1 (March 1992): 42-48.
33. See, e.g., Mary I. Benedict and Roger B. White, "Factors Associated with Foster Care Length of Stay," Child Welfare 70, no. 1 (January-February 1991): 45-58; Mary I. Benedict, Roger B. White, and Rebecca Stallings, "Race and Length of Stay in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 23, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 23-26; Mark E. Courtney, "Factors Associated with the Reunification of Foster Children with Their Families," Social Service Review 68, no. 1 (March 1994): 81-108, and "Reentry to Foster Care of Children Returned to Their Families," Social Service Review 69, no. 2 (June 1995): 226-41; Robert M. Goerge, "The Reunification Process in Substitute Care," Social Service Review 64, no. 3 (September 1990): 422-57; Steven L. McMurtry and Gwat-Yong Lie, "Differential Exit Rates of Minority Children in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 28, no. 1 (March 1992): 42-48.
34. See, e.g., Mary I. Benedict and Roger B. White, "Factors Associated with Foster Care Length of Stay," Child Welfare 70, no. 1 (January-February 1991): 45-58; Mary I. Benedict, Roger B. White, and Rebecca Stallings, "Race and Length of Stay in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 23, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 23-26; Mark E. Courtney, "Factors Associated with the Reunification of Foster Children with Their Families," Social Service Review 68, no. 1 (March 1994): 81-108, and "Reentry to Foster Care of Children Returned to Their Families," Social Service Review 69, no. 2 (June 1995): 226-41; Robert M. Goerge, "The Reunification Process in Substitute Care," Social Service Review 64, no. 3 (September 1990): 422-57; Steven L. McMurtry and Gwat-Yong Lie, "Differential Exit Rates of Minority Children in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 28, no. 1 (March 1992): 42-48.
35. See, e.g., Mary I. Benedict and Roger B. White, "Factors Associated with Foster Care Length of Stay," Child Welfare 70, no. 1 (January-February 1991): 45-58; Mary I. Benedict, Roger B. White, and Rebecca Stallings, "Race and Length of Stay in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 23, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 23-26; Mark E. Courtney, "Factors Associated with the Reunification of Foster Children with Their Families," Social Service Review 68, no. 1 (March 1994): 81-108, and "Reentry to Foster Care of Children Returned to Their Families," Social Service Review 69, no. 2 (June 1995): 226-41; Robert M. Goerge, "The Reunification Process in Substitute Care," Social Service Review 64, no. 3 (September 1990): 422-57; Steven L. McMurtry and Gwat-Yong Lie, "Differential Exit Rates of Minority Children in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 28, no. 1 (March 1992): 42-48.
36. See, e.g., Mary I. Benedict and Roger B. White, "Factors Associated with Foster Care Length of Stay," Child Welfare 70, no. 1 (January-February 1991): 45-58; Mary I. Benedict, Roger B. White, and Rebecca Stallings, "Race and Length of Stay in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 23, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 23-26; Mark E. Courtney, "Factors Associated with the Reunification of Foster Children with Their Families," Social Service Review 68, no. 1 (March 1994): 81-108, and "Reentry to Foster Care of Children Returned to Their Families," Social Service Review 69, no. 2 (June 1995): 226-41; Robert M. Goerge, "The Reunification Process in Substitute Care," Social Service Review 64, no. 3 (September 1990): 422-57; Steven L. McMurtry and Gwat-Yong Lie, "Differential Exit Rates of Minority Children in Foster Care," Social Work Research and Abstracts 28, no. 1 (March 1992): 42-48.
37. DePanfilis and Zuravin (n. 5 above).
38. Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above).
39. Levy et al. (n. 12 above).
40. Coleman (n. 12 above).
41. Schuerman, Rzepnicki, and Littell (n. 12 above).
42. Coleman (n. 12 above).
43. Schuerman, Rzepnicki, and Littell (n. 12 above).
44. Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above).
45. Levy et al. (n. 12 above).
46. Coleman (n. 12 above).
47. Schuerman, Rzepnicki, and Littell (n. 12 above).
48. Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above).
49. Levy et al. (n. 12 above).
50. Coleman (n. 12 above).
51. Schuerman, Rzepnicki, and Littell (n. 12 above).
52. Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above).
53. Levy et al. (n. 12 above).
54. Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above); and Schuerman, Rzepnicki, and Littell (n. 12 above).
55. Levy et al. (n. 12 above).
56. Coleman (n. 12 above).
57. Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above); Lew et al. (n. 12 above); and Schuerman, Rzepnicki, and Littell (n. 12 above).
58. DePanfilis and Zuravin (n. 5 above).
59. Browne (n. 13 above).
60. Herrenkohl et al. (n. 13 above).
61. Taw (n. 13 above).
62. Levy et al. (n. 12 above).
63. Susan J. Zuravin, Katya Maznyk, and Diane DePanfilis, "Teenage Motherhood: Its Relationship to Child Abuse and Neglect Final Report" (Baltimore; University of Maryland, Baltimore, 1993).
64. Ibid.
65. Lee (n. 14 above), p. 78.
66. The second two intervals overlap time with the complete 5-year follow-up.
67. Marija J. Norusis, SPSS Advanced Statistics 6.1 (Chicago: SPSS, 1994).
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid., p. 280.
70. Due to the sampling design, the number leaving each interval is not reported since all families were intact during the follow-up interval. The data presented in table 1 omit rows due to space limitations.
71. Maryland policy dictates that within 30 to 60 days, caseworkers must arrive at a finding of abuse or neglect and determine whether the family needs continuing protective services to prevent the likelihood of future maltreatment. Therefore, most families who are closed in intake are only provided services for 60 days. Families who are provided continuing services are provided services until the caseworker believes there is no longer a risk of maltreatment.
72. Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above).
73. Levy et al. (n. 12 above).
74. Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above); and Schuerman, Rzepnicki, and Littell (n. 12 above).
75. Diana English and Steven W. Aubin, "An Update on Risk Assessment Research in Washington State," in Sixth National Roundtable on CPS Risk Assessment Summary of Highlights, ed. Toshio Tatara (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1993), pp. 283-309.
76. Christopher Baird, "Development of Risk Assessment Indices for the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services," in Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies, ed. Toshio Tatara (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1988), pp. 84-142; Berkeley Planning Associates, "Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstrations of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect," vol. 2, The Exploration of Client Characteristics, Services, and Outcomes: Final Report and Summary of Findings (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1983); Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above); Marks and McDonald (n. 8 above); Robert Pianta, Byron Egeland, and Martha F. Erickson, "Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Research Project," in Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child, Abuse and Neglect, ed. D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 203-53; Herrenkohl et al. (n. 13 above); Jean I. Layzer and Barbara D. Goodson, "Impact Evaluation of Twenty Demonstration and Innovative Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment Projects: Final Report Volume II" (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1981); and Kathleen C. Faller, "What Happens to Sexually Abused Children Identified by Child Protective Services?" Children and Youth Services Review 13 (1991): 101-11.
77. Christopher Baird, "Development of Risk Assessment Indices for the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services," in Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies, ed. Toshio Tatara (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1988), pp. 84-142; Berkeley Planning Associates, "Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstrations of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect," vol. 2, The Exploration of Client Characteristics, Services, and Outcomes: Final Report and Summary of Findings (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1983); Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above); Marks and McDonald (n. 8 above); Robert Pianta, Byron Egeland, and Martha F. Erickson, "Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Research Project," in Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child, Abuse and Neglect, ed. D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 203-53; Herrenkohl et al. (n. 13 above); Jean I. Layzer and Barbara D. Goodson, "Impact Evaluation of Twenty Demonstration and Innovative Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment Projects: Final Report Volume II" (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1981); and Kathleen C. Faller, "What Happens to Sexually Abused Children Identified by Child Protective Services?" Children and Youth Services Review 13 (1991): 101-11.
78. Christopher Baird, "Development of Risk Assessment Indices for the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services," in Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies, ed. Toshio Tatara (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1988), pp. 84-142; Berkeley Planning Associates, "Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstrations of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect," vol. 2, The Exploration of Client Characteristics, Services, and Outcomes: Final Report and Summary of Findings (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1983); Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above); Marks and McDonald (n. 8 above); Robert Pianta, Byron Egeland, and Martha F. Erickson, "Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Research Project," in Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child, Abuse and Neglect, ed. D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 203-53; Herrenkohl et al. (n. 13 above); Jean I. Layzer and Barbara D. Goodson, "Impact Evaluation of Twenty Demonstration and Innovative Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment Projects: Final Report Volume II" (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1981); and Kathleen C. Faller, "What Happens to Sexually Abused Children Identified by Child Protective Services?" Children and Youth Services Review 13 (1991): 101-11.
79. Christopher Baird, "Development of Risk Assessment Indices for the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services," in Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies, ed. Toshio Tatara (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1988), pp. 84-142; Berkeley Planning Associates, "Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstrations of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect," vol. 2, The Exploration of Client Characteristics, Services, and Outcomes: Final Report and Summary of Findings (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1983); Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above); Marks and McDonald (n. 8 above); Robert Pianta, Byron Egeland, and Martha F. Erickson, "Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Research Project," in Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child, Abuse and Neglect, ed. D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 203-53; Herrenkohl et al. (n. 13 above); Jean I. Layzer and Barbara D. Goodson, "Impact Evaluation of Twenty Demonstration and Innovative Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment Projects: Final Report Volume II" (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1981); and Kathleen C. Faller, "What Happens to Sexually Abused Children Identified by Child Protective Services?" Children and Youth Services Review 13 (1991): 101-11.
80. Christopher Baird, "Development of Risk Assessment Indices for the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services," in Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies, ed. Toshio Tatara (Washington, D.C.: American Public Welfare Association, 1988), pp. 84-142; Berkeley Planning Associates, "Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstrations of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect," vol. 2, The Exploration of Client Characteristics, Services, and Outcomes: Final Report and Summary of Findings (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1983); Fryer and Miyoshi (n. 12 above); Marks and McDonald (n. 8 above); Robert Pianta, Byron Egeland, and Martha F. Erickson, "Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Research Project," in Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child, Abuse and Neglect, ed. D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 203-53; Herrenkohl et al. (n. 13 above); Jean I. Layzer and Barbara D. Goodson, "Impact Evaluation of Twenty Demonstration and Innovative Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment Projects: Final Report Volume II" (Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1981); and Kathleen C. Faller, "What Happens to Sexually Abused Children Identified by Child Protective Services?" Children and Youth Services Review 13 (1991): 101-11.