Post-bipolar order in crisis: The challenge of politicised Islam

Millenium

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 843-859

  Tibi, Bassam ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0008818589     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Clifford Geertz, 'Religion as a Cultural System', in The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
2. See also the reader on sociology of religion, Friedrich Fürstenberg, ed., Religionssoziologie (Neuwied: Luchterhand, 1964)
3. Bassam Tibi, 'The Politicization of Religion', Internationale Politik, Transatlantik Edition 1, no. 2 (2000): 65-70.
4. For an earlier approach see Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978).
5. Maxime Rodinson, Mohammed (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1961).
6. Ernst Bloch, Thomas Münzer als Theologe der Revolution (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1972).
7. Graham Fuller and Ian Lesser, A Sense of Siege: The Geopolitics of Islam and the West (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).
8. See also Adeed Dawisha, ed., Islam in Foreign Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
9. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997).
10. Raymond Aron, Paix et Guerre entre les Nations (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1962).
11. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (London: Macmillan, 1977).
12. See also Sayyid Qutb, Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Signposts) (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1989), esp. 201-2.
13. Hedley Bull, 'The Revolt against the West', in The Expansion of International Society, eds. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 223.
14. Richard Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), chap. IX.
15. Abdulrahman Kurdi, The Islamic State (London: Mansell, 1984).
16. On this issue see Bassam Tibi, The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Order (Berkley: University of California Press), chap. 6.
17. Muhammad Salim al-Awwa, Fi al-Nizam al-Siyasi li al-Dawla al-Islamiyya (On the Political System of the Islamic State), 6th printing (Cairo: al-Maktab al-Misri al-Hadith, 1983).
18. Thomas W. Arnold, The Caliphate (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924).
19. An Islamic viewpoint: Mustafa Hilmi, Nizam al-khilafah bain ahl al-Sunna wa al-Shi'a (The System of the Caliphate between the People of Sunna and Shi'a) (Alexandria: Dar al-Da'wa, 1988).
20. This is the argument presented by al-Awwa, Fi al-Nizam al-Siyasi, 259-61.
21. Nazih Ayyubi, Political Islam (London: Routledge, 1991).
22. Gilles Kepel, Le Prophète et Pharaon: Les Mouvements Islamists dans l'Egypte Contemporaine (Paris: La Découverte, 1984).
23. See also Mohammed Mahfuz, al-Lathin Zulimu: Al-Tanzimat al-Islamiyya fi Misr (The Oppressed: Islamist Movements in Egypt) (London: El-Rayyes, 1988).
24. On the theory of civilisation see the reader by John Rundell and Stephen Mennel, ed., Classical Readings in Culture and Civilization (London: Routledge, 1998).
25. For the application of this approach on International Relations with a focus on Islam, see Bassam Tibi, Krieg der Zivilisationen (Hamburg: Hoffmann and Campe, 1995).
26. The following two books discuss related issues, Fawaz A. Gerges, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
27. Shireen Hunter, The Future of Islam and the West: Clash of Civilizations or Peaceful Coexistence? (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998).
28. Bassam Tibi, 'War and Peace in Islam', in The Ethics of War and Peace: Religious and Secular Perspectives, ed. Terry Nardin (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
29. See Bassam Tibi, 'Fundamentalism' in The Encyclopedia of Democracy, vol. 2, ed. Martin Lipset (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1995), 507-10.
30. Sayyid Qutb, al-Salam al-Alami wa al-Islam (World Peace and Islam) (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1992), 171-73.
31. Some scholars have even predicted that this challenge signifies the end of the nation-state. See Robert Malley, The Call from Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996)
32. Michael Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria (New York: New York University Press, 1997).
33. Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), 45.
34. Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987), 255-56.
35. Michael Hudson, Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977).
36. See Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures.
37. Munir M. Najib, al-Harakat al-Qawmiyya al-Haditha fi Mizan al-Islam (Movements of Modern Nationalism on the Scale of Islam) (Jordan: Maktabat al-Manar, 1983).
38. See these misconceptions on al-Qaradawi, in Charles Kurzman, Liberal Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 196
39. Joyce M. Davis, Between Jihad and Salam: Profiles in Islam (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997), 219.
40. Yusuf al-Qaradawi, al-Hall al-Islami wa al-Hulul al-Mustawradah (The Islamic versus the Imported Solution), vol. 1 (Beirut: al-Risalah, 1988).
41. Usamah Khalid, al-Mustaqbal al-Arabi fi al-Asr al-Ameriki (The Arab Future in the American Age) (Cairo: Markaz al-Qadah, 1992).
42. See Roman Herzog, Preventing the Clash of Civilizations: A Peace Strategy for the Twenty-First Century (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999).
43. Max Weber, 'Vom Inneren Beruf zur Wissenschaft Soziologie', in Soziologie Weltgeschichtliche Analysen. Politik (Stuttgart: Kröner, 1964), 117.
44. Marshall G.S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
45. See the contributions in Scott R. Appleby and Martin Marty, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State, vol. 2 (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1993).
46. Franz Rosenthal, The Classical Heritage in Islam (London: Routledge, 1994).
47. Fred Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), 69.
48. Youssef Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism (Boston: Twayne Publications, 1990), 120.
49. Mahmud Abdulmawla, Anzimat al-Mujtama wa al-Dawla fi al-Islam (The Organisation of Society and State in Islam) (Tunis: al-Sharika al-Tunisiyya, 1973).
50. al-Awwa, Fi al-Nizam al-Siyasi
51. Mustafa Abu-Zaid-Fahmi, Fan al-Hukm fi al-Islam (The Art of Governance in Islam) (Cairo: al-Maktab al-Masri, 1981).
52. al-Awwa, Fi al-Nizam al-Siyasi, 22.
53. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vol. 1, 280-96.
54. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Ibid., 299-300.
55. al-Awwa, Fi al-Nizam al-Siyasi, 127.
56. al-Awwa, Fi al-Nizam al-Siyasi, Ibid., 146-47.
57. al-Awwa, Fi al-Nizam al-Siyasi, Ibid., 259.
58. Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), 54.
59. Husain Fawzi al-Najjar, al-Islam wa al-Siyasa: Bahth fi Usul al-Nazariyya al-Siyasiyya wa Nizam al-Hukm fi al-Islam (Islam and Politics: An Enquiry into the Origins of Political Theory and the Political System of Islam) (Cairo: Dar al-Sha'b, 1977), 64-66.
60. Bassam Tibi, 'The Simultaneity of the Unsimultaneous: Old Tribes and Imposed Nation-States in the Modern Middle East', in Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, eds. Philip Khoury and Joseph Kostiner (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).
61. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
62. See Tibi, The Challenge of Fundamentalism, chap. 6.
63. M.S. al-Ashmawi, al-Khilafa al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Caliphate) (Cairo: Sina, 1990).
64. In contrast to this traditional rule, see also M.S. Ashmawi, al-Islam al-Siyasi (Political Islam), 2d ed. (Cairo: Sina, 1989).
65. See Bassam Tibi, Islam and the Cultural Accommodation of Social Change (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990), chap. 11.
66. Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, 42.
67. Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, Ibid., 44.
68. Bassam Tibi, 'The Iranian Revolution and the Arabs', Arab Studies Quarterly 8, no. 1 (1986): 29-44.
69. Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, 71.
70. R.K. Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in the Middle East (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1986).
71. Francois Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1993), 185.
72. Quoted by Anoushiravan Ehteshami, After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic (London: Routledge, 1995), 131.
73. On Khomeini's reinterpretation of velayat-e-faqih for the legitimation of seizing power, see Hamid Enayat, 'Iran: Khumayni's Concept of the "Guardianship of the Jurisconsult"', in Islam in the Political Process, ed. James Piscatori (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1983).
74. Khomeini's message to war refugees quoted by Graham Fuller, The Center of the Universe: The Geopolitics of Iran (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 271.
75. On this ideology, see Ervand Abrahamian, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993).
76. See Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
77. Rafsanjani quoted by Chibli Mallat, The Middle East in the 21st Century (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1997), 161.
78. Chibli Mallat, The Middle East in the 21st Century Ibid., 162.
79. Ehteshami, After Khomeini, 167.
80. On the First Republic, see Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
81. Bull, 'The Revolt against the West', 217.
82. Leslie Lipson, The Ethical Crises of Civilization (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993), 62.
83. See Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures
84. Tibi, Islam and the Cultural Accommodation of Social Change.
85. Tibi, The Challenge of Fundamentalism.