Playing with power: Ballcourts and political ritual in Southern Mesoamerica

Current Anthropology

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 483-509

  Fox, John Gerard ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0008703672     PISSN: 00113204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/204507     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. ABRAMS, ELLIOT M. 1994. How the Maya built their world: Energetics and ancient architecture. Austin: University of Texas Press. [SDG]
2. ACOSTA, JORGE, AND HUGO MOEDANO KOER. 1946. "Los juegos de pelota," in México prehispánico: Culturas, deidades, monumentos. Edited by J. A. Vivó, pp.365-84. México, D.F.: Antología de Esta Semana.
3. ADAMS, E. CHARLES. 1989. "Changing form and function in western Pueblo ceremonial architecture from A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1500," in The architecture of social integration. Edited by William D. Lipe and Michelle Hegmon, pp. 155-60. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Occasional Paper 1. [WA]
4. AGRINIER, PIERRE. 1991. "The ballcourts of southern Chiapas, Mexico," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 175-94. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
5. ALEGRIA, RICARDO E. 1983. Ballcourts and ceremonial plazas in the West Indies. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 79.
6. ANAWALT, PATRICIA RIEFF. 1993. "Rabbits, pulque, and drunkenness: A study of ambivalence in Aztec society," in Current topics in Aztec studies: Essays in honor of Dr. H. B. Nicholson. Edited by A. Cordy-Collins and D. Sharon. San Diego: San Diego Museum.
7. ANDREWS, E. WYLLYS v. 1976. The archaeology of Quelepa, El Salvador. Middle American Research Institute 42.
8. ASHMORE, WENDY. 1989. "Construction and cosmology: Politics and ideology in lowland Maya settlement patterns," in Word and image in Maya culture: Explorations in language, writing, and representation. Edited by William F. Hanks and Don S. Rice, pp. 272-86. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
9. _. 1991. Site-planning principles and concepts of directionality among the ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 2:199-226. [WA]
10. _. 1992. "Deciphering Maya architectural plans," in New theories on the ancient Maya. Edited by Elin Danien and Robert Sharer. University Museum Monograph 77.
11. BARRETT, JOHN C. 1994. Fragments from antiquity: An archaeology of social life in Britain, 2900-1200 BC. Oxford: Blackwell.
12. BAUDEZ, CLAUDE F. 1984. Le roi, la balle et le mais: Images du jeu de balle Maya. Journal de la Société des Américanistes 70:139-52.
13. BAUDEZ, CLAUDE, AND PIERRE BECQUELIN. 1973. Archéologie de Los Naranjos, Honduras. Etudes Mesoaméricaines 2.
14. BEALS, RALPH L. 1933. The Acaxee, a mountain tribe of Durango and Sinaloa. Iberoamericana 6.
15. BECQUELIN, PIERRE, AND CLAUDE BAUDEZ. 1979. Toniná: Une cité maya du Chiapas. Vol. 1. Etudes Mésoaméricaines I.
16. BELL, CATHERINE. 1992. Ritual theory, ritual practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. BENAVIDES CASTILLO, ANTONIO. 1976. "Cobá, reporte de actividades," in Cobá, un sitio maya en Quintana Roo. (Cuademos de los Centros 26.) México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
18. BENYO, JULIE C. 1986. An archaeological investigation of intra-community social organization at La Ceiba, Comayagua, Honduras. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
19. BERDOULAY, VINCENT. 1995. "Place, meaning, and discourse in French language geography," in The power of place. Edited by John A. Agnew and James Duncan, pp. 124-39. London: Unwin Hyman.
20. BINFORD, LEWIS R. 1962. Archaeology as anthropology. American Antiquity 28:217-25. [WA]
21. _. 1982. The archaeology of place. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1:5-31.
22. BLITZ, JOHN H. 1993. Big pots for big shots: Feasting and storage in a Mississippian community. American Antiquity 58:80-96.
23. BLOM, F. 1932. The Maya ball-game pok-ta-pok (called tlachtli by the Aztecs). Middle American Research Series Publications 4:485-530.
24. BOLLES, JOHN s. 1977. Las Monjas: A major pre-Mexican architectural complex at Chichén Itzá. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
25. BOURDIEU, PIERRE. 1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Translated by R. Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [PAU, EMS]
26. BRODA, JOHANNA. 1987. "Templo Mayor as ritual space," in The Great Temple of Tenochtitlan: Center and periphery in the Aztec world. Edited by J. Broda, D. Carrasco, and E. M. Moctezuma, pp. 61-123. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27. BRODA, JOHANNA, PEDRO CARRASCO, AND EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA. 1990. The Great Temple of Tenochtitlan: Center and periphery in the Aztec world. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [WA]
28. BRUHNS, KAREN OLSEN. 1980. Cihuatán, an early Postclassic town of El Salvador: The 1977-1978 excavations. University of Missouri Monographs in Archaeology 5.
29. CHANG, K. C. Editor. 1977. Food in Chinese culture: Anthropological and historical perspectives. New Haven: Yale University Press. [SDG]
30. CLARK, JOHN E., AND MICHAEL BLAKE. 1993. "The power of prestige: Competitive generosity and the emergence of rank societies in lowland Mesoamerica," in Factional competition and political development in the New World. Edited by E. M. Brumfiel and J. W. Fox, pp. 17-30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. COE, SOPHIE D. 1994. America's first cuisines. Austin: University of Texas Press. [SDG]
32. COE, WILLIAM R. 1959. Piedros Negras archaeology: Artifacts, caches, and burials. University Museum Monographs.
33. _. 1990. Excavations in the great plaza, north terrace, and north acropolis of Tikal. (Tikal Report 14.) Philadelphia: University Museum.
34. COHEN, ANTHONY P. 1985. The symbolic construction of community. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
35. COHODAS, MARVIN. 1975. The symbolism and ritual function of the Middle Classic ball game in Mesoamerica. American Indian Quarterly 2(2): 99-130.
36. _. 1978. The great ball court at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. New York: Garland.
37. _. 1991. "Ballgame imagery of the Maya Lowlands: History and iconography," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 251-88. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
38. DE BOER, WARREN R. 1993. Like & rolling stone: The chunkey game and political organization in Eastern North America. Southeastern Archaeology 12(2): 83-92. [JHB]
39. DE MONTMOLLIN, OLIVIER. 1989. The archaeology of political structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. DIETLER, MICHAEL. 1990. Driven by drink: The role of drinking in the political economy and the case of early Iron Age France. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9:352-406.
41. D'ORBIGNY, A. D. 1845. Fragment d' un voyage au centre del' Amérique méridionale. Paris.
42. DOUGLAS, MARY. 1966. Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. London and New York: Routledge.
43. DRUCKER, p. 1967. "The potlatch," in Tribal and peasant economies. Edited by G. Dalton, pp. 481-93. New York: Natural History Press.
44. DUNCAN, JAMES. 1989. "The power of place in Kandy, Sri Lanka: 1780-1980," in The power of place: Bringing together geographical and sociological imaginations. Edited by J. A. Agnew and J. S. Duncan, pp. 185-201. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
45. _. 1990. The city as text: The politics of landscape interpretation in the Kandyan kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. DURÁN, FRAY DIEGO. 1971. Book of the gods and rites of the ancient calendar. Translated by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
47. EATON, JACK, AND BARTON KUNSTLER. 1980. "Excavations at Operation 2009: A Maya ballcourt," in The Colha project: Second season, 1980 interim report. Edited by T. R. Hester, J. D. Eaton, and H. J. Shafer, pp. 121-32. San Antonio: University of Texas at San Antonio, Center for Archaeological Research and Centro Studie Richerche Ligabue-Venezia.
48. FASH, WILLIAM L., JR., AND SHEREE LANE. 1983. "El juego de pelota B," in Introducción a la arqueología de Copan, Honduras, vol. 2. Tegucigalpa: Institute Hondureño de Antropologia e Historia.
49. FASH, WILLIAM L., JR., AND DAVID STUART. 1991. "Dynastic history and cultural evolution at Copan, Honduras," in Classic Maya political history: Hieroglyphic and archaeological evidence. Edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 147-79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [WA]
50. FLANNERY, KENT V., AND JOYCE MARCUS. 1976. "Evolution of the public building in Formative Oaxaca," in Cultural change and continuity: Essays in honor of James Bennett Griffin. Edited by Charles E. Cleland, pp. 205-21. New York: Academic Press.
51. FOX, JOHN GERARD. 1993. The ballcourt markers of Tenam Rosario, Chiapas, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 4(1):55-64.
52. _. 1994. Putting the heart back in the court: Ballcourts and ritual action in Mesoamerica. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
53. __. n.d. "Testing the boundaries: Ballcourts and community interaction in and beyond Mesoamerica," in The archaeology of contact: Processes and consequences (Proceedings, Chacmool Annual Conference no. 25). Edited by B. Kulle, C. Lesick, and A. Ponholz. Calgary: Archaeological Association, University of Calgary.
54. FOX, JOHN W. 1991. "The lords of light versus the lords of dark: The Postclassic Highland Maya ballgame," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 213-40. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
55. FUNG, CHRISTOPHER D. 1995. Domestic labor, gender and social power: Household archaeology in Terminal Classic Yoro, Honduras. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
56. GANN, THOMAS. 1925. Mystery cities: Exploration and adventure in Lubaantun. London.
57. GEERTZ, CLIFFORD. 1972. Deep play: Notes on the Balinese cockfight. Daedalus 101:1-37.
58. _. 1980. Negara: The theatre state in nineteenth-century Bali. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
59. GERO, JOAN M. 1992. Feasts and females: Gender ideology and political meals in the Andes. Norwegian Archaeological Review 25(1):15-30.
60. GIDDENS, ANTHONY. 1984. The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press. [PAU, EMS]
61. GILLESPIE, SUSAN. 1991. "Ballgames and boundaries," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 317-45. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
62. GOFFMAN, ERVING. 1961. Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interaction. Indianapolis.
63. GOLDMAN, I. 1970. Ancient Polynesian society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64. GORDON, GEORGE BYRON. 1896. Prehistoric ruins of Copan, Honduras: A preliminary report of the explorations by the Museum, 1891-1896. Peabody Museum Memoirs I (5).
65. GUSSINYER, JORDI. 1972. "Segunda temporada de salvamento arqueologico en la presa de 'La Angostura,' Chiapas," in Institute de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Segunda Epoca, nos. 5-6 (23-24), pp. 41-36. Tuxtla Gutierrez: Instituto de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas.
66. HALL, EDWARD T. 1974. Handbook for proxemic research. Washington, D.C.: Society for the Anthropology of Visual Communication. [SDG]
67. HALL, GRANT D., STANLEY M. TARKA, JR., W. JEFFREY HURST, DAVID STUART, AND RICHARD N. ADAMS. 1990. Cacao residues in ancient Maya vessels from Río Azul, Guatemala. American Antiquity 55:138-43.
68. HAMMOND, NORMAN. 1975. Lubaantun: A Classic Maya realm. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Monograph 2.
69. HASTORF, CHRISTINE A., AND SISSEL JOHANNESSEN. 1993. Pre-Hispanic political change and the role of maize in the central Andes of Peru. American Anthropologist 95:115-38.
70. HEALY, PAUL. 1992. The ancient Maya ballcourt at Pacbitun, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:229-39.
71. HEALY, PAUL F., KITTY EMERY, AND LORI WRIGHT. 1990. Ancient and modern Maya exploitation of the jute snail (Pachychilus). Latin American Antiquity 1:170-83.
72. HEGMON, MICHELLE. 1989. "Social integration and architecture," in The architecture of social integration in prehistoric pueblos. Edited by William D. Lipe and Michelle Hegmon, pp. 5-14. Crow Canyon Archeological Center Occasional Paper I.
73. HELMS, MARY. 1988. Ulysses' sail: An ethnographic odyssey of power, knowledge, and geographical distance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
74. HENDERSON, JOHN, ILENE WALLACE, ANTHONY WONDERLEY, AND PATRICIA URBAN. 1979. Archaeological investigations in the Valle de Naco, northwestern Honduras: A preliminary report. Journal of Field Archaeology 6:169-92. [PAU, EMS]
75. HENDON, JULIA A. 1987. The uses of Maya structures. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
76. _. 1991. Status and power in Classic Maya society: An archaeological study. American Anthropologist 93:894-918.
77. HENDON, JULIA A., AND ROSEMARY A. JOYCE. 1993. Questioning "complexity" and "periphery": Archaeology in Yoro, Honduras. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology meetings, St. Louis, Mo.
78. HODDER, IAN. 1987. "The contextual analysis of symbolic meanings," in The archaeology of contextual meanings. Edited by Ian Hodder, pp. 1-10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
79. _. 1994. "Architecture and meaning: The example of Neolithic houses and tombs," in Architecture and order: Approaches to social space. Edited by M. Parker Pearson and C. Richards, pp. 73-86. London: Routledge.
80. HOUSTON, STEPHEN D. Editor, n.d. Function and meaning in Classic Maya architecture. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. In press. [SDG]
81. HUMPHREY, ROBERT L. 1979. "Play as life: Suggestions for a cognitive study of the Mesoamerican ball game," in Play as context: Proceedings of the Association for the Anthropological Study of Play. Edited by Alyce Cheska, pp. 134-49. West Point: Leisure Press.
82. IGLESIAS PONCE DE LEÓN, MARÍA JOSEFA. 1987. Excavaciones en el grupo habitacional 6D-V, Tikal, Guatemala. Ph.D. diss., Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. [SDG]
83. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA. 1975. Obras históricas. Vol. 1. México, D.F.
84. JOHNSTON, KEVIN J. 1994. The "invisible" Maya: Late Classic minimally-platformed residential settlement at Itzán, Petén, Guatemala. Ph.D. diss., Yale University, New Haven, Conn. [SDG]
85. JONES, CHRISTOPHER. 1991. "Cycles of growth at Tikal," in Classic Maya political history: Hieroglyphic and archaeological evidence. Edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 102-27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [WA]
86. JOYCE, ROSEMARY A. 1991. Cerro Palenque: Power and identity on the Maya periphery. Austin: University of Texas Press.
87. _. 1992. "Ideology in action: The rhetoric of Classic Maya ritual practice," in Ancient images, ancient thought: The archaeology of ideology (Papers from the 23rd Chac Mool Conference). Edited by A. Sean Goldsmith, Sandra Garvie, David Selin, and Jeannette Smith, pp. 497-506. Calgary: Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary.
88. JOYCE ROSEMARY A., RUSSELL SHEPTAK, JULIA HENDON, CHRISTOPHER FUNG, AND JOHN GERRY. 1989. Settlement patterns in Yoro, Honduras. Paper presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., November.
89. JOYCE, THOMAS. 1926. Report on the investigations at Lubaantun, British Honduras, in 1926. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 56:207-30.
90. JUNKER, LAURA LEE, KAREN MUDAR, AND MARLA SCHWALLER. 1994. Social stratification, household wealth, and competitive feasting in 15th/16th-century Philippine chiefdoms. Research in Economic Anthropology 15:307-58.
91. KELLER, ANGELA H. 1994. "The Xunantunich Sacbe Project 1994," in Xunantunich Archaeological Project: 1994 field season. Edited by Richard M. Leventhal and Wendy Ashmore, pp. 75-92. Belmopan, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia: Xunantunich Archaeological Project. [WA]
92. KENT, SUSAN. Editor. 1990. Domestic architecture and the use of space: An interdisciplinary cross-cultural study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [SDG]
93. KERTZER, DAVID I. 1988. Ritual, politics, and power. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
94. KOWALEWSKI, STEPHEN A., GARY M. FEINMAN, LAURA FINSTEN, AND RICHARD E. BLANTON. 1991. "Pre-Hispanic ballcourts from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico," in The Mesoamencan ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 25-44. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
95. KOWALSKI, JEFF KARL, AND WILLIAM L. FASH. 1991. "Symbolism of the Maya ball game at Copan: Synthesis and new aspects," in Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986. Edited by Merle Greene Robertson, pp. 59-67. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
96. KURJACK, EDWARD B., RUBEN MALDONADO C., AND MERLE GREEN ROBERTSON. 1991. "Ballcourts of the northem Maya lowlands," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 145-60. Tucson: University of Arizona press.
97. KURJACK, EDWARD B., AND MERLE GREENE ROBERTSON. 1994. "Politics and art at Chichén Itzá," in Seventh Palenque Round Table, 1989. Edited by Merle Greene Robertson, pp. 19-23. San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.
98. LÉVI-STRAUSS, CLAUDE. 1966. The savage mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
99. LEYENAAR, TED J. 1992. Ulama, the survival of the Mesoamerican ballgame ullamaliztli. Kiva 58:115-33.
100. LOCOCK, MARTIN. Editor. 1994. Meaningful architecture: Social interpretations of buildings. Aldershot: Avebury. [SDG]
101. LONGYEAR, JOHN. 1944. Archaeological investigations in El Salvador. Peabody Museum Memoirs 9(2).
102. LOVÉN, s. 1935. Origins of the Tainan culture, West Indies. Göteborg.
103. LOW, SETHA M. 1995. Indigenous architecture and the Spanish American plaza in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean. American Anthropologist 97:748-62. [WA]
104. MARCUS, JOYCE, AND KENT V. FLANNERY. 1966. Zopotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley. New York and London: Thames and Hudson. [JM]
105. MICHELS, J. W. 1979. "The Kaminaljuyú chiefdom," in Pennsylvania State University monograph series on Kaminaljuyú. Edited by J. W. Michels and W. T. Sanders, pp. 229-232. University Park.
106. MILLER, MARY ELLEN, AND STEPHEN D. HOUSTON. 1987. The Classic Maya ballgame and its architectural setting. Res 14:46-65.
107. MOORE, JAMES A., AND ARTHUR S. KEENE. 1983. "Archaeology and the law of the hammer," in Archaeological hammers and theories. Edited by James A. Moore and Arthur S. Keene, pp. 3-13. New York: Academic Press.
108. MOORE, JERRY D. 1989. Pre-Hispanic beer in coastal Peru: Technology and social context of prehistoric production. American Anthropologist 91:682-95.
109. MOTOLINÍA, TRAY TORIBIO DE BENAVENTE. 1903. Historia de los indios de la Nueva España. México, D.F.: Casa del Editor.
110. PARKER PEARSON, MIKE, AND COLIN RICHARDS. 1994. "Ordering the world: Perceptions of architecture, space and time," in Architecture and order: Approaches to social space. Edited by M. Parker Pearson and C. Richards, pp. 1-37. London: Routledge.
111. PASZTORY, ESTHER. 1972. The historical and religious significance of the Middle Classic ball game. Religión en Mesoamérica 12:441-55.
112. _. 1978. "Historical synthesis of the Middle Classic period," in Middle Classic Mesoamerica: A.D. 400-700. Edited by E. Pasztory, pp. 3-22. New York: Columbia University Press. [JHB]
113. PERTIERRA, RAUL. 1987. Ritual and the constitution of social structure. Mankind 17:199-211.
114. POWERS, WILLIAM K., AND MARLA M. N. POWERS. 1984. "Metaphysical aspects of an Oglala food system," in Food in the social order: Studies of food and festivities in three American communities. Edited by Mary Douglas, pp. 40-96. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
115. REENTS-BUDET, DORIE. 1994. Painting the Maya universe: Royal ceramics of the Classic period. Durham: Duke University Press.
116. RICHARDS, COLIN, AND JULIAN THOMAS. 1984. "Ritual activity and structured deposition in later Neolithic Wessex," in Neolithic studies: A review of some current research. Edited by Richard Bradley and Julie Gardiner, pp. 189-218. Reading Studies in Archaeology I/British Archaeological Reports British Series 133.
117. RINGLE, WILLIAM L. 1993. Preclassic cityscapes: Ritual politics among the early lowland Maya. Paper presented at the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium on Ritual Behavior, Social Identity, and Cosmology in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, Washington, D.C. [WA]
118. RODMAN, MARGARET C. 1992. Empowering place: Multilocality and multivocality. American Anthropologist 94:640-56.
119. ROSCOE, PAUL. 1993. Practice and political centralization. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 34:111-40. [PAU, EMS]
120. RUZ LHUILLIER, ALBERTO. 1958. "El juego de pelota de Uxmal," in Miscellanea Paul Rivet, vol. 1, pp. 635-77. México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
121. SAHAGÚN, BERNARDINO DE. 1950-82. The Florentine Codex: General history of the things of New Spain. Translated by Arthur J. O. Anderson and C. E. Dibble. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
122. SAILE, DAVID G. 1977. Making a house: Building rituals and spatial concepts in the Pueblo Indian world. Architectural Association Quarterly 9 (2,3):72-81.
123. SANTLEY, ROBERT S., MICHAEL J. BERMAN, AND RANI T. ALEXANDER. 1991. "The politicization of the Mesoamerican ballgame and its implications for the interpretation of the distribution of ballcourts in Central Mexico," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 3-24. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
124. SATTERTHWAITE, LINTON, JR. 1933. The South Group ball court, with a preliminary note on the West Group ball court. Piedras Negras Preliminary Papers n.
125. _. 1944. Piedras Negras archaeology: Architecture, pt. 4, no. 1, Ball courts. Philadelphia: University Museum.
126. SCARBOROUGH, VERNON, AND DAVID WILCOX. 1991. Editors. The Mesoamerican ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
127. SCARBOROUGH, VERNON, BEVERLY MITCHUM, SORRAYA CARR, AND DAVID FREIDEL. 1982. Two Late Preclassic ballcourts at the lowland Maya center of Cerros, northern Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 9:21-34.
128. SCHELE, LINDA, AND DAVID A. FREIDEL. 1991. "The courts of creation: Ballcourts, ballgames, and portals to the Maya otherworld," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 289-316. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
129. SCHELE, LINDA, AND MARY ELLEN MILLER. 1986. The blood of kings: Dynasty and ritual in Maya art. Ft. Worth: Kimball Art Museum.
130. SCHORTMAN, EDWARD, AND PATRICIA URBAN. Editors. 1994. Sociopolitical hierarchy and craft production: The economic bases of elite power in a Late Classic southeastern polity, the 1992 Naco field season. Gambier: Kenyon College Anthropology/Sociology Department. [PAU, EMS]
131. SHOOK, EDWIN M., AND A. LEDYARD SMITH. 1942. Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 41.
132. SMITH, A. LEDYARD. 1961. "Types of ball courts in the high-lands of Guatemala," in Essays in Precolumbian art and archaeology. Edited by S. K. Lothrop, pp. 100-125. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
133. SMITH, M. F., JR. 1985. "Toward an economic interpretation of ceramics: Relating vessel size and shape to use," in Decoding prehistoric ceramics. Edited by Ben Nelson, pp. 254-309. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
134. STERN, THEODORE. 1950. The rubber-ball game of the Americas. Monographs of the American Ethnological Society 17.
135. STONE, ANDREA. 1992. From ritual in the landscape to capture in the urban center: The recreation of ritual environments in Mesoamerica. Journal of Ritual Studies 6:109-32. [SDG]
136. STONE, DORIS. 1966. "Synthesis of lower Central American ethnohistory," in Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 4. Edited by Gordon Ekholm and Gordon Willey, pp. 209-33. Austin: University of Texas Press.
137. TALADOIRE, ERIC. 1981. Les terrains de jeu de balle (Mésoamérique et sud-ouest des Etats-Unis). Etudes Mésoaméricaines, series 2, 4.
138. TALADOIRE, ERIC, AND BENOIT COLSENET. 1991. "Bois ton sang, beaumanoir: The political and conflictual aspects of the ballgame in the northern Chiapas area," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 161-74. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
139. TAMBIAH, STANLEY. 1985. Culture, thought, and social action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
140. TATE, CAROLYN E. 1992. Yaxchilan: The design of a Maya ceremonial city. Austin: University of Texas Press.
141. TAUBE, KARL 1994. The jade hearth: Centrality, rulership, and the Classic Maya temple. Paper presented at the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium on Form, Function, and Meaning in Maya Architecture, Washington, D.C. [WA]
142. TEDLOCK, DENNIS. 1985. Popol Vuh: The definitive edition of the May an book of the dawn of life and the glories of gods and kings. New York: Simon and Schuster.
143. TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO ALVARADO. 1980. Crónica mexicana. México, D. F.: Editorial Porrúa.
144. THOMAS, JULIAN. 1992. Rethinking the Neolithic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [WA]
145. TILLEY, CHRISTOPHER. 1994. A phenomenology of landscape. Oxford: Berg. [WA]
146. TRINGHAM, RUTH. 1994. Engendered places in prehistory. Gen der, Place, and Culture 1:169-203.
147. TURNER, VICTOR. 1967. The forest of symbols. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
148. _. 1969. The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Chicago: Aldine.
149. VAN BUSSEL, GERARD W., PAUL L. F. VAN DONGEN, AND TED J. J. LEYENAAR. 1991. The Mesoamerican ballgame. Leiden: Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde. [TJJL]
150. VAN GENNEP, ARNOLD. 1960. The rites of passage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
151. VENNUM, THOMAS, JR. 1994. American Indian lacrosse, little brother of war. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. [JHB]
152. VOGT, EVON z. 1969. Zinacantan: A Maya community in the highlands of Chiapas. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
153. _. 1985. "Cardinal directions and ceremonial circuits in Mayan and Southwestern cosmology," in National Geographic Society Research Reports, vol. 21, 1980-1983, pp. 487-496. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
154. WEBSTER, DAVID, AND NANCY GONLIN. 1988. Household remains of the humblest Maya, Journal of Field Archaeology 15:169-90. [SDG]
155. WILCOX, DAVID R. 1991. "The Mesoamerican ballgame in the American Southwest," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 101-28. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
156. WILCOX, DAVID R., AND CHARLES STERNBERG. 1983. Hohokam ballcourts and their interpretation. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series 160.
157. WILKERSON, S. JEFFREY K. 1991. "And then they were sacrificed: The ritual ballgame of northeastern Mesoamerica through time and space," in The Mesoamerican ballgame. Edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David Wilcox, pp. 45-72. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.