A critical evaluation of existing legal regimes to the protection and management of groundwater

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 406-425

  Cassar, Angela Z ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0008646236     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Kofi Annan, "Secretary General Calls for Prevention of Groundwater Pollution, In Message for World Water Day", 22 March 1998, Press Release SG/SM/6496 OBV/40, 19 March 1998.
2. See for example Albert E Utton, "The Development of International Groundwater Law" (1982) 22 Natural Resources Journal 95.
3. Ludwick A Teclaff and Eileen Teclaff, "Transboundary Groundwater Pollution: Survey and Trends in Treaty Law" in Ludwick A Teclaff and Albert E Utton (eds) (1981) International Groundwater Law 77
4. Robert D Hayton, "The Law of International Aquifers" (1982) 22 Natural Resources Journal 71.
5. Dante A Caponera and Dominique Alhéritière, "Principles for International Groundwater Law" (1978) 18 Natural Resources Journal 589, 594.
6. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
7. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
8. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
9. Kofi Annan, "Secretary General Calls for Prevention of Groundwater Pollution, In Message for World Water Day", 22 March 1998, Press Release SG/SM/6496 OBV/40, 19 March 1998.
10. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
11. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
12. Kofi Annan, "Secretary General Calls for Prevention of Groundwater Pollution, In Message for World Water Day", 22 March 1998, Press Release SG/SM/6496 OBV/40, 19 March 1998.
13. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
14. Kofi Annan, "Secretary General Calls for Prevention of Groundwater Pollution, In Message for World Water Day", 22 March 1998, Press Release SG/SM/6496 OBV/40, 19 March 1998.
15. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
16. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
17. Dante A Caponera and Dominique Alhéritière, "Principles for International Groundwater Law" (1978) 18 Natural Resources Journal 589, 594.
18. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
19. Dante A Caponera and Dominique Alhéritière, "Principles for International Groundwater Law" (1978) 18 Natural Resources Journal 589, 594.
20. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
21. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
22. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
23. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
24. (1843) 12 M&W 324.
25. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
26. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
27. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
28. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
29. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
30. (1859) 7 HLCas 349.
31. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
32. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
33. (1902) 141 Cal 116.
34. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
35. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
36. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
37. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
38. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
39. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
40. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
41. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
42. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
43. Which gives to the owner of the soil all that lies beneath the surface and everything above.
44. See for example Albert E Utton, "The Development of International Groundwater Law" (1982) 22 Natural Resources Journal 95.
45. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
46. 206-220AD.
47. See for example Albert E Utton, "The Development of International Groundwater Law" (1982) 22 Natural Resources Journal 95.
48. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
49. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
50. See for example Albert E Utton, "The Development of International Groundwater Law" (1982) 22 Natural Resources Journal 95.
51. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
52. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
53. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
54. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
55. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
56. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
57. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
58. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
59. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
60. Indeed Europe is often described as the cradle of early principles of international law.
61. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
62. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
63. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
64. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
65. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
66. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
67. See for example Albert E Utton, "The Development of International Groundwater Law" (1982) 22 Natural Resources Journal 95.
68. See for example Albert E Utton, "The Development of International Groundwater Law" (1982) 22 Natural Resources Journal 95.
69. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
70. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
71. United Nations, Legislative Texts and Treaty provisions concerning the utilisation of international rivers for other purposes than Navigation, Treaty No 6, UN Doc ST/LEG/SER. B/12 (1963) 434.
72. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
73. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
74. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
75. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
76. United Nations, Legislative Texts and Treaty provisions concerning the utilisation of international rivers for other purposes than Navigation, Treaty No 6, UN Doc ST/LEG/SER. B/12 (1963) 434, 642: Eg Yugoslavia and Hungary (1955), Yugoslavia and Albania (1956), Yugoslavia and Bulgaria (1958), Poland and Czechoslovakia (1958) (Agreement concerning the Use of Water resources in Frontier waters, March 21 1958 538 UNTS 89), Finland and Sweden (1972) (Agreement concerning Frontier Rivers, Sept 16 1971 Finland-Sweden 825 UNTS 191) the Swiss-Italian convention (Convention of April 20 1972 (Italy-Switzerland) Rev Gen De Droit Int'l Publ 265 (1975) and the US Mexico agreements (Minute 242) 1973 (Agreement Confirming Minute no 242 of the International Boundary and Water Commission, August 30 1973 US-Mexico 24 UST 1968 TIAS No 7708).
77. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
78. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
79. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
80. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
81. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
82. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
83. nd Conference xi 477-533 (1967).
84. Albert E Utton, "Regional Cooperation: The Example of International Waters Systems in the Twentieth Century" (1996)
85. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
86. Albert E Utton, "Regional Cooperation: The Example of International Waters Systems in the Twentieth Century" (1996)
87. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
88. Albert E Utton, "Regional Cooperation: The Example of International Waters Systems in the Twentieth Century" (1996)
89. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
90. Albert E Utton, "Regional Cooperation: The Example of International Waters Systems in the Twentieth Century" (1996)
91. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
92. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
93. To include confined aquifers.
94. Albert E Utton, "Regional Cooperation: The Example of International Waters Systems in the Twentieth Century" (1996)
95. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
96. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
97. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
98. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
99. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
100. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
101. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
102. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
103. Report of the UN Water Conference March 14-25 1977 UN Sales No E77.11.A. 12.
104. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
105. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
106. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
107. International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE) in Dublin, Ireland, on 26-31 January 1992.
108. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
109. Report Of The United Nations Conference On Environment And Development Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992 (Agenda 21) Chapter 18 "Protection Of The Quality And Supply Of Freshwater Resources: Application Of Integrated Approaches To The Development, Management And Use Of Water Resources" A/CONF.151/26 (Vol II).
110. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
111. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
112. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
113. See for example Hodel v Virginia Surface Mining & Reel Ass'n, 452 US 264 (1981), 276-277.
114. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
115. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
116. See for example Hodel v Virginia Surface Mining & Reel Ass'n, 452 US 264 (1981), 276-277.
117. See for example Hodel v Virginia Surface Mining & Reel Ass'n, 452 US 264 (1981), 276-277.
118. Current Documents, (1997) 36 ILM 700, reproduced from United Nations Document A/51/869, April 11 1997.
119. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
120. See for example Hodel v Virginia Surface Mining & Reel Ass'n, 452 US 264 (1981), 276-277.
121. Current Documents, (1997) 36 ILM 700, reproduced from United Nations Document A/51/869, April 11 1997.
122. Art 13 1(a) of the UN Charter entrusts the General Assembly with the task of "encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification". For this purpose, in 1947 the General Assembly appointed the ILC as a permanent subsidiary organ.
123. UN Doc A/CN.4/320 (1979) reprinted in [1979[YB of ILC Vol II Pt 1.
124. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
125. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
126. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
127. Article 6 contains a non exhaustive list of factors to be considered in determining what is equitable and reasonable.
128. Article 7(2) provides: (2) Where despite the exercise of due diligence, significant harm is caused to another watercourse state, the State whose use causes the harm shall, in the absence of agreement to such use, consult with the state suffering harm over: the extent to which the use has proved equitable and reasonable taking into account the factors listed in article 6; the question of ad hoc adjustments to its utilisation designed to eliminate or mitigate any such harm caused, and where appropriate, the question of compensation.
129. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
130. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
131. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
132. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
133. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
134. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
135. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
136. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
137. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
138. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
139. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
140. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
141. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
142. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
143. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
144. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
145. Lake Lanoux Arbitration, 135.
146. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
147. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
148. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
149. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
150. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
151. See for example Hodel v Virginia Surface Mining & Reel Ass'n, 452 US 264 (1981), 276-277.
152. (1911) 13 CLR 393.
153. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
154. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
155. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
156. (1936) KB 468.
157. (1962) 108 CLR 12 (Windeyer J and Dixon CJ).
158. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
159. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
160. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
161. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
162. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
163. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
164. See for example Hodel v Virginia Surface Mining & Reel Ass'n, 452 US 264 (1981), 276-277.
165. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
166. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
167. Section 1(f).
168. Under s 27 the Minister may, by Order published in the Government Gazette, declare an area to be a groundwater supply protection area.
169. Section 30(1) amended by No 86/1995, s 4(a).
170. Section 30(1).
171. Specifically the Minister, in the form of the Ministerial Corporation, Water Act 1912 (NSW).
172. Specifically the Minister, in the form of the Ministerial Corporation, Water Act 1912 (NSW).
173. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
174. Specifically the Minister, in the form of the Ministerial Corporation, Water Act 1912 (NSW).
175. Specifically the Minister, in the form of the Ministerial Corporation, Water Act 1912 (NSW).
176. Specifically the Minister, in the form of the Ministerial Corporation, Water Act 1912 (NSW).
177. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
178. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
179. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
180. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
181. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
182. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
183. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
184. 1996/05620 in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Victoria planning Division Appeal Nos 1996/5620 Application Nos 846/319/951996/17006 Wa 27435.
185. nd Ed, Butterworths, 1987), pp 37.
186. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
187. See also: Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Inc (1996) 2 Qd R 118 at 124 per Macrossan CJ, at 145 per Demack J.
188. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.
189. R v Trade Practices Tribunal, ex parte St George County Council (1974), 130 CLR 533.