Cooling-Water Fouling in Heat Exchangers

Advances in Heat Transfer

Volumn 33, Issue C, 1999, Pages 415-496

  Müller Steinhagen, Hans ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0008367920     PISSN: 00652717     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2717(08)70307-1     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Steinhagen R., Müller-Steinhagen H.M., and Maani K. "Fouling Problems and Fouling Costs in New Zealand Industries,". Heat Transfer Engineering 14 1 (1993)
2. Steinhagen R., Müller-Steinhagen H.M., and Maani K. "Heat Exchanger Applications, Fouling Problems and Fouling Costs in New Zealand Industries.". Ministry of Commerce Report RD8829 (1990) 1-116
3. TEMA. Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association. 6th ed. (1978), TEMA, New York
4. Pritchard A.M. "The Economics of Fouling," in. In: Melo L.F., Bott T.R., and Bernardo C.A. (Eds). Fouling Science and Technology, NATO ASI Series E 145 (1987), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London
5. Thackery P.A. "The Cost of Fouling in Heat Exchanger Plant,". Effluent and Water Treatment Journal 20 3 (1980) March
6. Garrett-Price B.A., et al. Fouling of Heat Exchangers-Characteristics, Costs, Prevention, Control and Removal (1985), Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.
7. Suitor J.W., Mamer W.J., and Ritter R.B. "The History and Status of Research in Fouling of Heat Exchangers in Cooling Water Service". Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 55 (1977) 374-380
8. Blöchl R., and Müller-Steinhagen H.M. "Influence of Particle Size and Particle/Liquid Combination on Particulate Fouling in Heat Exchangers,". Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering (1990) 585-591
9. Epstein N. "Fouling in Heat Exchangers," in. In: Taborek J., and Hewitt G. (Eds). Heat Exchanger Theory and Practice (1983), McGraw-Hill, New York
10. Kern D.Q., and Seaton R.A. "A Theoretical Analysis of Thermal Surface Fouling,". British Chemical Engineering 5 (1959) 258-262
11. Bott T.R. Fouling of Heat Exchangers. Chemical Engineering Monographs 26 (1995), Elsevier, Amsterdam
12. Müller-Steinhagen H.M., et al. "Influence of Operating Conditions on Particulate Fouling,". Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 60 (1988) 42-50
13. Taborek J., et al. "Predictive Methods for Fouling Behaviour,". Chemical Engineering Progress 68 7 (1972) 69-72
14. Hasson D. "Precipitation Fouling," in. In: Somerscales E.F.C., and Knudsen J.G. (Eds). Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment (1981), Hemisphere, Washington, D.C. 527-568
15. Najibi H., Jamialahmadi M., and Müller-Steinhagen H. "Calcium Sulphate Scale Formation During Subcooled Boiling,". Chemical Engineering Science 8 (1997) 1265-1284
16. Najibi H., Jamialahmadi M., and Müller-Steinhagen H. "Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation during Subcooled Boiling,". ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 119 (1996) 767-775
17. NALCO Chemical Corp. Nalco Water Handbook (1979), McGraw-Hill, New York
18. Betz Laboratories, Inc. Handbook of Industrial Water Conditioning. 7th ed. (1976), Betz, Pa., Tervose 24-29
19. Drew Chemical Corporation. Principles of Industrial Water Treatment (1977), Drew, Boonton, N.J. 99-103
20. Davies C.W. "Ion Association." (1981), Butterworths, London
21. Langelier W.F. "The Analytical Control of Anti-Corrosion Water Treatment,". Journal of the American Water Works Association 28 (1939) 1500-1521
22. Langelier W.F. "Chemical Equilibria in Water Treatment,". Journal of the American Water Works Association 38 (1946) 169-182
23. Ryznar J.W. "A New Index for Determining the Amount of Calcium Carbonate Formed by Water,". Journal of the American Water Works Association 36 (1944) 472
24. Müller-Steinhagen H.M., and Branch C.A. "Comparison of Indices for the Scaling and Corrosion Tendency of Water,". Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 66 (1988) 1005-1007
25. Jamialahmadi M., and Müller-Steinhagen H.M. "Scale Formation during Nucleate Boiling-A Review,". Corrosion Reviews 11 1-2 (1993) 25-54
26. Müller-Steinhagen H., Jamialahmadi M., and Robson B. "Mechanisms and Mitigation of Scale Formation in Bauxite Refineries,". Journal of Metals (1994) November
27. Bansal B., and Müller-Steinhagen H.M. "Crystallization Fouling in Plate Heat Exchangers,". ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 115 (1992) 584-591
28. 4 Deposition on Heat Transfer Surfaces,". Industrial Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 9 (1970) 1-10
29. Partridge E.P., and White A.H. "Mechanism of Formation of Calcium Sulphate Boiler Scale,". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 21 (1929) 834-838
30. Dittus F.W., and Boelter L.M.K. "Heat Transfer in Automobile Radiators of the Tubular Type" 2 (1930), University of California Press no. 13
31. Bohnet M. "Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces,". Chemie Ingenienr Technik 10 (1987) 113-125
32. Bird R.B., Stewart W.E., and Lightfood E.N. Transport Phenomena (1960), Wiley, New York
33. Krause S. "Fouling an Wärmeübertragerflächen durch Kristallisation und Sedimentation,". VDI-Forschungsheft (1986) 637
34. 4 Scale Formation,". Desalination 100 (1995) 105-113
35. Bansal B., Chen X.D., and Müller-Steinhagen H. "Effect of Suspended Particles on Calcium Sulphate Fouling in Plate Heat Exchangers". ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 115 (1997) 568-574 submitted for publication to
36. B. Bansal H.M. Müller-Steinhagen J. Deans "Fouling in a Plate Heat Exchanger" Paper presented at U.S. National Heat Transfer Conference 1993
37. Bansal B. "Crystallization Fouling in Plate Heat Exchangers" (1994), University of Auckland, New Zealand Ph.D. thesis
38. Kho T. "Effect of Flow Distribution on Scale Formation in Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers" (1988), University of Surrey, U.K. Ph.D. thesis
39. Branch C.A., and Müller-Steinhagen H.M. "Influence of Sealing on the Performance of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers,". Heat Transfer Engineering 12 2 (1991) 37-45
40. Watkinson A.P. "Water Quality Effects on Fouling From Hard Waters," in. In: Hewitt G., Taborek J., and Afgan N. (Eds). Heat Exchanger Theory and Practice (1983), Hemisphere, Washington, D.C.
41. Watkinson A.P., and Martinez O. "Scaling of Heat Exchanger Tubes by Calcium Carbonate,". Transactions ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 97 (1975) 490-492
42. Chan S.H., and Ghassemi K.F. "Analytical Modelling of Calcium Carbonate Deposition for Laminar Falling Films and Turbulent Flow in Annuli: Part I-Formulation and Single Species Model,". Journal of Heat Transfer 113 (1991) 735-740
43. Chan S.H., and Ghassemi K.F. "Analytical Modelling of Calcium Carbonate Deposition for Laminar Falling Failms and Turbulent Flow in Annuli: Part II-Multispeoies Model,". Journal of Heat Transfer 113 (1991) 741-746
44. Perry R.H., and Chilton C.H. Chemical Engineers' Handbook. 5th ed. (1986), McGraw-Hill, New York
45. Hasson D., and Perl I. "Scale Deposition in a Laminar Falling-Film System,". Desalination 37 (1981) 279-292
46. R. Sheikholeslami and A. P. Watkinson "Scaling of Plain and Externally Finned Heat Exchanger Tubes"
47. Reid R., Prausnitz J.M., and Poling B.E. The Properties of Gases and Liquids (1988), McGraw-Hill, New York
48. Gaddis E.S., and Schliinder E.U. "Temperature Distribution and Heat Exchange in Multipass Shell-and-Tube Exchangers with Baffles,". Heat Transfer Engineering 1 (1979) 43-52
49. Gudmundsson J.S. "Particulate Fouling," in. In: Somerscales E.F.C., and Knudsen J. (Eds). Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment (1981), Hemisphere, Washington, D.C. 251-291
50. Jamialahmadi M., Muller-Steinhagen H.M., and Robson B. ALUMINIUM 69 (1993) 920-923 823-827
51. A. P. Watkinson "Particulate Fouling of Sensible Heat Exchangers," University of British Columbia Canada (Ph.D. thesis
52. A.P. Watkinson N. Epstein "Particulate Fouling of Sensible Heat Exchangers," Paper presented at 4th International Heat Transfer Conference, Versailles 1971
53. Hopkins R.M., and Epstein N. "Fouling of Heated Stainless Steel Tubes with Ferric Oxide from Flowing Water Suspensions,". Proceedings of the 5th International Heat Transfer Conference Tokyo 2 (1974) 180-184
54. Thomas D., and Grigull U. "Experimental Investigation of the Deposition of Suspended Magnetite from the Fluid Flow in Steam Generating Boiler Tubes,". Brennstoff-Wärme-Kraft 263 (1974) 109-115
55. Melo L., and Pinheiro J.D. "Fouling by Aqueous Suspensions of Kaolin and Magnetite- Hydrodynamic and Surface Phenomena Effects," in. In: Melo L.F., Bott T.R., and Bernardo C.A. (Eds). Fouling Science and Technology, NATO ASI Series E 145 (1988), Kluwer Academic Publishers 173-189
56. Müller-Steinhagen H.M., et al. "Particulate Fouling during Boiling and Non-boiling Heat Transfer,". Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference San Francisco (1986) 2555-2560
57. McNab G.S., and Meisen A. "Thermophoresis in Liquids,". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 44 (1973) 339-349
58. Williamson R., Newson I., and Bott R. "The Deposition of Haematite Particles from Flowing Water,". Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 66 (1988) 51-54
59. Wilkinson J.F. "The Extracellular Polysaccharide of Bacteria,". Bacteria Review 22 (1958) 46
60. Characklis W.G. "Microbial Fouling-A Process Analysis," in. In: Somerscales E.F.C., and Knudsen J. (Eds). Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment (1981), Hemisphere, Washington, D. C 251-291
61. Marshall K.C. "Bacterial Behaviour at Solid Surfaces-A Prelude to Microbial Fouling," in. In: Knudsen E.F.C.J. (Ed). Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment (1981), Hemisphere, Washington, D.C. 251-291
62. Heukelekian H. Sewage and Industrial Wastes 28 (1956) 78
63. Duddridge J.E., Kent C.A., and Laws J.F. "Effect of Surface Shear Stress on the Attachment of Pseuchomenas Fluorescens to Stainless Steel,". J. of. Biotechnology 24 (1956) 153-164
64. Hussain C.I. "Biological Fouling-pH Effects," (1978), University of Birmingham Master's thesis
65. Taborek J. Private communication (1996)
66. Knudsen J. "Conquer Cooling-Water Fouling,". Chemical Engineering Progress (1991) 42-48
67. Chenoweth J.M. "General Design of Heat Exchangers for Fouling Conditions,". Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advances in Fouling Science and Technology, Alvor, Portugal (1987)
68. Coulson J.M., Richardson J.F., and Sinnott R.K. Chemical Engineering 6 (1985), Pergamon Press
69. Marriott J. "Where and How to Use Plate Heat Exchangers,". Chemical Engineering 78 8 (1971) 127-134
70. Walker G. "Plate Heat Exchangers," in. Industrial Heat Exchangers (1982), Hemisphere, Washington, D.C. 87-113
71. Buonopane R.A., Troupe R., and Morgan P. "Heat Transfer Design Method of Plate Heat Exchangers,". Chemical Engineering Progress 59 7 (1963) 57-61
72. Cooper A. "Recover More Heat with Plate Heat Exchangers,". Chemical Engineer 285 (1974) 280-285
73. Jackson B.W. "Laminar Flow in Plate Heat Exchanger,". Chemical Engineering Progress 60 7 (1964) 64
74. Raju K.S.N., and Bansal J.C. "Consider the Plate Heat Exchanger,". Chemical Engineering 11 (1980) 133-144
75. Raju K.S.N., and Bansal J.C. "Design of Plate Heat Exchangers," in. Heat Exchanger Sourcebook (1996), Hemisphere, Washington, D. C 563-582
76. Usher J.D. "Evaluation of Plate Heat Exchanger,". Chemical Engineering 77 4 (1970) 90-94
77. J. Marriott (a-Laval), referred to in APV Ltd., "Principles of Plate Heat Transferr in Paraflows."
78. Cooper A., Suitor J.W., and Usher J.D. "Cooling Water Fouling in Plate Heat Exchangers,". Heat Transfer Engineering 1 3 (1980) 50-55
79. Novak L. "Comparison of the Rhine River and the Öresund Sea Water Fouling and Its Removal by Chlorination,". Journal of Heat Transfer 104 (1982) 663-670
80. Martin H. Wärmeübertrager (1988), Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart
81. Paikert P. "Verschmutzung von Kondensatoren und Künltürmen,". GVC Weihnachtstagung (1983) 371-390
82. DUBBEL. Taschenbuch für den Maschinenbau. 13th ed. 2 (1974), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 87-94
83. Silbert M. "Chemistry of Cooling Water,". Canadian Chemical News (1983) 15-17 January
84. A.P. Watkinson "Precipitation Fouling," Lecture notes of an IChernE short course on heat exchanger fouling, Brighton, England 1994
85. A. Harris A. Marshall "The Evaluation of Scale Control Additives," Paper presented at Conference on the Prevention of Fouling in Industrial Plant 1981 University of Nottingham
86. Krisher A.S. "Raw Water Treatment in the CPI,". Chemical Engineering (1978) 79-98
87. P.C. Miller T.R. Bott "The Removal of Biological Films Using Sodium Hypochloride," Paper presented at International Chemical Engineering Conference on Fouling Science or Art? 1979 Surrey University Guildford, England
88. Birchall G.A. "Achieving Microbiolocal Control in Open Recirculating Cooling Systems,". Conference on Progress in the Prevention of Fouling in Industrial Plant (1981), University of Nottingham
89. J.C. Grier R.J. Christensen "Microbiological Control in Alkaline Cooling Water Systems," Paper presented at the National Association of Corrosion Engineers Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada 1975
90. Waite T.D., and Fagan J.R. "Summary of Biofouling Control Alternatives,". Condenser Biofouling Control (1980), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Mich.
91. R. Grade B.M. Thomas "The Influence and Control of Algae in Industrial Cooling Systems," Paper presneted at International Chemical Engineering Conference on Fouling Science or Art? 1979 Surrey University Guyildford, England
92. Knudsen J.G. "Fouling in Heat Exchangers," in. In: Hewitt G. (Ed). Heat Exchanger Design Handbook (1992), Begell House 3-17 Sect.
93. Knudsen J.G., Jou H.Y., and Herman K.W. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of an Electrically Heated Annular Test Section for Determining Fouling Resistances,". Drew Industrial Division, Rreport CWI-TP-18 (1985)
94. TUBEC Tubes, AST, Avesta Sandvik Tube AB, Helmond, Holland.
95. Walton A.G. "Nucleation of Crystals from Solution,". Science (1965) 148
96. Walton A.G. "Nucleation,". International Science and Technology (1966)
97. Branch C.A., and Müller-Steinhagen H. "Fouling during Heat Transfer to Kraft Pulp Black Liquor. Part I: Experimental Results,". APPITA Journal 48 1 (1995) 45-50
98. Müller-Steinhagen H., and Zhao Q. "Investigation of Low Fouling Surface Alloys Made by Ion Implantation Technology,". Chemical Engineering Science 52 19 (1997) 3321-3332
99. Q. Zhao M. Reiss H. Müller-Steinhagen "Reduction of Scale Formation by Ion Beam Implantation on the Heat Transfer Surface," Paper presented at UK National Heat Transfer Conference 1997
100. Bornhorst A., Zhao Q., and Müller-Steinhagen H. "Reduction of Scale Formation by Ion Implantation and Magentron Sputtering on Heat Transfer Surfaces,". Accepted for publication in Heat Transfer Engineering (1997)
101. PCT/GB96/02681(WO97/16692, on the basis of British Patent Application 9522458.0.
102. Mascone C.F. "CPI Strive to Improve Heat Transfer in Tubes,". Chemical Engineering 3 (1986)
103. SPIRELF System. American European Consulting Company, Houston, Tex. (1987)
104. HEATEX Radial Mixing Element A patented system developed by Cal Gavin Ltd., Birmingham, England.
105. Ellis S.R.M., Gough M.J., and Rogers J.V. "A Novel Insert for Improving Heat Exchanger Performance" (1985), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
106. Howarth J., Bott T.R., and Store D. "Banishing Biofilms,". Chemical Engineer 521 (1996) 16-17
107. Kalvo Vogler GmbH Automatisches Reinigungssystem für Kondensatoren und Röhrenwär-meaustauscher.
108. Keysselitz J. "Can Waterside Condenser Fouling Be Controlled Operationally?". ASME Heat Transfer Division-Vol. 35 (1984)
109. TAPROGGE Report. "Test of TAPROGGE Condenser Tube Cleaning System to Prevent Silica and Calcium Carbonate Scaling". TAPROGGE GmbH (1984) 84-85
110. Eimer K. "Recommendations for the Optimum Cleaning Frequency of the TAPROGGE Tube Cleaning System,". TAPROGGE Technical Report 85-26 (1985)
111. Strauss S.D. "Condenser Bio-Fouling Control Looms Large in Light of Toxic Discharge Deadline,". Power 9 (1985)
112. Klaren D.G. "Fluid Bed Heat Exchanger,". CPP Edition Europe (1987) April
113. Kollbach J., Dahm W., and Rautenbach R. "Continuous Cleaning of Heat Exchanger with Recirculating Fluidized Bed,". Heat Transfer Engineering 8 4 (1987) 26-32
114. Jamialahmadi M., Malayeri M., and Müller-Steinhagen H. "Heat Transfer to Liquid-Solid Fluidized Beds,". Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 73 4 (1995) 444-455
115. Middis, et al. 'Reduction of Heat Transfer Fouling by the Addition of Wood Pulp Fibres,'. Heat Transfer Engineering 19 2 (1996) 36-44
116. Parkinson G., and Price W. "Getting the Most Out of Cooling Water,". Chemical Engineering 91 1 (1984) 22-25
117. Donaldson J., and Grimes S. "Lifting the Scale from Our Pipes,". New Scientist 18 (1988) 43-46
118. 3 Scale Deposition,". Industrial Engineering Chemistry Pricess Design and Development 24 (1985) 588-592
119. Söhnel O., and Mullin J. "Some Comments on the Influence of a Magnetic Field on Crystalline Scale Formation,". Chemistry and Industry 6 (1988) 356-358
120. Troup D.H., and Richardson J.A. "Scale Nucleation on a Heat Transfer Surface and its Prevention,". Chemical Engineering Communication 2 (1978) 167-180