The production of urban histories in eighteenth-century England

Urban History

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 170-187

  Sweet, Rosemary ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0008310710     PISSN: 09639268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0963926800011913     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. J. Barry, 'The cultural life of Bristol, 1640-1775' (unpublished University of Oxford D.Phil. thesis, 1985); J. Barry, 'Provincial town culture 1640-1760: urbane or civic?', in J. Pittock and A. Wear (eds), Interpretation and Cultural History (New York, 1990), 198-234; 'The press and the politics of culture in Bristol, 1660-1775', in J. Black and J. Gregory (eds), Culture, Politics and Society in Britain, 1660-1800 (Manchester, 1991), 49-81.
2. J. Barry, 'The cultural life of Bristol, 1640-1775' (unpublished University of Oxford D.Phil. thesis, 1985); J. Barry, 'Provincial town culture 1640-1760: urbane or civic?', in J. Pittock and A. Wear (eds), Interpretation and Cultural History (New York, 1990), 198-234; 'The press and the politics of culture in Bristol, 1660-1775', in J. Black and J. Gregory (eds), Culture, Politics and Society in Britain, 1660-1800 (Manchester, 1991), 49-81.
3. J. Barry, 'The cultural life of Bristol, 1640-1775' (unpublished University of Oxford D.Phil. thesis, 1985); J. Barry, 'Provincial town culture 1640-1760: urbane or civic?', in J. Pittock and A. Wear (eds), Interpretation and Cultural History (New York, 1990), 198-234; 'The press and the politics of culture in Bristol, 1660-1775', in J. Black and J. Gregory (eds), Culture, Politics and Society in Britain, 1660-1800 (Manchester, 1991), 49-81.
4. P. Clark, 'Visions of the urban community: antiquarians and the English city before 1800', in D. Fraser and A. Sutcliffe (eds), The Pursuit of Urban History (London, 1983), 105-24.
5. For a fuller discussion of many of the issues raised in this article, see R. H. Sweet, The Writing of Urban Histories in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, forthcoming). The article is based upon material in chapter four of this book.
6. The best overview of eighteenth-century urbanization is in P.J. Corfield, The Impact of English Towns (London, 1982).
7. The fullest treatment of this interpretation of eighteenth-century urban development is given by P. Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660-1770 (Oxford, 1989); idem, 'The English urban renaissance: the development of provincial urban culture 1680-1760', Social History, 5 (1977), 581-603 and 'All the town's a stage: urban ritual and ceremony 1660-1800', in P. Clark (ed.), The Transformation of English Provincial Towns 1600-1800 (London, 1984). See also P. Clark (ed.), Country Towns in Pre-Industrial England (Leicester, 1981), especially 18-24 and essays by A. Rosen and S. McIntyre.
8. The fullest treatment of this interpretation of eighteenth-century urban development is given by P. Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660-1770 (Oxford, 1989); idem, 'The English urban renaissance: the development of provincial urban culture 1680-1760', Social History, 5 (1977), 581-603 and 'All the town's a stage: urban ritual and ceremony 1660-1800', in P. Clark (ed.), The Transformation of English Provincial Towns 1600-1800 (London, 1984). See also P. Clark (ed.), Country Towns in Pre-Industrial England (Leicester, 1981), especially 18-24 and essays by A. Rosen and S. McIntyre.
9. The fullest treatment of this interpretation of eighteenth-century urban development is given by P. Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660-1770 (Oxford, 1989); idem, 'The English urban renaissance: the development of provincial urban culture 1680-1760', Social History, 5 (1977), 581-603 and 'All the town's a stage: urban ritual and ceremony 1660-1800', in P. Clark (ed.), The Transformation of English Provincial Towns 1600-1800 (London, 1984). See also P. Clark (ed.), Country Towns in Pre-Industrial England (Leicester, 1981), especially 18-24 and essays by A. Rosen and S. McIntyre.
10. The fullest treatment of this interpretation of eighteenth-century urban development is given by P. Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660-1770 (Oxford, 1989); idem, 'The English urban renaissance: the development of provincial urban culture 1680-1760', Social History, 5 (1977), 581-603 and 'All the town's a stage: urban ritual and ceremony 1660-1800', in P. Clark (ed.), The Transformation of English Provincial Towns 1600-1800 (London, 1984). See also P. Clark (ed.), Country Towns in Pre-Industrial England (Leicester, 1981), especially 18-24 and essays by A. Rosen and S. McIntyre.
11. See D. Levine and K. Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford, 1991).
12. On urban improvement see Borsay, Urban Renaissance and C.W. Chalkin, 'Capital expenditure on building for cultural purposes in provincial England, 1730-1830', Business History, 22 (1980), 51-70. For Newcastle see J. Burgess, Newcastle upon Tyne: The City in Georgian Times (Carlisle, 1990); P.M. Horsely, Eighteenth-Century Newcastle (Newcastle, 1971); S. Middlebrook, Newcastle upon Tyne: Its Growth and Achievement (Newcastle, 1950), 144-60.
13. On urban improvement see Borsay, Urban Renaissance and C.W. Chalkin, 'Capital expenditure on building for cultural purposes in provincial England, 1730-1830', Business History, 22 (1980), 51-70. For Newcastle see J. Burgess, Newcastle upon Tyne: The City in Georgian Times (Carlisle, 1990); P.M. Horsely, Eighteenth-Century Newcastle (Newcastle, 1971); S. Middlebrook, Newcastle upon Tyne: Its Growth and Achievement (Newcastle, 1950), 144-60.
14. On urban improvement see Borsay, Urban Renaissance and C.W. Chalkin, 'Capital expenditure on building for cultural purposes in provincial England, 1730-1830', Business History, 22 (1980), 51-70. For Newcastle see J. Burgess, Newcastle upon Tyne: The City in Georgian Times (Carlisle, 1990); P.M. Horsely, Eighteenth-Century Newcastle (Newcastle, 1971); S. Middlebrook, Newcastle upon Tyne: Its Growth and Achievement (Newcastle, 1950), 144-60.
15. On urban improvement see Borsay, Urban Renaissance and C.W. Chalkin, 'Capital expenditure on building for cultural purposes in provincial England, 1730-1830', Business History, 22 (1980), 51-70. For Newcastle see J. Burgess, Newcastle upon Tyne: The City in Georgian Times (Carlisle, 1990); P.M. Horsely, Eighteenth-Century Newcastle (Newcastle, 1971); S. Middlebrook, Newcastle upon Tyne: Its Growth and Achievement (Newcastle, 1950), 144-60.
16. On urban improvement see Borsay, Urban Renaissance and C.W. Chalkin, 'Capital expenditure on building for cultural purposes in provincial England, 1730-1830', Business History, 22 (1980), 51-70. For Newcastle see J. Burgess, Newcastle upon Tyne: The City in Georgian Times (Carlisle, 1990); P.M. Horsely, Eighteenth-Century Newcastle (Newcastle, 1971); S. Middlebrook, Newcastle upon Tyne: Its Growth and Achievement (Newcastle, 1950), 144-60.
17. On urban improvement see Borsay, Urban Renaissance and C.W. Chalkin, 'Capital expenditure on building for cultural purposes in provincial England, 1730-1830', Business History, 22 (1980), 51-70. For Newcastle see J. Burgess, Newcastle upon Tyne: The City in Georgian Times (Carlisle, 1990); P.M. Horsely, Eighteenth-Century Newcastle (Newcastle, 1971); S. Middlebrook, Newcastle upon Tyne: Its Growth and Achievement (Newcastle, 1950), 144-60.
18. J. Ellis, 'A dynamic society: social relations in Newcastle upon Tyne 1660-1760', in Clark, Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 190-227 and J.M. Fewster, 'The Keelmen of Tyneside in the eighteenth-century', Durham University Journal, 50 (1957/8), 24-123.
19. J. Ellis, 'A dynamic society: social relations in Newcastle upon Tyne 1660-1760', in Clark, Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 190-227 and J.M. Fewster, 'The Keelmen of Tyneside in the eighteenth-century', Durham University Journal, 50 (1957/8), 24-123.
20. W. Grey, Chorographia, or a survey of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1649); H. Bourne, The History of Newcastle upon Tyne, or the Ancient and Present State of that Town (Newcastle, 1736); J. Brand, The History and Antiquities of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2 vols (London, 1789); J. Baillie, An Impartial History of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne and its Vicinity (Newcastle, 1801). Abridgements included W. Whitehead, An Account of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1787); J. Hodgson, The Picture of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1807). Brand gives a comprehensive list of the manuscript histories in his preface.
21. W. Grey, Chorographia, or a survey of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1649); H. Bourne, The History of Newcastle upon Tyne, or the Ancient and Present State of that Town (Newcastle, 1736); J. Brand, The History and Antiquities of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2 vols (London, 1789); J. Baillie, An Impartial History of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne and its Vicinity (Newcastle, 1801). Abridgements included W. Whitehead, An Account of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1787); J. Hodgson, The Picture of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1807). Brand gives a comprehensive list of the manuscript histories in his preface.
22. W. Grey, Chorographia, or a survey of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1649); H. Bourne, The History of Newcastle upon Tyne, or the Ancient and Present State of that Town (Newcastle, 1736); J. Brand, The History and Antiquities of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2 vols (London, 1789); J. Baillie, An Impartial History of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne and its Vicinity (Newcastle, 1801). Abridgements included W. Whitehead, An Account of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1787); J. Hodgson, The Picture of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1807). Brand gives a comprehensive list of the manuscript histories in his preface.
23. W. Grey, Chorographia, or a survey of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1649); H. Bourne, The History of Newcastle upon Tyne, or the Ancient and Present State of that Town (Newcastle, 1736); J. Brand, The History and Antiquities of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2 vols (London, 1789); J. Baillie, An Impartial History of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne and its Vicinity (Newcastle, 1801). Abridgements included W. Whitehead, An Account of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1787); J. Hodgson, The Picture of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1807). Brand gives a comprehensive list of the manuscript histories in his preface.
24. W. Grey, Chorographia, or a survey of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1649); H. Bourne, The History of Newcastle upon Tyne, or the Ancient and Present State of that Town (Newcastle, 1736); J. Brand, The History and Antiquities of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2 vols (London, 1789); J. Baillie, An Impartial History of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne and its Vicinity (Newcastle, 1801). Abridgements included W. Whitehead, An Account of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1787); J. Hodgson, The Picture of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1807). Brand gives a comprehensive list of the manuscript histories in his preface.
25. W. Grey, Chorographia, or a survey of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1649); H. Bourne, The History of Newcastle upon Tyne, or the Ancient and Present State of that Town (Newcastle, 1736); J. Brand, The History and Antiquities of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2 vols (London, 1789); J. Baillie, An Impartial History of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne and its Vicinity (Newcastle, 1801). Abridgements included W. Whitehead, An Account of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1787); J. Hodgson, The Picture of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1807). Brand gives a comprehensive list of the manuscript histories in his preface.
26. It should be noted that numerous manuscript histories of other towns still survive from the seventeenth century and earlier. A useful but by no means comprehensive summary is given by A. Dyer, 'English town chronicles', Local Historian, 12 (1977), 285-95. In terms of published histories, Grey was preceded by (apart from Stow) W. Somner, The Antiquities of Canterbury (London, 1640); R. Butcher, The Surveye and Antiquitye of the Towne of Stamford in the County of Lincoln (London, 1646).
27. It should be noted that numerous manuscript histories of other towns still survive from the seventeenth century and earlier. A useful but by no means comprehensive summary is given by A. Dyer, 'English town chronicles', Local Historian, 12 (1977), 285-95. In terms of published histories, Grey was preceded by (apart from Stow) W. Somner, The Antiquities of Canterbury (London, 1640); R. Butcher, The Surveye and Antiquitye of the Towne of Stamford in the County of Lincoln (London, 1646).
28. It should be noted that numerous manuscript histories of other towns still survive from the seventeenth century and earlier. A useful but by no means comprehensive summary is given by A. Dyer, 'English town chronicles', Local Historian, 12 (1977), 285-95. In terms of published histories, Grey was preceded by (apart from Stow) W. Somner, The Antiquities of Canterbury (London, 1640); R. Butcher, The Surveye and Antiquitye of the Towne of Stamford in the County of Lincoln (London, 1646).
29. J. Stow, A Survey of London, conteyning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that City (London, 1598).
30. D.C. Douglas, English Scholars, 1660-1730 (2nd edn, London, 1950); J. Evans, A History of the Society of Antiquaries (Oxford, 1956), 1-30.
31. D.C. Douglas, English Scholars, 1660-1730 (2nd edn, London, 1950); J. Evans, A History of the Society of Antiquaries (Oxford, 1956), 1-30.
32. Stow had covered the subject of charters in three separate volumes: The Annals of England (London, 1592); A Summary of English Chronicles (London, 1565) and The Chronicles of England (London, 1580).
33. Stow had covered the subject of charters in three separate volumes: The Annals of England (London, 1592); A Summary of English Chronicles (London, 1565) and The Chronicles of England (London, 1580).
34. Stow had covered the subject of charters in three separate volumes: The Annals of England (London, 1592); A Summary of English Chronicles (London, 1565) and The Chronicles of England (London, 1580).
35. There are many studies of the seventeenth-century antiquarians: see for example, Douglas, English Scholars and S.A.E. Mendyk, 'Speculum Britanniae': Regional Study, Antiquarianism, and Science in Britain to 1700 (Toronto, 1989).
36. R. J. Howell,'Newcastle and the nation: the seventeenth-century experience', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th ser., 8 (1980), 17-35. See also comments of Barry in 'Provincial town culture', 209-211.
37. R. J. Howell,'Newcastle and the nation: the seventeenth-century experience', Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th ser., 8 (1980), 17-35. See also comments of Barry in 'Provincial town culture', 209-211.
38. The best account of this period of scholarship is still to be found in Douglas, English Scholars.
39. Ibid., 133 and 126.
40. See, for example, copies held by Tyne and Wear Archives and Gateshead Local Studies Library. This habit was common in other towns too. William Barrett, author of The History and Antiquities of the City of Bristol (Bristol, 1789), even issued his volume bound with blank pages at the end, specifically for this purpose. Newspapers had not completely displaced the traditions of urban chronicling.
41. See F.S. Fussner, The Historical Revolution: English Historical Writing and Thought 1580-1640 (London, 1962), 151-7 and passim.
42. T. Preston-Peardon, The Transition in English Historical Writing (New York, 1933).
43. I. Haywood, The Making of History (London, 1986), 1-62; A. Momigliano, 'Ancient history and the antiquarian' and 'Gibbon's contribution to historical method', in A. Momigliano, Studies in Historiography (London, 1969).
44. I. Haywood, The Making of History (London, 1986), 1-62; A. Momigliano, 'Ancient history and the antiquarian' and 'Gibbon's contribution to historical method', in A. Momigliano, Studies in Historiography (London, 1969).
45. This is paralleled in other histories, for example, B. Mackerell, 'The history of Norwich both ancient and modern' (1737), typescript in Norfolk Record Office, Rye MS 78. A substantial part of this was taken up by a history of the Company of St George.
46. For example, Barry on the continued importance of the parish in the histories of eighteenth-century Bristol, 'Provincial town culture', 214.
47. In this context it is important to note the large number of clergymen who compiled local histories, and also the impetus given to antiquarian studies as a whole by the seventeenth-century controversies over the Church. See Douglas, English Scholars.
48. Bourne, Newcastle, v.
49. The experience of Newcastle Corporation provides a very real illustration of this danger: 'The example of the Corporation of Newcastle, who lost town dues of great value, in consequence of information contained in Mr. Brand's History of Newcastle, has been frequently mentioned here, as a warning to other Corporations against suffering any of their papers to be inspected.' S. Seyer, The Charters and Letters Patent granted by the Kings and Queens of England to the Town and City of Bristol (Bristol, 1812), xii.
50. The experience of Newcastle Corporation provides a very real illustration of this danger: 'The example of the Corporation of Newcastle, who lost town dues of great value, in consequence of information contained in Mr. Brand's History of Newcastle, has been frequently mentioned here, as a warning to other Corporations against suffering any of their papers to be inspected.' S. Seyer, The Charters and Letters Patent granted by the Kings and Queens of England to the Town and City of Bristol (Bristol, 1812), xii.
51. John Burton, compiler of Monasticon Eboracensium (1758) complained that it cost 5s to 6s a day to copy manuscripts in the British Museum. R. Davies, 'Yorkshire historians of the eighteenth century', Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal, 2 (1872), 429.
52. John Burton, compiler of Monasticon Eboracensium (1758) complained that it cost 5s to 6s a day to copy manuscripts in the British Museum. R. Davies, 'Yorkshire historians of the eighteenth century', Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal, 2 (1872), 429.
53. For example, Bishop Nicholson's condemnation of Abel Wantner, a parish clerk, 'for meddling in things beyond his sphere, when he issued proposals for publishing a history of Gloucester in the 1680s. W. Nicholson, English Historical Library (2nd edn, London, 1714), 13. Francis Drake, his contemporary in York, complained with reference to his occupation as surgeon, 'It is for this reason, no doubt, and a mean opinion of what any layman can produce on the subject that I have found so little encouragement from the body of clergy in general.' Eboracum, or the History and Antiquities of the City of York (London, 1736), 10.
54. For example, Bishop Nicholson's condemnation of Abel Wantner, a parish clerk, 'for meddling in things beyond his sphere, when he issued proposals for publishing a history of Gloucester in the 1680s. W. Nicholson, English Historical Library (2nd edn, London, 1714), 13. Francis Drake, his contemporary in York, complained with reference to his occupation as surgeon, 'It is for this reason, no doubt, and a mean opinion of what any layman can produce on the subject that I have found so little encouragement from the body of clergy in general.' Eboracum, or the History and Antiquities of the City of York (London, 1736), 10.
55. A development which was fuelled by the Gothic Revival. Evans, Society of Antiquaries; S. Piggott, 'Aspects of seventeenth and eighteenth-century antiquarianism', in Piggott, Ruins in a Landscape: Essays in Antiquarianism (Edinburgh, 1976), 101-32.
56. A development which was fuelled by the Gothic Revival. Evans, Society of Antiquaries; S. Piggott, 'Aspects of seventeenth and eighteenth-century antiquarianism', in Piggott, Ruins in a Landscape: Essays in Antiquarianism (Edinburgh, 1976), 101-32.
57. These figures are derived from C. Gross, A Bibliography of British Municipal History (London, 1897) and a search of the Eighteenth-Century Short Title Catalogue. For fuller details see Sweet, 'The writing of urban history'.
58. These figures are derived from C. Gross, A Bibliography of British Municipal History (London, 1897) and a search of the Eighteenth-Century Short Title Catalogue. For fuller details see Sweet, 'The writing of urban history'.
59. Only 300 copies were ever printed. A proposal advertised in the Newcastle Journal to reissue the history in 1750 never came to fruition.
60. Northumberland County Record Office (hereafter NCRO), ZAN M17/198.
61. J. Feather, The Provincial Book Trade in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1985); M. Plant, The English Book Trade (London, 1974); T. Belanger, 'Publishers and writers in eighteenth-century England', in I. Rivers (ed.), Readers and their Books in Eighteenth-Century England (Leicester, 1982), 2-25; N. McKendrick, J. Brewer and J.H. Plumb (eds), The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialisation of Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1983).
62. J. Feather, The Provincial Book Trade in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1985); M. Plant, The English Book Trade (London, 1974); T. Belanger, 'Publishers and writers in eighteenth-century England', in I. Rivers (ed.), Readers and their Books in Eighteenth-Century England (Leicester, 1982), 2-25; N. McKendrick, J. Brewer and J.H. Plumb (eds), The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialisation of Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1983).
63. J. Feather, The Provincial Book Trade in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1985); M. Plant, The English Book Trade (London, 1974); T. Belanger, 'Publishers and writers in eighteenth-century England', in I. Rivers (ed.), Readers and their Books in Eighteenth-Century England (Leicester, 1982), 2-25; N. McKendrick, J. Brewer and J.H. Plumb (eds), The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialisation of Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1983).
64. J. Feather, The Provincial Book Trade in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1985); M. Plant, The English Book Trade (London, 1974); T. Belanger, 'Publishers and writers in eighteenth-century England', in I. Rivers (ed.), Readers and their Books in Eighteenth-Century England (Leicester, 1982), 2-25; N. McKendrick, J. Brewer and J.H. Plumb (eds), The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialisation of Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1983).
65. NCRO ZAN M17/198, Brand to Saint, 11 January 1788.
66. NCRO ZAN M13/c3, Brand to Saint, 9 March 1787.
67. Analytical Review, 5 (1789), 169.
68. T.S. Aston and J. Sykes, The Coal Industry in the Eighteenth Century (Manchester, 1929), 194-224; P.M. Sweezey, Monopoly and Competition in the English Coal Trade 1550-1850 (Cambridge, Mass., 1938); M. W. Flinn and D. Stoker, The History of the British Coal Industry, vol. ii, 1700-1830: The Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1984).
69. T.S. Aston and J. Sykes, The Coal Industry in the Eighteenth Century (Manchester, 1929), 194-224; P.M. Sweezey, Monopoly and Competition in the English Coal Trade 1550-1850 (Cambridge, Mass., 1938); M. W. Flinn and D. Stoker, The History of the British Coal Industry, vol. ii, 1700-1830: The Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1984).
70. T.S. Aston and J. Sykes, The Coal Industry in the Eighteenth Century (Manchester, 1929), 194-224; P.M. Sweezey, Monopoly and Competition in the English Coal Trade 1550-1850 (Cambridge, Mass., 1938); M. W. Flinn and D. Stoker, The History of the British Coal Industry, vol. ii, 1700-1830: The Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1984).
71. See also Monthly Review, new ser., 3 (1789), 387; Gentleman's Magazine, lix, pt. 1 (1789), 533.
72. See also Monthly Review, new ser., 3 (1789), 387; Gentleman's Magazine, lix, pt. 1 (1789), 533.
73. Tyne and Wear Archives (hereafter TWA), Common Council Minute Books.
74. 40 TWA 155/1/11, list of the original subscribers to the Theatre Royal, 1789.
75. List of subscribers in Baillie, Impartial History, 334. Unfortunately it is impossible to draw useful comparisons with Bourne's subscription list, as it only includes the names and not the residences of the subscribers, and comparable trade directories and other subscription lists do not survive from this period.
76. NCRO ZAN M17/198, Saint to Brand, April 1787.
77. Bourne, Newcastle, 133.
78. Ibid., 109.
79. For example, the All Saints Charity School: Brand, Newcastle, i, 274. Bourne gave a list of all the benefactors and their donations.
80. See, for example, W. Hutton, History of Birmingham (1781); J. Toulmin, The History of the Town of Taunton (1791); M. Dunsford, Historical Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton (1790).
81. See, for example, W. Hutton, History of Birmingham (1781); J. Toulmin, The History of the Town of Taunton (1791); M. Dunsford, Historical Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton (1790).
82. See, for example, W. Hutton, History of Birmingham (1781); J. Toulmin, The History of the Town of Taunton (1791); M. Dunsford, Historical Memoirs of the Town and Parish of Tiverton (1790).
83. Baillie always referred to him as having a 'courtly partiality towards those in power'. Impartial History, 171.
84. Brand, Newcastle, ii, 520-2.
85. Fewster, 'Keelmen of Tyneside', examines the different attitudes of the authorities to the rioters. There was a split between those who believed that starvation was used as an excuse, led by the alderman, Matthew Ridley, and others who accepted that there were genuine grounds for their grievances.
86. For a full account of the events and politics of this dispute, see J. Bradley, Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism (Cambridge, 1990), 255-75; H.T. Dickenson (ed.), The Political Works of Thomas Spence (Newcastle, 1982), i-xv and 'Radical politics in north east England in the later eighteenth century', Durham County Local History Society (1979). See also, T.R. Knox, 'Popular politics and provincial radicalism in Newcastle upon Tyne 1769', Albion, 11 (1979), 223-41.
87. For a full account of the events and politics of this dispute, see J. Bradley, Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism (Cambridge, 1990), 255-75; H.T. Dickenson (ed.), The Political Works of Thomas Spence (Newcastle, 1982), i-xv and 'Radical politics in north east England in the later eighteenth century', Durham County Local History Society (1979). See also, T.R. Knox, 'Popular politics and provincial radicalism in Newcastle upon Tyne 1769', Albion, 11 (1979), 223-41.
88. For a full account of the events and politics of this dispute, see J. Bradley, Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism (Cambridge, 1990), 255-75; H.T. Dickenson (ed.), The Political Works of Thomas Spence (Newcastle, 1982), i-xv and 'Radical politics in north east England in the later eighteenth century', Durham County Local History Society (1979). See also, T.R. Knox, 'Popular politics and provincial radicalism in Newcastle upon Tyne 1769', Albion, 11 (1979), 223-41.
89. For a full account of the events and politics of this dispute, see J. Bradley, Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism (Cambridge, 1990), 255-75; H.T. Dickenson (ed.), The Political Works of Thomas Spence (Newcastle, 1982), i-xv and 'Radical politics in north east England in the later eighteenth century', Durham County Local History Society (1979). See also, T.R. Knox, 'Popular politics and provincial radicalism in Newcastle upon Tyne 1769', Albion, 11 (1979), 223-41.
90. The freemen numbered around 2,500 at this time.
91. Brand, Newcastle, i, 435-6.
92. Ibid., ii, 217.
93. See, for example, T. Gardner, An Historical Account of Dunwich (London, 1754); T. Martin, The History of the Town of Thetford in the Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk (London, 1779); and W. Tindal, The History and Antiquities of the Abbey and Borough of Evesham (Evesham, 1794).
94. See, for example, T. Gardner, An Historical Account of Dunwich (London, 1754); T. Martin, The History of the Town of Thetford in the Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk (London, 1779); and W. Tindal, The History and Antiquities of the Abbey and Borough of Evesham (Evesham, 1794).
95. See, for example, T. Gardner, An Historical Account of Dunwich (London, 1754); T. Martin, The History of the Town of Thetford in the Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk (London, 1779); and W. Tindal, The History and Antiquities of the Abbey and Borough of Evesham (Evesham, 1794).
96. See the comments in the reviews quoted on p. 181 above.
97. On developments in nineteenth-century urban history see A.J. Vickery, 'Town histories and Victorian plaudits: some examples from Preston', Urban History Yearbook (1988), 58-64.
98. John Baillie was a Scottish presbyterian who had come to Newcastle in 1765. Habits of conviviality landed him in the debtors' gaol in 1779. Having escaped and fled to Scotland, he returned to Newcastle, and took up various teaching and preaching posts, supplementing his income with authorship.
99. Baillie, Impartial History, v.
100. Baillie's concern here for the rights of the freeman was part of a more widespread movement. Anxiety over the Corporation's handling of the town's finances was also being expressed. See J. Clark, Address to the Burgesses (Newcastle, 1809); Report of the Proceedings of the Auditors of the Corporation of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1809) and The Newcastle Remembrance and Freeman's Pocket Reminder (2nd edn, Newcastle, 1817).
101. Baillie's concern here for the rights of the freeman was part of a more widespread movement. Anxiety over the Corporation's handling of the town's finances was also being expressed. See J. Clark, Address to the Burgesses (Newcastle, 1809); Report of the Proceedings of the Auditors of the Corporation of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1809) and The Newcastle Remembrance and Freeman's Pocket Reminder (2nd edn, Newcastle, 1817).
102. Baillie's concern here for the rights of the freeman was part of a more widespread movement. Anxiety over the Corporation's handling of the town's finances was also being expressed. See J. Clark, Address to the Burgesses (Newcastle, 1809); Report of the Proceedings of the Auditors of the Corporation of Newcastle upon Tyne (Newcastle, 1809) and The Newcastle Remembrance and Freeman's Pocket Reminder (2nd edn, Newcastle, 1817).
103. Vickery, 'Town histories', 60.
104. Ibid., 92, 350.
105. The infirmary was begun in 1751, and was the product of a meeting of an informal literary society where the members competed to draw up the plan most beneficial to the well-being of the community. Improvement really got under way in the 1770s and 1780s. The Assembly Rooms were built in 1776, and the theatre in 1784. A public bath was erected in 1781, a dispensary was established in 1777, and the church of St Nicholas was 'improved' in 1783. The first breaches in the ancient fortifications in the interests of trade were being made from the 1760s onwards. The philosophical society was inaugurated in 1775. (Sources: Baillie, Impartial History and Middlebrook, Newcastle upon Tyne.) The trade directory of 1778 shows that there was the full range of luxury services available in Newcastle, and that there were, for example, seven booksellers and stationers, of which three ran circulating libraries, and four printing offices which produced the four local papers.
106. Baillie, Impartial History, 142.
107. Ibid., 166, 215.
108. This should not be taken to ignore the fact that horizontal division of class was also becoming more marked in this period.