Shoulder injuries in the skeletally immature athlete

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 99-113

  Patel, Prakash R ^a   Warner, Jon J P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Hyperlaxity; Immature skeleton; Instability; Macrotrauma; Microtrauma

Indexed keywords

EID: 0008010054     PISSN: 10628592     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00132585-199600420-00002     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Hill JA. Epidemiologic perspective on shoulder injuries. Clin Sports Med 1983;2:241.
2. Warner Jon JP, Micheli LJ. Pediatric and adolescent musculoskeletal injuries. In: Clinical Sports Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1991:490-8.
3. Ireland ML, Andrews JR. Shoulder and elbow injuries in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med 1988;17:473-494.
4. O'Neill NB, Micheli LJ. Overuse injuries in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med 1988;7:591-610.
5. Bright RW, Burstein AH, Elmore EM. Epiphyseal plate cartilage - a biomechanical and histological analysis of failure modes. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1974;56:668-703.
6. Tachdjian MO. Pediatric orthopedics. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990.
7. Micheli LJ, Smith AD. Sports injuries in children. Curr Prob Pediatr 1982;12:54.
8. Harryman DT, Sidles JA, Clark JM, McQuade KJ, Gibb TD, Matsen FA. Translation of the humeral head on the glenoid with passive glenohumeral motion. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1990;72:1334-43.
9. Harryman DT, Sidles JA, Harris SL, Matsen FA. Laxity of the normal glenohumeral joint: a quantitative in-vivo assessment. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1992;1:66-76.
10. Emery RJH, Mullaji AB. Glenohumeral joint instability in normal adolescents, incidence and significance. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1991;73:406-8.
11. Bird HA, Barton BA. Joint hyperlaxity and its long-term effects enjoints. Soc Health 1993;Dec:327-9.
12. Dowdy PA, O' Driscoll SW. Shoulder instability: an analysis of family history. J Bone Joint Surgery [Br] 1993;75:782-4.
13. O'Driscoll SW, Evans DC. Contralateral shoulder instability following anterior repair. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1991;73: 941-6.
14. Warner JJP, Jannetta-Alpers C. Correlation of glenohumeral laxity with arthroscopic ligament anatomy. Presented at the Congress of the European Society for Surgery of the Shoulder and Elbow. Aarhus, Denmark. June 10-12, 1993.
15. Brewer BJ, Wubber RC, Carrera GF. Excessive retroversion of the glenoid cavity. A cause of non-traumatic posterior instability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1986; 68:724-30.
16. Saha AK. Mechanics of elevation of the glenohumeral joint. Acra Orthop Scand 1973;44:668-78.
17. Hill HA, Tkach L. The study of glenohumeral orientation in patients with anterior recurrent shoulder dislocations. Orthop Trans 1986;9:47-8.
18. Hurley JA, Anderson TE, Dear W, Andrisch JT, Bergfield JA, Weiber GG. Posterior shoulder instability. Surgical versus conservative results with evaluation of glenoid version. Am J Sports Med 1992;20:346-400.
19. Kronberg M, Brostrom L-A, Soderlun V. Retroversion of the humeral head in the normal shoulders and its relationship to normal range of motion. Clin Orthop 1990;253:113-7.
20. O'Brien SJ, Arnoczky SP, Warren RF, Rozbruch SR. Developmental anatomy of the shoulder and anatomy of the glenohumeral joint. In: Rockwood CA, Matsen FA, eds. The shoulder. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990:11-541.
21. Randelli M, Gambrioli PL. Glenohumeral osteometry by computed tomography in normal and unstable. Clin Orthop 1986;208:151-6.
22. Saha AK. Dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint. Acta Orthop Scand 1971;42:491-505.
23. Morrey BF, Janes JJ. Recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Long-term follow-up of the Putti-Platt and Bankart procedures. J Bone Joint Sur [Am] 1976;58A:252.
24. Bach BR, Warren RF, Fronek J. Disruption of the lateral capsule of the shoulder. A case of recurrent dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1988;70:274.
25. Bankart AJB. The pathology and treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint. Br J Surg 1938;26:23-9.
26. Codman EA. Rupture of supraspinatus tendon and other lesions in or about the subacromial bursa. Boston: Thomas Todd, 1934.
27. Conolly JF. Humeral head defects associated with shoulder dislocation. Their diagnostic and surgical significance. Instr Course Led 1972;21:42-52.
28. Basmajian JV, Bazant FJ. Factors preventing downward dislocation of the adducted shoulder joint. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1959;41:1182-6.
29. Reeves B. Experiments on tensile strength of the anterior capsular structures of the shoulder in man. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1968;50:858-65.
30. Turkel SJ, Panio MW, Marshall JL, Girgis FG. Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1981;63:1208-17.
31. Warner JJP, Caborn DNM, Berger R, Fu FH, Seel M. Dynamic capsuloligamentous anatomy of the glenohumeral joint. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1993;2:115-33.
32. Warner JJP, Deng X, Warren RF, Torzilli PA. Static capsuloligamnetous restraints to superior-inferior translation of the glenohumeral joint. Am J Sports Med 1992;20:675-85.
33. Warner JJP, Deng X, Warren RF, Torzilli PA. Superior-inferior translation in the intact and vented shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1993;2:99-105.
34. O'Brien SJ, Neves MC, Arnoczky SP, et al. The anatomy and histology of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:449-56.
35. Bowen MK, Deng XH, Warren RF, Torzilli PA, Altchek DW, O'Brien SJ. Role of inferior glenohumeral ligament complex in limiting inferior translation of the glenohumeral joint [Abstract]. Trans Orthop Res Soc 1992;38:497.
36. Cain PR, Mutschler TA, Fu FH, et al. Anterior stability of the glenohumeral joint. A dynamic model. Am J Sports Med 1987;15:144.
37. DePalma AF, Callery G, Bennett GA. Variational anatomy and degenerative lesions of the shoulder bone. Instr Course Lect 1949;16:255-64.
38. Helmig P, Sojberg JO, Kjaersgaard-Anderson P, Nielsen S, Ovesen J. Distal humeralmigration as a component of mutidirectional instability. An anatomical study in autopsy specimens. Clin Orthop 1990;252:139-43.
39. Terry G, Hammon D, France P, Norwood LA. The stabilizing function of passive shoulder restraints. Am J Sports Med 1991;19:26-34.
40. Warren RF, Kornblatt IB, Marchand R. Static factors affecting posterior shoulder stability. Orthop Trans 1984;8:89.
41. Ovesen J, Nielsen S. Experimental distal subluxation in the glenohumeral joint. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1985;104:78-81.
42. Ovesen J, Nielsen S. Anterior and posterior instability. Acta Orthop Scand 1986;57:324-7.
43. Ovesen J, Nielsen S. Posterior instability of the shoulder. A cadaver study. Acta Orthop Scand 1986;57:436-9.
44. Warren RF. Subluxation of the shoulder in athletes. Clin Sports Med 1983;2:339.
45. Uthoff H, Piscopo M. Anterior capsular redundancy of the shoulder: congenital or traumatic? J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1985;67:363-6.
46. Warner JJP, Marks PH. Reconstruction of the anterior-superior shoulder capsule with the subscapularis tendon. A case report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1993;2:260-3.
47. Kumar VP, Balasubramanian P. The role of atmospheric pressure in stabilizing the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1985;67:719-21.
48. Howell SM, Galinat BJ. The glenoid-labral socket. A constrained articular surface. Clin Orthop 1989;243:122-5.
49. Bowen MK, Deng XH, Warner JJP, Warren RF, Torzilli PA. The effect of joint compresion on stability of the glenohumeral joint [Abstract]. Trans Orthop Res Soc 1992;38:289.
50. Andrews JR, Carson WG, McLeod WD. Glenoid labrum tears related to the long head of the biceps. Am J Sports Med 1985;13:337-41.
51. Bankart AJB. Recurrent or habitual dislocation of the shoulder joint. Br Med J 1923;2:1132-3.
52. Kohn D. The clinical relevance of glenoid labrum lesions. Arthroscopy 1987;3:223-30.
53. Pappas AM, Gross TP, Kleinman PK. Symptomatic shoulder instability due to lesions of the glenoid labrum. Am J Sports Med 1983;11:279-88.
54. Rowe CR, Patel D, Southmayd WW. The Bankart procedure: a long-term end-result study. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1978;60:1-16.
55. Glousman R, Jobe F, Tibone J, et al. Dynamic electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1988;70:220-6.
56. Gowan ID, Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, Moynes DR. A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching. Am J Sports Med 1987;15:586-90.
57. Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, Moynes D. An EMG analysis of the shoulder in throwing and pitching. Am J Sports Med 1983;11:3-5.
58. Warner JJP, Micheli LJ, Arslanian L, Kennedy J, Kennedy R. Patterns of flexibility, laxity, and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders with instability and impingement. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:366-75.
59. Warner JJP, Caborn DN. Overview of shoulder instability. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med 1992;4:145-98.
60. Post M. Pectoralis major transfer for winging of the scapula. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995;4:1-9.
61. Ruben SA, Gray RL, Green WR. The scapular "Y": A diagnostic aid in shoulder trauma. Radiology 1974;110:725-6.
62. Rowe CR, Pierce DS, Clark JG: Voluntary dislocation of the shoulder. A preliminary report on a clinical electromyographic and psychiatric study of twenty-six patients. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1973;55:445.
63. Silliman JF, Hawkins RJ. Classification and physical diagnosis of instability of the shoulder. Clin Orthop 1993;291:7-19.
64. Beattie TF, Steedman DJ, McGowan A, Robertson CE. A comparison of the Milch and Kocher techniques for acute anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Injury 1986;17:349.
65. Stimson LA. Fractures and dislocations, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers, 1900.
66. Milch H. Treatment of dislocation of the shoulder. Surgery 1938;3:732.
67. Rowe CR. Dislocation of the shoulder. In: Rowe CR, ed. The shoulder. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988:165.
68. Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Jobe CM, Kvitne RS. The shoulder in sports. In: Rockwood CA, Matsen FA, eds. The shoulder. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990:961.
69. Wheeler JH, Ryan JB, Arciero RA, Molinari RN. Arthroscopic versus nonoperative treatment of acute shoulder dislocations in young athletes. Arthroscopy 1989;5:213-7.
70. Aaronen JG, Regan K. Decreasing the incidence of recurrence of first time anterior shoulder dislocation with rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med 1984;12:283-7.
71. Baker CL, Uribe JW, Whitman C. Arthroscopic evaluation of acute initial anterior shoulder dislocations. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:25-8.
72. Bigliani LU, Pollock RG, Soslowsky LJ, Flatow EL, Pawluk RJ, Mow VC. Tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. J Orthop Res 1992;10:187-97.
73. Hovelius L. Anterior dislocation of the shoulder in teenagers and young adults. Five year prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1987;69:393.
74. Hawkins RH and Hawkins RJ: Failed anterior reconstruction for shoulder instability. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1985;67: 709.
75. Matsen FA, Zuckerman JD. Anterior glenohumeral instability. Clin Sports Med 1984;2:379.
76. Thomas SC, Matsen FA. An approach to the repair of the glenohumeral ligaments in the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg 1989;71: 506-13.
77. Matsen FA, Thomas SC, Rockwood CA. Anterior glenohumeral instability. In: Rockwood CA, Matsen FA, eds. The shoulder. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990:526.
78. Neer CS. Cuff tears, biceps lesions, and impingement. In: Neer CS, eds. Shoulder reconstruction. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990:41-142.
79. Itoi E, Tabata S. Rotator cuff tears in the adolescent. Orthopedics 1993;16:78-81.
80. Cofield RH, Simonet WT. The shoulder in sports. Mayo Clin Proc 1984;59:157-64.
81. Hawkins RJ, Kennedy JC. Impingement syndrome in athletes. Am J Sports Med 1980;8:151.
82. Pappas AM, Zawacki RM, Sullivan TJ. Biomechanics of baseball pitching. A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med 1984;13:216-22.
83. Warner JJP, Micheli LJ, Arslanian L, Kennedy J, Kennedy R. Scapulothoracic motion in normal shoulders and shoulders with glenohumeral instability and impingement syndrome: a study using Moire topographic analysis. Clin Orthop 1992;285:191-9.
84. Edelson JG, Zuckerman J, Hershkovitz I. Os acromiale: anatomy and surgical implications. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1993;75:551-5.
85. Hutchinson MR, Veenstra MA. Arthroscopic decompression of shoulder impingement secondary to OS acromial. Arthroscopy 1993;9:28-32.
86. Mudge MK, Wood VE, Frykman GK. Rotator cuff tears associated with Os Acromiale. J Bone Joint Stirg [Am] 1984; 66:427-9.
87. Norris TR, Fischer J, Bigliani LU, Neer CS. The unfused acromial epephysis and its relationship to impingement syndrome. Orthop Trans 1983;7:505-6.
88. Mott MP, Gebhardt MC. Pediatric bone tumors. Comprehensive Ther 1993;19:73-81.
89. Warner JJP, Madsen N, Gerber C. Intraosseous lipoma of the deltoid causing shoulder pain. Report of two cases. Clin Orthop 1990;253:110-2.
90. Miller MD. Review of orthopaedics. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1992.
91. Morse BJ, Ebraheim NA, Jackson WT. Partial scapulectomy for snapping scapula syndrome. Orthop Rev 1993;22: 1141-4.
92. Warner JJP, Port J. Stress fracture of the acromion. A case report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1994;3:262-5.
93. Cahill BR. Osteolysis of the distal part of the clavicle in male athletes. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1982;64:1053-7.
94. Orava S, Virtanen K, Holopainen YV. Posttraumatic osteolysis of the distal ends of the clavicle. Report of three cases. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1984;73:83-6.
95. Makin JG, Brown WF, Ebers GC. C7 radiculopathy: importance of scapular winging in clinical diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:640-4.
96. Hamada S, Hamada M, Nishiue S, Doi T. Osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral head. Arthroscopy 1992;8:132-7.
97. Bogumill GP, Schwamm HA. Orthopaedic pathology: a synopsis with clinical and radiographic correlation. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1984.
98. Sim FH, ed. Diagnosis and management of metastatic bone disease: a multidisciplinary approach. New York: Raven Press, 1988.