Bargaining for social rights: Unions and the reemergence of welfare capitalism, 1945-1952

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 112, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 645-674

  Brown, Michael K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0007986615     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657695     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Gosta-Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 71, 83.
2. "Part-Time Work New Labor Trend," New York Times, 9 July 1986; "Part-Time Hirings Bring Deep Change in U.S. Workplaces," New York Times, 17 June 1991; "Pensions Covering Lower Percentage of U.S. Work Force," New York Times, 13 April 1992.
3. "Part-Time Work New Labor Trend," New York Times, 9 July 1986; "Part-Time Hirings Bring Deep Change in U.S. Workplaces," New York Times, 17 June 1991; "Pensions Covering Lower Percentage of U.S. Work Force," New York Times, 13 April 1992.
4. "Part-Time Work New Labor Trend," New York Times, 9 July 1986; "Part-Time Hirings Bring Deep Change in U.S. Workplaces," New York Times, 17 June 1991; "Pensions Covering Lower Percentage of U.S. Work Force," New York Times, 13 April 1992.
5. "Companies Shifting Larger Share of Health Expenses to Employees," New York Times, 22 November 1988.
6. Gerald Zahavi, "Negotiated Loyalty: Welfare Capitalism and the Shoeworkers of Endicott Johnson, 1920-1940," Journal of American History 71 (December 1983):602-620; Stuart Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); David Brody, "The Rise and Decline of Welfare Capitalism" in Brody, Workers in Industrial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 48-81.
7. Gerald Zahavi, "Negotiated Loyalty: Welfare Capitalism and the Shoeworkers of Endicott Johnson, 1920-1940," Journal of American History 71 (December 1983):602-620; Stuart Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); David Brody, "The Rise and Decline of Welfare Capitalism" in Brody, Workers in Industrial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 48-81.
8. Gerald Zahavi, "Negotiated Loyalty: Welfare Capitalism and the Shoeworkers of Endicott Johnson, 1920-1940," Journal of American History 71 (December 1983):602-620; Stuart Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); David Brody, "The Rise and Decline of Welfare Capitalism" in Brody, Workers in Industrial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 48-81.
9. Julie Meyer, "Trade Union Plans for Postwar Reconstruction in the United States," Social Research 11 (November 1944): 491-505.
10. Jill Bernstein, "Employee Benefits in the Welfare State: Great Britain and the United States Since World War II" (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1980), 344-346, 353-360, 389-391.
11. Congressional Record, United States Senate, 25 April 1947, 1050.
12. "Pensions Reconsidered," The Nation, 19 November 1949, 484.
13. These alternatives reflect the views of Nelson Lichtenstein, "From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era" in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 122-152; and Jill Quadagno, The Transformation of Old Age Pensions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 159-171. See also Beth Stevens, "Blurring the Boundaries: How the Federal Government Has Influenced Welfare Benefits in the Private Sector" in Margaret Weir, Ann Shola Orloff, and Theda Skocpol, eds., The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 123-148.
14. These alternatives reflect the views of Nelson Lichtenstein, "From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era" in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 122-152; and Jill Quadagno, The Transformation of Old Age Pensions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 159-171. See also Beth Stevens, "Blurring the Boundaries: How the Federal Government Has Influenced Welfare Benefits in the Private Sector" in Margaret Weir, Ann Shola Orloff, and Theda Skocpol, eds., The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 123-148.
15. These alternatives reflect the views of Nelson Lichtenstein, "From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era" in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 122-152; and Jill Quadagno, The Transformation of Old Age Pensions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 159-171. See also Beth Stevens, "Blurring the Boundaries: How the Federal Government Has Influenced Welfare Benefits in the Private Sector" in Margaret Weir, Ann Shola Orloff, and Theda Skocpol, eds., The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 123-148.
16. Russell W. Davenport, "The Greatest Opportunity on Earth," Fortune, October 1949, 68. (Emphasis in orginal.)
17. United States Congress, Hearings, Joint Committee on Labor-Management Relations, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., Operation of the Labor-Management Relations Acts, 1947, pts. 1 & 2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), 565.
18. Ibid., 507.
19. Columbia University Oral History Collection, Part III, Social Security, 9.
20. "Unions' Aid Plans Called Harmful," New York Times, 2 December 1949: Clark Kerr, "Social and Economic Implications of Private Pension Plans," The Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 1 December 1949, 26.
21. "Unions' Aid Plans Called Harmful," New York Times, 2 December 1949: Clark Kerr, "Social and Economic Implications of Private Pension Plans," The Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 1 December 1949, 26.
22. Grant McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (New York: Vintage Books, 1970).
23. Grant McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966); J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (New York: Vintage Books, 1970).
24. Donna Allen, Fringe Benefits: Wages or Social Obligation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1964), 93.
25. Norman B. Ture, The Future of Private Pension Plans (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1976) 33-34; William C. Greenough and Francis P. King, Pension Plans and Public Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 60, 63. Herbert Northrup estimated that the number of pension plans rose from 600 to over 9,000 between 1939 and 1949; see Anne P. Cook, ed., Pension and Health and Welfare Plans in Collective Bargaining (Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Industrial Relations, 1950), 11.
26. Norman B. Ture, The Future of Private Pension Plans (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1976) 33-34; William C. Greenough and Francis P. King, Pension Plans and Public Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 60, 63. Herbert Northrup estimated that the number of pension plans rose from 600 to over 9,000 between 1939 and 1949; see Anne P. Cook, ed., Pension and Health and Welfare Plans in Collective Bargaining (Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Industrial Relations, 1950), 11.
27. Norman B. Ture, The Future of Private Pension Plans (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1976) 33-34; William C. Greenough and Francis P. King, Pension Plans and Public Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 60, 63. Herbert Northrup estimated that the number of pension plans rose from 600 to over 9,000 between 1939 and 1949; see Anne P. Cook, ed., Pension and Health and Welfare Plans in Collective Bargaining (Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Industrial Relations, 1950), 11.
28. Harry Becker ed. Prepayment and the Community, vol. 2, Financing Hospital Care in the United States (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1955), 19-20; Commerce Clearing House, Standard Federal Tax Service, vol. 3 (1943), 8318. I am indebted to Charles R. Brown for assistance in tracking down the IRS ruling.
29. Harry Becker ed. Prepayment and the Community, vol. 2, Financing Hospital Care in the United States (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1955), 19-20; Commerce Clearing House, Standard Federal Tax Service, vol. 3 (1943), 8318. I am indebted to Charles R. Brown for assistance in tracking down the IRS ruling.
30. The Termination of the National War Labor Board, vol. I (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945), 596.
31. Helen Baker and Dorothy Dahl, Group Health Insurance and Sickness Benefit Plans in Collective Bargaining (Princeton: Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section, 1945), 84.
32. Ibid., 83.
33. Estimates of the tax effects on the growth of private social benefits indicate they are marginal, accounting for less than 5 percent of the growth between 1954 and 1979. See Robert Turner, "Are Taxes Responsible for the Growth in Fringe Benefits?" National Tax Journal 40 (June 1987): 205-216.
34. Quoted in Frank G. Dickinson, "The Trend Toward Labor Health and Welfare Programs," Journal of the American Medical Association, 26 April 1947, 1286.
35. "Fight Communism Green Tells Labor," New York Times, 8 October 1946, "Welfare Drive by AFL Aims at All Industry," 13 October 1946; Congress of Industrial Organizations. Report of the Proceedings of the 8th Constitutional Convention, 1946, 185-186, quoted in Berstein, "Employee Benefits in the Welfare State, 408-410.
36. "Fight Communism Green Tells Labor," New York Times, 8 October 1946, "Welfare Drive by AFL Aims at All Industry," 13 October 1946; Congress of Industrial Organizations. Report of the Proceedings of the 8th Constitutional Convention, 1946, 185-186, quoted in Berstein, "Employee Benefits in the Welfare State, 408-410.
37. "Fight Communism Green Tells Labor," New York Times, 8 October 1946, "Welfare Drive by AFL Aims at All Industry," 13 October 1946; Congress of Industrial Organizations. Report of the Proceedings of the 8th Constitutional Convention, 1946, 185-186, quoted in Berstein, "Employee Benefits in the Welfare State, 408-410.
38. "Fight Communism Green Tells Labor," New York Times, 8 October 1946, "Welfare Drive by AFL Aims at All Industry," 13 October 1946; Congress of Industrial Organizations. Report of the Proceedings of the 8th Constitutional Convention, 1946, 185-186, quoted in Berstein, "Employee Benefits in the Welfare State, 408-410.
39. "Welfare Drive Due by Unions in June," New York Times, 2 April 1949; Business Week, 22 January 1949, 19-20.
40. "Welfare Drive Due by Unions in June," New York Times, 2 April 1949; Business Week, 22 January 1949, 19-20.
41. The data in Figure 1 come from The National Income and Product Accounts of the United States, 1929-1982: Statistical Tables (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), tables 6.4B and 6.13. Estimates of union membership are drawn from H. M. Douty "Collective Bargaining Coverage in Factory Employment, 1958," Monthly Labor Review 83 (April 1960): 345-349; and Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff, "New Estimates of Private Sector Unionism in the United States," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 32 (January 1979): 143-174. Freeman's study of wage compensation show that 8.5 percent of the wage package in unionized manufacturing companies goes for voluntary fringes compared to 5 percent in nonunionized manufacturing companies (and 8.3 percent in all unionized firms compared to 4 percent in non-unionized). See "The Effect of Unionism on Fringe Benefits," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 34 (July 1981): 496, 499-502.
42. The data in Figure 1 come from The National Income and Product Accounts of the United States, 1929-1982: Statistical Tables (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), tables 6.4B and 6.13. Estimates of union membership are drawn from H. M. Douty "Collective Bargaining Coverage in Factory Employment, 1958," Monthly Labor Review 83 (April 1960): 345-349; and Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff, "New Estimates of Private Sector Unionism in the United States," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 32 (January 1979): 143-174. Freeman's study of wage compensation show that 8.5 percent of the wage package in unionized manufacturing companies goes for voluntary fringes compared to 5 percent in nonunionized manufacturing companies (and 8.3 percent in all unionized firms compared to 4 percent in non-unionized). See "The Effect of Unionism on Fringe Benefits," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 34 (July 1981): 496, 499-502.
43. The data in Figure 1 come from The National Income and Product Accounts of the United States, 1929-1982: Statistical Tables (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), tables 6.4B and 6.13. Estimates of union membership are drawn from H. M. Douty "Collective Bargaining Coverage in Factory Employment, 1958," Monthly Labor Review 83 (April 1960): 345-349; and Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff, "New Estimates of Private Sector Unionism in the United States," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 32 (January 1979): 143-174. Freeman's study of wage compensation show that 8.5 percent of the wage package in unionized manufacturing companies goes for voluntary fringes compared to 5 percent in nonunionized manufacturing companies (and 8.3 percent in all unionized firms compared to 4 percent in non-unionized). See "The Effect of Unionism on Fringe Benefits," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 34 (July 1981): 496, 499-502.
44. The data in Figure 1 come from The National Income and Product Accounts of the United States, 1929-1982: Statistical Tables (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), tables 6.4B and 6.13. Estimates of union membership are drawn from H. M. Douty "Collective Bargaining Coverage in Factory Employment, 1958," Monthly Labor Review 83 (April 1960): 345-349; and Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff, "New Estimates of Private Sector Unionism in the United States," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 32 (January 1979): 143-174. Freeman's study of wage compensation show that 8.5 percent of the wage package in unionized manufacturing companies goes for voluntary fringes compared to 5 percent in nonunionized manufacturing companies (and 8.3 percent in all unionized firms compared to 4 percent in non-unionized). See "The Effect of Unionism on Fringe Benefits," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 34 (July 1981): 496, 499-502.
45. Fred K. Foulkes, "Large Nonunionized Employers" in Jack Stieber, Robert B. McKersie, and D. Quinn Mills, eds., U.S. Industrial Relations 1950-1980: A Critical Assessment (Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1981), 133.
46. Sanford M. Jacoby, "Norms and Cycles: The Dynamics of Nonunion Industrial Relations in the United States, 1897-1985," Working Paper Series - 123 (Los Angeles: UCLA, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1987), 22-23.
47. Baker and Dahl, Group Health Insurance Plans and Sickness Benefits in Collective Bargaining, 19.
48. Proceedings of the Executive Committee, October/November 1949, Congress of Industrial Organizations, 34-35, George Meany Memorial Archives (hereafter GMMA). Also see Walter Reuther, "Too Old to Work; Too Young to Die" (speech given to the 1949 UAW convention) in Henry M. Christman, ed. Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers, (New York: Macmillan Co., 1961), 36-43; L. S. Buckmaster "CIO Views on Pensions," The Commercial and Financial Chronicle 170 (1 December 1949); 20. Buckmaster was president of the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, & Plastic Workers, a CIO affiliate.
49. Proceedings of the Executive Committee, October/November 1949, Congress of Industrial Organizations, 34-35, George Meany Memorial Archives (hereafter GMMA). Also see Walter Reuther, "Too Old to Work; Too Young to Die" (speech given to the 1949 UAW convention) in Henry M. Christman, ed. Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers, (New York: Macmillan Co., 1961), 36-43; L. S. Buckmaster "CIO Views on Pensions," The Commercial and Financial Chronicle 170 (1 December 1949); 20. Buckmaster was president of the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, & Plastic Workers, a CIO affiliate.
50. Proceedings of the Executive Committee, October/November 1949, Congress of Industrial Organizations, 34-35, George Meany Memorial Archives (hereafter GMMA). Also see Walter Reuther, "Too Old to Work; Too Young to Die" (speech given to the 1949 UAW convention) in Henry M. Christman, ed. Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers, (New York: Macmillan Co., 1961), 36-43; L. S. Buckmaster "CIO Views on Pensions," The Commercial and Financial Chronicle 170 (1 December 1949); 20. Buckmaster was president of the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, & Plastic Workers, a CIO affiliate.
51. Allen, Fringe Benefits, 136-140, 168.
52. Isadore Katz and David Jaffe, "Illegal Pension and Welfare Funds," Labor Law Journal 4 (January 1953): 13-18; Stuart R. Wolk, "The Fringe-Benefit Amendment to the Davis-Bacon Act," Labor Law Journal 15 (October 1964): 673-677.
53. Isadore Katz and David Jaffe, "Illegal Pension and Welfare Funds," Labor Law Journal 4 (January 1953): 13-18; Stuart R. Wolk, "The Fringe-Benefit Amendment to the Davis-Bacon Act," Labor Law Journal 15 (October 1964): 673-677.
54. United States Senate, Social Security Revision, Hearings before the Senate Finance Committee, 81st Cong., 2nd sess, pt. 3 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), 1908, quoted in Charles L. Dearing, Industrial Pensions (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1954), 47.
55. United States Senate, Social Security Revision, Hearings before the Senate Finance Committee, 81st Cong., 2nd sess, pt. 3 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), 1908, quoted in Charles L. Dearing, Industrial Pensions (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1954), 47.
56. Bernstein, "Employee Benefits in the Welfare State," 417.
57. United Auto Worker, October 1949, 4, cited in Cook, ed., Pensions and Health and Welfare Plans in Collective Bargaining, 13.
58. United Auto Worker, October 1949, 4, cited in Cook, ed., Pensions and Health and Welfare Plans in Collective Bargaining, 13.
59. "Unions Will Press for Pension Gains," New York Times, 27 December 1949, 8.
60. This was widely reported at the time; see Business Week, 22 January 1949, 19; New York Times, 28 March 1949.
61. This was widely reported at the time; see Business Week, 22 January 1949, 19; New York Times, 28 March 1949.
62. Leo Troy and Neil Sheflin, U.S. Union Sourcebook (West Orange, NJ: Industrial Relations Data and Information Services, 1985), iii-10-11.
63. Howell J. Harris, The Right to Manage (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982), 43-60; Nelson Lichtenstein, Labor's War at Home (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 73-81; Robert M. MacDonald, "Collective Bargaining in the Postwar Period." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 20 (1966-67): 554-558.
64. Howell J. Harris, The Right to Manage (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982), 43-60; Nelson Lichtenstein, Labor's War at Home (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 73-81; Robert M. MacDonald, "Collective Bargaining in the Postwar Period." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 20 (1966-67): 554-558.
65. Howell J. Harris, The Right to Manage (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982), 43-60; Nelson Lichtenstein, Labor's War at Home (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 73-81; Robert M. MacDonald, "Collective Bargaining in the Postwar Period." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 20 (1966-67): 554-558.
66. Harris, The Right to Manage, 60.
67. Frederick H. Harbison and Robert Dubin, Patterns of Union-Management Relations (Chicago: Industrial Relations Center, University of Chicago, 1947) 46, 51; Ronald W. Schatz, The Electrical Workers, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 171; also see David Brody, "The Uses of Power I: Industrial Battleground" in Brody, Workers in Industrial America, 183-186; and Jacoby, "Norms and Cycles," 18-38 in this vein.
68. Frederick H. Harbison and Robert Dubin, Patterns of Union-Management Relations (Chicago: Industrial Relations Center, University of Chicago, 1947) 46, 51; Ronald W. Schatz, The Electrical Workers, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 171; also see David Brody, "The Uses of Power I: Industrial Battleground" in Brody, Workers in Industrial America, 183-186; and Jacoby, "Norms and Cycles," 18-38 in this vein.
69. Frederick H. Harbison and Robert Dubin, Patterns of Union-Management Relations (Chicago: Industrial Relations Center, University of Chicago, 1947) 46, 51; Ronald W. Schatz, The Electrical Workers, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 171; also see David Brody, "The Uses of Power I: Industrial Battleground" in Brody, Workers in Industrial America, 183-186; and Jacoby, "Norms and Cycles," 18-38 in this vein.
70. Frederick H. Harbison and Robert Dubin, Patterns of Union-Management Relations (Chicago: Industrial Relations Center, University of Chicago, 1947) 46, 51; Ronald W. Schatz, The Electrical Workers, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 171; also see David Brody, "The Uses of Power I: Industrial Battleground" in Brody, Workers in Industrial America, 183-186; and Jacoby, "Norms and Cycles," 18-38 in this vein.
71. Baker and Dahl, Group Health Insurance and Sickness Benefits Plans in Collective Bargaining, 22; E. Robert Livernash, Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1961), 86.
72. Baker and Dahl, Group Health Insurance and Sickness Benefits Plans in Collective Bargaining, 22; E. Robert Livernash, Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1961), 86.
73. The UAW demands were formulated prior to the 1946 election. Martin Halpern, UAW Politics in the Cold War Era (Albany. NY: SUNY Press, 1988), 188. For the UAW demands, see Business Week, 7 December 1946; and for the steel demands, see Livernash, Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry, 255-256. Harold M. Levinson documents the indispensible role of USW and UAW; see his Collective Bargaining in the Steel Industry (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press-Wayne State University, 1962), 25.
74. The UAW demands were formulated prior to the 1946 election. Martin Halpern, UAW Politics in the Cold War Era (Albany. NY: SUNY Press, 1988), 188. For the UAW demands, see Business Week, 7 December 1946; and for the steel demands, see Livernash, Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry, 255-256. Harold M. Levinson documents the indispensible role of USW and UAW; see his Collective Bargaining in the Steel Industry (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press-Wayne State University, 1962), 25.
75. The UAW demands were formulated prior to the 1946 election. Martin Halpern, UAW Politics in the Cold War Era (Albany. NY: SUNY Press, 1988), 188. For the UAW demands, see Business Week, 7 December 1946; and for the steel demands, see Livernash, Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry, 255-256. Harold M. Levinson documents the indispensible role of USW and UAW; see his Collective Bargaining in the Steel Industry (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press-Wayne State University, 1962), 25.
76. The UAW demands were formulated prior to the 1946 election. Martin Halpern, UAW Politics in the Cold War Era (Albany. NY: SUNY Press, 1988), 188. For the UAW demands, see Business Week, 7 December 1946; and for the steel demands, see Livernash, Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry, 255-256. Harold M. Levinson documents the indispensible role of USW and UAW; see his Collective Bargaining in the Steel Industry (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press-Wayne State University, 1962), 25.
77. Raymond Munts, Bargaining for Health (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967), 32.
78. Melyvn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography (New York: Quadrangle/ New York Times Books, 1977), 459; Morton S. Baratz, The Union and the Coal Industry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955), 114.
79. Melyvn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography (New York: Quadrangle/ New York Times Books, 1977), 459; Morton S. Baratz, The Union and the Coal Industry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955), 114.
80. "Pensions: The Coming Issue in Labor Relations, An Interview with John L. Lewis," U.S. News and World Report, 19 November 1948, 37; Baratz, The Union and the Coal Industry, 51, 69.
81. "Pensions: The Coming Issue in Labor Relations, An Interview with John L. Lewis," U.S. News and World Report, 19 November 1948, 37; Baratz, The Union and the Coal Industry, 51, 69.
82. Baratz, The Union and the Coal Industry, 116; William H. Miernyk, "Coal" in Gerald G. Somers, ed., Collective Bargaining: Contemporary American Experience, (Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1979), I-11, 1-24, 1-44-47.
83. Baratz, The Union and the Coal Industry, 116; William H. Miernyk, "Coal" in Gerald G. Somers, ed., Collective Bargaining: Contemporary American Experience, (Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1979), I-11, 1-24, 1-44-47.
84. Halpern, UAW Politics in the Cold War Era, 188; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1983), 140-141; personal communication from Nelson Lichtenstein (available from author).
85. Halpern, UAW Politics in the Cold War Era, 188; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1983), 140-141; personal communication from Nelson Lichtenstein (available from author).
86. This became more difficult after passage of Taft-Hartley, which required either joint business-union control or business control of health and welfare funds. Even so, such funds were apparently instrumental to the rise of David Beck and the centralization of bargaining in the 1950s within the Teamsters Union. See William Goldner, "Trade Union Structure and Private Pension Plans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 5 (October 1951): 67.
87. E. Wright Bakke to Clark Clifford, 14 June 1947, Papers of Clark Clifford, Box 8, Folder: HR 3020, #2, Harry S. Truman Library (hereafter HSTL), Independence, MO.
88. Jacoby, "Norms and Cycles," 3-4, 9-12, 32-33; Robert C. Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government: A Case Study in the Politics of Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1955), 91.
89. Jacoby, "Norms and Cycles," 3-4, 9-12, 32-33; Robert C. Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government: A Case Study in the Politics of Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1955), 91.
90. Herzog to President Truman, July 1947, 11, OF 407, Taft-Hartley Bill 1947-48, HSTL.
91. Herzog to President Truman, July 1947, 1-4, OF 407, Taft-Hartley Bill 1947-48; Bakke to Clifford, 14 June 1947; "Union Security Provisions," 23 August 1948, Papers of Harold Enarson, Box 2, 6-7, 12, 19-20, 25; Harold Enarson, "Draft Statement on Amendments to Taft-Hartley," 3 March 1952, 8, Papers of Charles Murphy, Box 2, Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) of 1947, HSTL; Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government," 88-89.
92. Herzog to President Truman, July 1947, 1-4, OF 407, Taft-Hartley Bill 1947-48; Bakke to Clifford, 14 June 1947; "Union Security Provisions," 23 August 1948, Papers of Harold Enarson, Box 2, 6-7, 12, 19-20, 25; Harold Enarson, "Draft Statement on Amendments to Taft-Hartley," 3 March 1952, 8, Papers of Charles Murphy, Box 2, Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) of 1947, HSTL; Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government," 88-89.
93. Herzog to President Truman, July 1947, 1-4, OF 407, Taft-Hartley Bill 1947-48; Bakke to Clifford, 14 June 1947; "Union Security Provisions," 23 August 1948, Papers of Harold Enarson, Box 2, 6-7, 12, 19-20, 25; Harold Enarson, "Draft Statement on Amendments to Taft-Hartley," 3 March 1952, 8, Papers of Charles Murphy, Box 2, Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) of 1947, HSTL; Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government," 88-89.
94. Herzog to President Truman, July 1947, 1-4, OF 407, Taft-Hartley Bill 1947-48; Bakke to Clifford, 14 June 1947; "Union Security Provisions," 23 August 1948, Papers of Harold Enarson, Box 2, 6-7, 12, 19-20, 25; Harold Enarson, "Draft Statement on Amendments to Taft-Hartley," 3 March 1952, 8, Papers of Charles Murphy, Box 2, Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) of 1947, HSTL; Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government," 88-89.
95. Herzog to President Truman, July 1947, 1-4, OF 407, Taft-Hartley Bill 1947-48; Bakke to Clifford, 14 June 1947; "Union Security Provisions," 23 August 1948, Papers of Harold Enarson, Box 2, 6-7, 12, 19-20, 25; Harold Enarson, "Draft Statement on Amendments to Taft-Hartley," 3 March 1952, 8, Papers of Charles Murphy, Box 2, Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) of 1947, HSTL; Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government," 88-89.
96. Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream (London: Verso, 1986), 75, 77-78.
97. United States Congress, Report of the Joint Committee on Labor-Management Relations, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., Labor-Management Relations: Welfare Funds (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), 13; U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Welfare Plans and Collective Bargaining (Washington, DC: U.S. Chamber of Congress, 1950), 35, quoted in Goldner. "Trade Union Structure and Private Pension Plans," 65.
98. United States Congress, Report of the Joint Committee on Labor-Management Relations, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., Labor-Management Relations: Welfare Funds (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), 13; U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Welfare Plans and Collective Bargaining (Washington, DC: U.S. Chamber of Congress, 1950), 35, quoted in Goldner. "Trade Union Structure and Private Pension Plans," 65.
99. United States Congress, Report of the Joint Committee on Labor-Management Relations, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., Labor-Management Relations: Welfare Funds (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), 13; U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Welfare Plans and Collective Bargaining (Washington, DC: U.S. Chamber of Congress, 1950), 35, quoted in Goldner. "Trade Union Structure and Private Pension Plans," 65.
100. Harbison and Dubin, Patterns of Union-Management Relations, 57.
101. Ibid., 69-70; Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, "Industrial Recreation, the Second World War, and the Revival of Welfare Capitalism, 1934-1960," Business History Review 60 (Summer 1986): 242-243, 250-253; Harris, The Right to Manage, 170-171.
102. Ibid., 69-70; Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, "Industrial Recreation, the Second World War, and the Revival of Welfare Capitalism, 1934-1960," Business History Review 60 (Summer 1986): 242-243, 250-253; Harris, The Right to Manage, 170-171.
103. Ibid., 69-70; Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, "Industrial Recreation, the Second World War, and the Revival of Welfare Capitalism, 1934-1960," Business History Review 60 (Summer 1986): 242-243, 250-253; Harris, The Right to Manage, 170-171.
104. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1950 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), 72.
105. "New Strike Looms Coal Official Says," New York Times, 12 February 1947.
106. Legislative History of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, 2 vols. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959), vol i, 320-321; Senate, Congressional Record, Senate, 11 April 1947, 998.
107. Legislative History of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, 2 vols. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959), vol i, 320-321; Senate, Congressional Record, Senate, 11 April 1947, 998.
108. Congressional Record, 7 May 1947, 1306; Legislative History of the Labor-Management Act, 370.
109. Congressional Record, 7 May 1947, 1306; Legislative History of the Labor-Management Act, 370.
110. Inland Steel Co., 77 NLRB 1, 21 LRRM, 1310.
111. Report to the President of the United States on the Labor Dispute in the Basic Steel Industry (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 10 September 1949), 55.
112. Enarson Personal Notes, 20 August 1949, Papers of Harold Enarson, Box 2, Notes and Memoranda on the Steel Board, 1949, HSTL.
113. Frederick H. Harbison and Robert Spencer, "The Politics of Collective Bargaining: The Postwar Record in Steel," American Political Science Review 48 (September 1954): 705-720; Ronald W. Schatz, "Philip Murray and the Subordination of the Industrial Unions to the United States Government" in Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, eds., Labor Leaders in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 246, 251-255.
114. Frederick H. Harbison and Robert Spencer, "The Politics of Collective Bargaining: The Postwar Record in Steel," American Political Science Review 48 (September 1954): 705-720; Ronald W. Schatz, "Philip Murray and the Subordination of the Industrial Unions to the United States Government" in Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, eds., Labor Leaders in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 246, 251-255.
115. Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government," 92, 114-119, 121-122. It was common knowledge in the press that the NLRB was using pensions as a tool to get unions to comply with Taft-Hartley's anticommumst provision. The Chicago Daily News reported on 18 March 1948 that it was understood in "labor circles in Washington that the board will use this case as a lever to force compliance by Philip Murray and the steelworkers union with all the requirements of the Taft-Hartley Act." Papers of Paul Herzog, Box 5, Speeches, Folder #1, 1947-50, HSTL.
116. Spencer, "Bargaining with the Government," 92, 114-119, 121-122. It was common knowledge in the press that the NLRB was using pensions as a tool to get unions to comply with Taft-Hartley's anticommumst provision. The Chicago Daily News reported on 18 March 1948 that it was understood in "labor circles in Washington that the board will use this case as a lever to force compliance by Philip Murray and the steelworkers union with all the requirements of the Taft-Hartley Act." Papers of Paul Herzog, Box 5, Speeches, Folder #1, 1947-50, HSTL.
117. Clifford to President, 19 November 1947, 21, Papers of Clark Clifford. Box 2, HSTL.
118. Katherine Ellickson, Columbia Oral History Collection, Part IV: Labor, 89.
119. Karen Orren, "Union Politics and Postwar Liberalism in the United States, 1946-1979, Studies in American Political Development 1 (1986), 219-228.
120. Ellickson, Columbia Oral History, 88.
121. Greenstone, Lahor in American Politics, chaps. 8, 10.
122. Quoted in Edwin E. Witte. "Organized Labor and Social Security" in Milton Derber and Edwin Young, eds., Labor and the New Deal (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957), 271.
123. Edward Berkowitz and Kim McQuaid, Creating the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Twentieth-Century Reform, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988), 167; Stark to Jones, 26 November 1948, RG 51 Series 39.14a, #821, National Archives.
124. Edward Berkowitz and Kim McQuaid, Creating the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Twentieth-Century Reform, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988), 167; Stark to Jones, 26 November 1948, RG 51 Series 39.14a, #821, National Archives.
125. Monty Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979), 162; Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 156-57.
126. Monty Poen, Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979), 162; Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 156-57.
127. Stanley Aronowitz, Working Class Hero: A New Strategy for Labor (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1983), 41-43, was perhaps the first to point this out.
128. Nelson Cruikshank, Columbia University Oral History, 15.
129. Richard O. Davies, Housing Reform During the Truman Administration (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1966), 124-128.