Oxidative stress and antioxidative defense with an emphasis on plants antioxidants

Environmental Reviews

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 31-51

  Vichnevetskaia, Klara D ^a   Roy, D N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ambiol; Free radicals; Lipid peroxidation; Natural and synthetic antioxidants; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007909158     PISSN: 11818700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/a99-004     Document Type: Article

References (177)

1. Ahmad, S. 1992. Biochemical defense of pro-oxidant plant allelochemicals by herbivorous insects. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 20(4): 269-296.
2. Altman, K.I., Gerber, G.B., and Okada, S. 1970. Radiation biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.
3. Andersen, R.A., and Kasperbauer, M.J. 1971. Effects of near-ultra violet radiation and temperature on soluble phenols in Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry, 10: 1229-1234.
4. Apasheva, L.M., Melkonova, E.F., Belyaeva, R.G., Zhanaeva, V.V., Kuznetsov, Y.V., Stoliarova, L.G., and Komissarov, G.G. 1991. Effect of a growth regulator at different stages of ontogenesis in selected forms of calendula. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Biol. 5: 789-791. [In Russian.]
5. Arkhipova, G.V., Burlakova, E.B., and I.V. Fedotova. 1992. Brain neuron membrane lipids in models of memory and learning of KM-rats, supersensitive to sound. Sens. Sist. 6(4): 66-68.
6. Aust, S.D., Morehouse, L.A., and Thomas, C.E. 1985. Role of metals in oxygen radical reactions. J. Free Radicals Biol. Med. 1: 3-11.
7. Badiani, M., Schenone, G., Paolacci, A.R., and Fumagalli, I. 1993. Daily fluctuations of antioxidants in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves as affected by the presence of ambient air pollutants. Plant Cell Physiol. 34(2): 271-279.
8. Batt, D.G., Maynard, G.D., Petraitis, J.J., Shaw, J.E., Galbraith, W., and Harris, R.R. 1990. 2-Substituted-1-naphthols as potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors with topical antiinflammatory activity. J. Med. Chem. 33: 360-370.
9. Bean, J.W. 1964. General effects of oxygen at high tension. In Oxygen in the Animal Organisms. Edited by F. Dickens and E. Neil. Pergamon Press, New York.
10. Beevers, H. 1979. Microbodies in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 30: 159-178.
11. Bendich, A., Machlin, L.J., Scandurra, O., Burton, G.W., and Wayner, J.J.M. 1986. The antioxidant role of vitamin C. Adv. Free Radical Biol. Med. 2: 419-426.
12. Bert, P. 1943. Barometric pressure: Researches in experimental physiology, 1878, Translated by M. Hitchcock and F. Hitchcock. College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio.
13. Bieri, J.C., and Farrel, P.M. 1976. Vitamin C. Vitam. Horm. 34: 31-43.
14. Bieri, J.C., Corash, L., and Hubbard, V.C. 1983. Medical uses of vitamin C. New Eng. J. Med. 308: 1063-1071.
15. Bishayee, S., and Balasubramanian, A.S. 1971. Lipid peroxide formation in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 18: 909-914.
16. Bjorksten, F. 1966. Do thionamide antithyroid compounds act as a free radical scavenger. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 127: 265-270.
17. Borsos-Matovina, V. 1997. The Effect of Ambiol on Growth and Stress Tolerance of Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana Seedlings. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
18. British Pharmaceutical Codex, 11th Edition. 1979. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, U.K.
19. Burlakova, E.B., and Khrapova, N.G. 1985. The peroxide oxidation of membrane lipids and natural antioxidants. Usp. Khim. 54: 1540-1588.
20. Burlakova, E.B., Alekseenko, A.V., Molochkina, E.M., Pal'mina, N.P., and Khrapova, N.C. 1975. Bioantioxidants in the radiation induced damage and malignant growth. Nauka, Moscow. [In Russian.]
21. Burlakova, E.B., Konradov, I.V., and Khudyakov, I.V. 1990. Effect of ultralow doses of chemical agents on biological objects. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol. 2: 184-193. [In Russian.]
22. Burton, G.W., and Ingold, K.U. 1984. β-carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science, 224: 569-574.
23. Burton, G.W., Joyce, A., and Ingold, K.U. 1983. Is the vitamin E the only lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and erythrocyte membrane? Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221: 281-289.
24. Caldwell, M.M., Robberecht, R., and Flint, S.D. 1983. Internal filters: prospects for UV-acclimation in higher plants. Physiol. Plant. 58: 445-452.
25. Cannon, R.E., and Scandalios, J.G. 1989. Two C-DNAs encode two nearly identical Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase proteins in maize. Mol. Genet. 219: 1-12.
26. Colombo, S.J. 1995. Physiological Responses of Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana to High Temperatures. Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
27. Cotelle, N., Bernier, J.L., Henichart, J.P., Catteau, J.P., Gaydou, E., and Wallet, J.C. 1992. Scavenger andantioxidant properties of ten synthetic flavones. Free Radical Biol. Med. 13: 211-219.
28. Cutler, R.G. 1984. Evolutionary biology of aging and longevity of mammalian species. In Aging and cell function. Edited by J.E. Johnson, Jr. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 1-28.
29. Darlington, A., Vichnevetskaia, K.D., and Blake, T.J. 1996. Growth enhancement and antitranspirant activity following seed treatment with a derivative of 5-hydroxybenzimidazole (Ambiol) in 4-drought-stressed agricultural species. Physiol. Plant. 97: 217-222.
30. Davies, K.J.A. 1986. Intracellular proteolytic systems may function as secondary antioxidant defenses: a hypothesis. J. Free Radicals Biol. Med. 2: 155-173.
31. De Duve, Ch. The peroxysome: a new cytoplasmic organelle. 1969. Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B, 173: 710-723.
32. De Duve, Ch., and Wattiaux, R. 1966. Functions of lysosomes. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 28: 435-452.
33. Deighton, N., Glidewell, S.M., Goodman, B.A., and Deans, S.G. 1994. The chemical fate of the endogenous antioxidants carvacrol and thymol during oxidative stress. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, Sect. B: Biol. Sci. 102: 247-252.
34. Di Luzio, N.R. 1967. The employment of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of experimental liver injury. Progr. Biochem. Pharmacol. 3: 325-332.
35. Doba, T., Burton, J.W., and Ingold, K.U. 1985. Antioxidant and coantioxidant activity of vitamin C. The effect of vitamin C, either alone or in the presence of vitamin E or a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, upon the peroxidation of aqueous multilamellar phospholipid liposomes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 835: 298-304.
36. Dubouloz, F., and Dumas, J. 1955. Sur le rôle des peroxides dans la genèse des lésions produites par les radiations. J. Radiol. Electrol. 36: 343-350.
37. Dugan, L.R. 1980. Natural antioxidants. In Autooxidation in food and biological systems. Edited by M.G. Simic and M. Karel. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 261-295.
38. Elad, Y. 1992. The use of antioxidants (free radical scavengers) to control grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) and white mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in various crops. Plant Pathol. 41(4): 417-426.
39. Elstner, E.F. 1987. Metabolism of activated oxygen species. In The biochemistry of plants, Vol. 11. Academic Press, New York. pp. 253-315.
40. Elstner, E.F., Wagner, G.A., and Schultz. 1988. Activated oxygen in green plants in relation to stress situations. Curr. Top. Plant Biochem. Physiol. 7: 159-187.
41. Emanuel, N.M., and Layaskovskaya, Y.N. 1967. The inhibitor of fat oxidation processes. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York.
42. Emerit, I., Arutyunyan, R., Oganesian, N., Levy, A., Cernjavsky, L., Sarkisian, T., Pogossian, A., and Asrian, K. 1995. Radiation-induced clastogenic factors: Anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Free Radical Biol. Med. 18(6): 985-991.
43. Evans, N.M., and Bishop, K.S. 1922. On the existence of a hitherto unrecognized dietary factor essential for reproduction. Science, 56: 650-657.
44. Feofilova, E.P., Burlakova, E.B., Kuznetsova, L.S., Polotebnova, A.V., and Rozantsev, E.G. 1986. The effect of synthetic antioxidant on the formation of lipids and their composition in Cunninghamella japonica. Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 22(2): 248-253. [In Russian.]
45. Feucht, W., Treutter, D., and E. Christ. 1994. Accumulation of flavanols in yellowing beech leaves from forest decline sites. Tree Physiol. 14(4): 403-412.
46. Flohe, L., Gunzler, W.A., and Schook, H.H. 1973. glutathione peroxidase a seleno enzyme. FEBS Lett. 32: 132-138.
47. Flohe, L., Giertz, H., and Beckmann, R. 1985. Free radical scavengers as anti-inflammatory drugs? In Handbook of inflammation. Vol. 5: The pharmacology of inflammation. Edited by I.L. Bonta, M.A. Bray, and M.J. Parnham. Elsevier Sci. Publ. B.V. pp. 225-237.
48. Foote, Ch. S., 1968. Mechanisms of photosensitized oxidation. Science, 162: 963-970.
49. Foote, Ch.S., and Denny, R.W. 1968. Chemistry of singlet oxygen. VII. Quenching of β-carotene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90: 6233-6239.
50. Foote, Ch.S., and Wechsler, S. 1964. Olefin oxidation with excited singlet molecular oxygen. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86: 3879-3884.
51. Foote, Ch.S., Ching, T.-Y., and Geller, G.G. 1974. Rates of reaction and quenching of tocopherol and singlet oxygen. Photochem. Photobiol. 20: 511-519.
52. Foy, C.D., Lee, E.H., Rowland, R., Devine, T.E., and Buzzell, R.I. 1995. Ozone tolerance related to flavonol glycoside genes in soybean. J. Plant Nutr. 18(4): 637-647.
53. Foyer, C.H., and Halliwell, B. 1976. The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: A proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Planta, 133: 21-25.
54. Foyer, C.H., Descourvieres, P., and Kunert, K.J. 1994. Protection against oxygen radicals: an important defense mechanism studied in transgenic plants. Plant Cell Environ. 17(5): 507-523.
55. Fridovich, I. 1978. Superoxide dismutases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44: 147-173.
56. Friedler, H.P. 1978. Lexikon der Hilfsstoffe für Pharmazie, Kosmetic und Angrenzende Gebiete. Edited by L. Cantor, Aulendorf, Germany.
57. Gallagher, C. 1961, Protection by antioxidants against lethal doses of carbon tetrachloride. Nature, 192: 881-886.
58. Gerschman, R. 1962. Man's dependence on the earthly atmosphere. In Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Submarine and Space Medicine. Edited by K.S. Schaeffer. MacMillan, New York. pp. 475-484.
59. Gossett, D.R., Millhollon, E.P., and Lucas, M.C. 1994a. Antioxidant response to NaCl stress-tolerant and salt-sensitive cultivars of cotton. Crop Sci. 34(3): 706-714.
60. Gossett, D.R., Millhollon, E.P., Lucas, M.C., Banks, S.W., and Marney, M.M. 1994b. The effect of NaCl on antioxidant enzyme activities in callus tissue of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Cell Rep. 13(9): 498-503.
61. Gray, L.H., and Scott, O.C.A. 1964. Oxygen tension and the radiosensitivity of tumours. In Oxygen in the animal organisms. Edited by F. Dickens and E. Neil. Pergamon Press, New York. pp. 537-561.
62. Gus'kov, A.M., and Dary, G.Y. 1994. Reproductive function of farm animals as influenced by stress factors. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 2: 20-22.
63. Gus'kov, A.M., Dary G.Y., and Puzyna, G.I. 1993. Enhancement of animal reproductive capacity through the method of inhibition of lipids' peroxide oxidation. Dokl. Ross. Akad. Skh. Nauk, 2: 71-73.
64. Gutteridge, J.M.C., Westermarck, T., and Halliwell, B. 1986. Oxygen radical damage in biological systems. In Free radicals, aging, and degenerative diseases. Edited by J.E.Johnson, Jr., R. Walford, D. Harman, and J. Miquel. Alan R. Liss. New York. pp. 99-124.
65. Halliwell, B. 1984. Chloroplast metabolism. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
66. Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M.C. 1985. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Clarendon Press, Cambridge, U.K.
67. Harman, D. 1962. Role of free radicals in mutation, cancer, aging, and maintenance of life. Radiat. Res. 16: 753-763.
68. Harman, D. 1978. Free radical theory of aging: nutritional implications. Age, 1: 145-153.
69. Harman, D. 1986. Free radical theory of aging: role of free radicals in the origination and evolution of life, aging, and disease processes. In Free radicals, aging and degenerative diseases. Edited by J.E. Johnson, Jr., R. Walford, D. Harman, and J. Miquel. Alan R. Liss, New York. pp. 3-24.
70. Hayase, F., and Kato, H. 1984. Antioxidative component of sweet potatoes. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 30: 37-46.
71. Hiller, K.O., Hodd, PL., and Willson, R.L. 1983. Antiinflammatory drugs: protection of a bacterial virus as an in vitro biological measure of free radical activity. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 47: 293-299.
72. Hollan, S. 1995. Free radicals in health and disease. Haematologia, 26(4): 177-189.
73. Houlihan, C.M., Ho, C.-T., and Chang, S.S. 1984. Elucidation of the chemical structure of a novel antioxidant, rosmaridiphenol, isolated from rosemary. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61: 1036-1042.
74. Huguet, A.I., Manez, S., and Alcaraz, M.J. 1990. Superoxide scavenging properties of flavonoids in a non-enzymic system. Z. Naturforsch. 45: 19-24.
75. Jenkins, R.R. 1993. Exercise, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 3(4): 356-375.
76. Jensen, K.E. Glavind, J., Hartman, S., and Dam, H. 1951. Peroxidation of human adipose tissue in peripheral venous disease. Acta Pathol. Microb. Scand. 29: 73-79.
77. Kahl, R. 1991. Protective and adverse biological action of phenolic antioxidants. In Oxidative stress. Oxidants and antioxidants. Edited by H. Sies. Academic Press, New York. pp. 245-262.
78. Kaiser, W. 1979. Carbon metabolism of chloroplasts in the dark. Planta, 144: 193-201.
79. Kampfenkel, K., Montagu, M. van, Inze, D., and Van-Montagu, M. 1995. Effects of iron excess on Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plants. Implications to oxidative stress. Plant Physiol. 107(3): 725-735.
80. Kibrik, A.C., Safier, L.B., and Skib, S.J. 1959. Existence of fatty acid peroxides in normal blood and tissues of man and animals. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 101:137-149.
81. Klebanoff, S.J. 1980. Oxygen metabolism and the toxic properties of phagocytes. Ann. Intern. Med. 93: 480-492.
82. Kozlowski, T.T. 1979. Tree growth and environmental stresses. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Wash., U.S.A.
83. Kuznetsov, Y.V., Apasheva, L.M., Poltorak (Vichnevetskaia), K.D., Stoliarova, L.G., Musatova, L.A., Grinchenko, A.L., Smirnov, L.D., and Pikush, G.R. 1986a. 2-methyl-4,6-bisdimethylaminomethyl-5-hydroxybenzimidazole hydrochloride, possessing growth promoting activity. Author Certificate, SU 1282492 (Cl. C 07 D 235/14). [In Russian.]
84. Kuznetsov, Y.V., Apasheva, L.M., Vichnevetskaia, K.D., Abaturova, G.A., Smirnov, L.D., and Krugliakova, K.E. 1986b. 2-Methyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-5-hydroxybenzimidazole bromhydrate with growth-regulating activity on conifers. Author Certificate, SU 1253559 (Cl. 01 n 43/52), 30 Aug. 1986b. From Otkrytaia, Izobret. 1986 (32). [In Russian.]
85. Kyle, D.I., Ohad, I., and Arntzen, C.I. 1985. Cellular and molecular biology of plant stress. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
86. Larson, R.A. 1988. The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry, 27: 969-978.
87. Larson, R.A. 1995. Plant defenses against oxidative stress. Arch. Insect Bioch. Physiol. 29(2): 175-186.
88. Larson, R.A., and Marley, K.A. 1984. Quenching of singlet oxygen by alkaloids and related nitrogen heterocycles. Phytochemistry, 23: 2351-2362.
89. Levine, R., Oliver, C., Fulks, R., and Stadtman, E. 1981. Turnover of bacterial glutamine synthetase oxidative inactivation precedes proteolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78: 2120-2127.
90. Levitt, J. 1980. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
91. Li, S.S., and Lin, Z.F. 1994. Effects of antioxidant and 6-BA on the properties of photosynthetic membrane of maize leaves under osmotic stress of root. Acta Bot. Sin. 36(11): 871-877.
92. Liu, J., and Xiao, PG. 1994. Recent advances in the study of antioxidative effects of Chinese medicinal plants. Phytother. Res. 8(8): 445-451.
93. Liu, S., and Han, B. 1986. In vitro propagation of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Acta Agric. Univ. Pekinensis. 12(2): 143-148S.
94. Mackay, D. 1988. On low, very low, and negligible concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7(1): 1-9.
95. Mahan, J.R. 1994. Thermal dependence of glutathione reductase; thermal limitations on antioxidant protection in plants. Crop Sci. 34(6): 1550-1556.
96. Malstrom, B.G. 1974. Cytochrome C oxidase: some current biochemical and biophysical problems. Q. Rev. Biophys. 6: 389-402.
97. Mannito, P., Speranza, G., Monti, D., and Gramatica, P. 1987. Singlet oxygen reactions in aqueous solution. Physical and chemical quenching rate constants of crocin and related carotenoids. Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 4221-4227.
98. Matheson, I.B.C., Etheridge, R.D., Kratowich, N.R., and Lee, J. 1975. The quenching of singlet oxygen by amino acids and proteins. Photochem. Photobiol. 21: 165-171.
99. Matsushita, S., and Terao, J. 1980. In Autooxidation in food and biological systems. Edited by M.G. Simic and M. Karel. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 27-.
100. Matters, G.L., and Scandalios, J.G. 1986. Changes in plant gene expression during stress. Dev. Genet. 7: 167-174.
101. McCord, J.M., and Fridovich, I. 1968. The reduction of cytochrome by milk xanthine oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 243: 5753-5760.
102. 3 and other gaseous pollutants. In Causes of photooxiadtive stress and amelioration of defense systems in plants. Edited by C.H. Foyer. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fia. U.S.A. pp. 155-175.
103. Meisinger, M.A.P., Kuehl, R.A., Forbes, M., Zilliken, F., and Gyorgy, P. 1959. The structure of a new product from yeast. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81: 4979-4984.
104. Michaelis, L. 1949. Fundamental principles in oxido-reductions. Biol. Bull. 92: 2939-2950.
105. Mike, N., and Akalsu, K. 1972. Antioxidants in tomatoes, II. Composition and antioxidant activity of flavonoids in tomatoes. Nihon Shohukin Kogyo Gakkaishi. 19: 465-473. [In Japanese.]
106. Millhollon, E.P., Gossett, D.R., Lucas, M.C., Marney M.M., and Moreau, T.M. 1993. Varietal response to cotton plants and corresponding cell cultures to NaCl stress. In Proceedings of Beltwide Cotton Conferences, 10-14 January 1993, New Orleans, La., U.S.A. pp. 1281-1282.
107. Miquel, J. 1989. Historical introduction to free radical and antioxidant biomedical research. In Handbook of free radicals and antioxidants in biomedicine. Vol. 1. Edited by J. Miquel. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 3-13.
108. Miquel, J., and Fleming, J.E. 1984. A two-step hypothesis on the mechanism of in-vitro cell aging: cell differentiation followed by intrinsic mitochondrial mutagenesis. Exp. Gerontol. 19: 31-38.
109. Molnar, S., Flachowsky, G., and Shubert, R. 1993. The use of antioxidants in human and animal nutrition. In Vitamine und weitere Zusatzstoffe bei Mensch und Tier: 4. Symposium 30.09, 01.10.1993, Jena (Thuringen). Friedrich Sciller Universitat, Jena, Germany. pp. 83-92.
110. Montedaro, G. 1972. Phenolic constituents of virgin olive oils. Scienza Technol. Degli Alimenti, 2: 177-185. [In Italian.]
111. Moran, J.F., Becana, M., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Frechilla, S., and Klucas, R.V. 1994. Drought induced oxidative stress in pea plants. Planta, 194(3): 346-352.
112. Moreau, Ch., and Dufraise, C. 1924. Autooxydation et action antioxygene. Propriétés catalytiques du soufre et de ses composés. IX, C.R. Acad. Sci. 178: 612-618.
113. Mueller, F. 1995. Antioxidants as potential for treatment of HIV infection. Tidssk. Nor. Laegeforen. 115(7): 835-837.
114. Mukai, F.H., and Goldstein, B.D. 1976. Mutagenicity of malonaldehyde, a decomposition product of peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids. Science, 191: 868-872.
115. Mukai, K., Nishimura, M., Nagano, A., Tanaka, K., and Niki, E. 1989. Kinetic study of the reaction of vitamin C derivatives with tocopheryl (vitamin E radical) and substituted phenoxyl radicals in solution. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 993: 168-172.
116. Muller, D.P.R., Lloyd, J.K., and Wolff, O.H. 1983. Vitamin E and neurological function. Lancet, 1: 225-231.
117. Mulliken, R.S. 1929. Interpretation of the atmospheric absorption bands of oxygen. Physiol. Rev. 32: 880-898.
118. Nakayama, T., Niimi, T., Osawa, T., and Kawakishi, S. 1992. The protective role of polyphenols in cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide. Mutat. Res. 281: 77-80.
119. Niki, E. 1987. Antioxidants in relation to lipid peroxidation. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 44: 227-253.
120. Niki, E., Kawakami, A., Yamamoto, Y., and Kamiya, Y. 1985. Oxidation of lipids. VIII. Synergistic inhibition of oxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposome in aqueous dispersion by vitamin E and vitamin C. Nippon Kagaku Kaishai, 58: 1971-1984.
121. Nohl, H., and Hegner, D. 1978. Do mitochondria produce oxygen radicals in vivo? Eur. J. Biochem. 82: 863-868.
122. Nordman, R. 1993. Free radicals, oxidative stress and antioxidant vitamins. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Ses Fil. 187(3): 277-285.
123. Notte, E.L., and Romito, N. 1971. Autooxidation of olive oil; influence of polyphenols. Ind. Agrarie. 9: 325-330. [In Italian.]
124. Oberley, L.W., and Oberley, T.D. 1986. Free radicals, cancer, and aging. In Free Radicals, aging and degenerative diseases. Edited by J.E. Johnson, Jr, R. Walford, D. Harman, and J. Miquel. Alan R. Liss, New York. pp. 325-347.
125. Parington, J.R. 1962. The discovery of oxygen, J. Chem. Educ. 39: 123-129.
126. Pincemail, J., Deby, C. 1986. Antiradical properties of Ginkgo biloba extract. Presse Med. 15: 1475-1477.
127. Pobedimski, D.G., Vinarov, A.Y., Reshetnik, O.A., Mingaleeva, Z.S., Gutman, A.S., and Shishkina, L.N. 1988. Effect of antioxidants on microbial biomass production. Acta Biotechnol. 8(1): 55-69. [In Russian.]
128. Pokorny, J., Davidek, J., and Janicek, G. 1964. Stability of fats and its influence. XI. Antioxidative activity of extracts of black tea. Sb. vys. SK. Chem-Technol. Praze, Potravinarska Technol. 8: 271-285. [In German.]
129. Polle, A., and Rennenberg, H. 1992. Field studies on Norway spruce trees at high altitudes. II. Defense systems against oxidative stress in needles. New Phytol. 121(4): 635-642.
130. Polle, A., Rennenberg, H., Fowden, L., Mansfield, T., and Stoddart, J. 1993. Significance of antioxidants in plant adaptation to environmental stress. In Plant Adaptation to environmental stress. Edited by L. Fowden and T. Mansfield. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, U.K. pp. 263-273.
131. 3-polluted sites in eastern Germany. New Phytol. 127(3): 571-577.
132. Polle, A., Rennenberg, H., Foyer, C.H., and Mullineaux, P.M. 1994b. Photooxidative stress in trees. In Causes of photooxidative stress and amelioration of defense systems in plants. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., U.S.A. 199-218.
133. Porter, N.N. 1980. Prostaglandin endoperoxides. In Free radicals in biology. Vol. 4. Edited by W.A. Pryor. Academic Press, New York. pp. 261-275.
134. Pratt, D.E. 1965. Lipid antioxidants in plant tissues. J. Food Sci. 30: 737-745.
135. Pratt, D.E. 1972. Water soluble antioxidant activity in soybeans. J. Food. Sci. 37: 322-326.
136. Pryor, W. 1976-1984. Free radicals in biology. Vols 1-6. Academic Press, New York.
137. Puig-Muset, P., Martin, J., and Valls, J. 1959. Radiometrie actions of lipoxidase. Nature, 184: 1506-1510.
138. Reiter, R.J. 1995. Oxidative process and antioxidative defense mechanisms in the aging brain. FASEB J. 9(7): 526-533.
139. Reitz, R.A. 1975. A possible mechanism for the peroxidation of lipids due to chronic ethanol ingestion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 380: 145-153.
140. Rensburg, L.van, Kruger, G.H.J., and Van-Rensburg, L. 1994. Evaluation of components of oxidative stress metabolism for use in selection of drought tolerant cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum L. J. Plant Physiol. 143(6): 730-737.
141. Roberts, B.R., Jensen, K.F., and Cathey, H.M. 1985. Modification of ozone sensitivity in seedlings by ethylenediurea: soil application versus stem injection. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110(2): 178-180.
142. Roberts, H.J. 1978. Vitamin C and trombophlembitis. Lancet, 1: 8054-8058.
143. Romero-Alvira, D., Mur-Villacampa, M., Guerrero-Navarro, L., and Gotor-Lasaro, M.A. 1995. Oxidative stress in the treatment of cancer and AIDs. Iatrogenic effects of antineoplastic agents. Preventive action of antioxidants. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig. 87(1): 38-48.
144. Santrucek, M., and Krepelka, J. 1988. Antioxidants - potential chemotherapeutic agents. Drugs of the Future, 13(10): 974-996.
145. Sato, R., and Omura, T. 1978. Cytochrome P-450. Academic Press, New York.
146. Scandalios, J.G. 1974. Subcellular localization of catalase variants coded by two genetic loci during maize development. J. Hered. 65: 28-37.
147. Scandalios, J.G. 1990. Response of plant antioxidant defense genes to environmental stress. Adv. Genet. 28: 1-12.
148. Schittenhelm, J., Westphal, S., Toder, S., and Wagner, E. 1993. The antioxidative system of Norway spruce: influence of different stress factors. Forstwiss. Centrabl. 112(4): 240-250.
149. Slatter, T.F. 1984. Free-radical mechanisms in tissue injury. J. Biochem. 222: 1-15.
150. Smirnoff, N. 1995. Environment and plant metabolism: flexibility and acclimation. In environmental plant biology series, Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, U.K. pp. 270-292.
151. Smirnov, L.D., Apasheva. L.M., Poltorak (Vichnevetskaia), K.D., and Kuznetsov, Y.V. 1983a. Regulators of plant growth among derivatives of hydroxybenzimidazole. In Bioantioxidant, Proceedings of the 1st All Union Conference, Moscow, Russia. [In Russian.]
152. Smirnov, L.D., Kuzmin, V.I., Apasheva. L.M., Poltorak (Vichnevetskaia), K.D., and Krugliakova, K.E. 1983b. Application of antioxidants - 3-hydroxypyridines as plant growth promoters. In Bioantioxidant, Proceedings of the 1st All Union Conference, Moscow, Russia. [In Russian.]
153. Smirnov, L.D., Kuznetsov, Y.V., Apasheva, L.M., Poltorak (Vichnevetskaia), K.D., Grinchenko, A.L., Djumaev, K.M., and Emmanuel, N.M. 1984. 4-Aminomethyl derivatives of 2-methyl-5-hydroxybenzimidazole with growth stimulating activity. Author Certificate, SU 1098934, (Cl. A Ol N 43/52), 23 Jun. 1984. From Otkrytaia, Izobret. 1984(23). [In Russian.]
154. Sorenson, J.R.J. 1984. Dis(3.5-diizopropylsalicvlato)copper (II), a potent radioprotectant with superoxide dismutase mimetic activity. J. Med. Chem. 27: 1747-1753.
155. Strozha, I.K., and Vevere, L.K. 1990. Antioxidant effect of nutritional factors. In Usvoenie Organicheskikh i Neorganicheskikh Soedinenii v Organisme Zhivotnykh., Zinatne, Riga, Latvia. pp. 242-264. [In Russian.]
156. Takahama, U. 1982. Suppression of carotenoid photobleaching by kaempherol in isolated chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 23: 859-865.
157. Takahama, U. 1983. Redox reactions between kaempherol and illuminated chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 71: 598-602.
158. Tappel, A.L., Brown, V.D., Zalkin, H., and Maier, V.P. 1961. Unsaturated lipid peroxidation catalyzed by hematin compounds and its inhibition by vitamin E. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 38: 5-12.
159. Toda, S., Miyase, T., Arichi, H., Tanazawa, H., and Takino, Y. 1985. Natural antioxidants. III. Antioxidative components isolated from rhizome of Curcuma longa L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33: 1725-1737.
160. Viersta, R.D., John, T.R., and Poff, K.L. 1982. Kaempherol 3-O-Galactoside, 7-O-Rhamnoside is themajor green fluorescing compound in the epidermis of Vicia faba. Plant Physiol. 69: 522-531.
161. Vichnevetskaia, K. 1999. Genetic polymorphism and physiological response to ambiol in half-sib families of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
162. Vichnevetskaia, K.D., Apasheva, L.M., Dukharev, V.A., Kuznetsov Y.V., and Smirnov, L.D. 1986. Stimulation effect of antioxidants - oxybenzimidazoles - on pine growth. In Bioantioxidant, Proceedings of the 2nd All Union Conference, 2, Moscow. [In Russian.]
163. Vichnevetskaia, K.D., Apasheva, L.M., Dukharev, V.A., Y.V. Kuznetsov, and Smirnov, L.D. 1989. Method of identification conifer genotypes responsive to growth stimulator effect. Author Certificate, SU 1470235 (Cl. A Ol N 63/00), 7 Apr. 19989. From Otkrytaia, Izobret 1989(13). [In Russian.]
164. Vichnevetskaia, K.D., Apasheva, L.M., Dukharev, V.A., Kuznetsov, Iu.V., and Smirnov, L.D. 1992.Genetic polymorphism of proteins and regulation of Scots pine growth. Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Biol. 5: 807-810.
165. Vichnevetskaia, K.D., Blake, T.J., and Boyle, T.J. 1996. Method for reducing transpiration in plants. US Patent Number 5,589,437, Dec.31, 1996.
166. Vladimirov, Yu.A., Olenov, V.I., Suslova, T.B., and Cheremisina, Z.P. 1981. Lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial membranes. Adv. Lipid. Res. 17: 73-78.
167. Walker, M.A., and McKersie, B.D. 1993. Role of the ascorbateglutathione antioxidant system in chilling resistance of tomato. J. Plant Physiol. 141(2): 234-239.
168. Warren, S. 1996. Drought Conditioning in Two Eucalyptus Species. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
169. Weng, X.C., and Gordon, M.H. 1992. Antioxidant activity of quinones extracted from tanshen (Salvia miltiorhiza Bunge). J. Agric. Food Chem. 40(8): 1331-1336.
170. Willekens, H., Camp, W. van, Montagu, M. van, Inze, D., and Langebartels, C. 1994. Ozone, sulfur dioxide, and ultraviolet B have similar effects on mRNA accumulation of antioxidant genes in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L. Plant Physiol. 106(3): 1007-1014.
171. Wills, E.D. 1971. Effects of lipid peroxidation on membrane bound enzymes of the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biochem. 123: 983-991.
172. Wink, M. 1986. Storage of Quinolizidine alkaloids in epidermal tissues. Z. Naturforsch. 41c: 375-379.
173. Yamamoto, Y., and Niki, E. 1990. Role of antioxidants in lipid peroxidation. In Membrane lipid oxidation. Vol. 1. Edited by C. Vigo-Pelfrey. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fia., U.S.A. pp. 285-301.
174. Yang, G.C., Yasaei, P.M., and Page, S.W. 1993. Garlic as antioxidant and free radical scavenger. J. Food Drug Anal. 1(4): 357-364.
175. Zaika, L.L., and Smith, J.L. 1975. Antioxidants and pigments of Aspergillus niger. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 26: 1357-1361.
176. Zaitun S., and Habibah, M. 1987. Effectiveness of five antisapsatin formulations against stain and mold fungi - a laboratory study. FRIM - Occasional Paper. 3/87, ii.
177. Zeng, S.X., Wang, Y.R., Li, M., and Liu, H.X. 1994. Change of the membrane protective system during the enhancement of chilling resistance induced by cold hardening and ABA treatment in rice seedlings. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 2(1): 44-50.