Power Politics in Foreign Policy::The Influence of Bureaucratic Minorities

European Journal of International Relations

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 67-97

  Kaarbo, Juliet ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007764484     PISSN: 13540661     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1354066198004001003     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adams, G. (1981) The Politics of Defense Contracting: The Iron Triangle. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
2. Allison, G. (1971) Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown.
3. Allison, G. and M. Halperin (1972) ‘Bureaucratic Politics: A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications', World Politics 24: 40-79.
4. Allison, G., and P. Szanton (1976) Remaking Foreign Policy. New York: Basic Books.
5. Art, R.J. (1973) ‘Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique', Policy Sciences 4: 467-490.
6. Asch, S. (1951) ‘Effects of Group Pressure Upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgment', in H. Guetzkow (ed.) Groups, Leadership and Men, pp. 177-190. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.
7. Asch, S. (1955) ‘Opinions and Social Pressure', Scientific American 193: 31-35.
8. Beasley, R. and B. Ripley (1995) ‘Foreign Policy Decision Making: That Which Is to be Explained', paper presented at the 36th annual conference of the International Studies Association, Chicago, 22-25 February.
9. Bendor, J. and T.H. Hammond (1992) ‘Rethinking Allison's Models', American Political Science Review 86: 301-322.
10. Caldwell, D. (1977) ‘Bureaucratic Foreign Policy-Making', American Behavioral Scientist 21: 87-110.
11. Clark, R.D., III (1988) ‘On Predicting Minority Influence', European Journal of Social Psychology 18: 515-526.
12. Clark, R.D., III and A. Maass (1988) ‘Social Categorization in Minority Influence', European Journal of Social Psychology 18: 347-364.
13. Cottam, M. (1986) Foreign Policy Decision Making: The Influence of Cognition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
14. Destler, I.M. (1972) Presidents, Bureaucrats and Foreign Policy: The Politics of Organizational Reform. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
15. Druckman, D. (1968) ‘Ethnocentrism in the Inter-Nation Simulation', Journal of Conflict Resolution 12: 45-68.
16. Farnham, B. (1990) ‘Political Cognition and Decision-Making', Political Psychology 11: 83-111.
17. Freedman, L. (1976) ‘Logic, Politics and Foreign Policy Processes: A Critique of the Bureaucratic Politics Model', International Affairs 52: 434-449.
18. French. J. and B. Raven (1959) ‘The Bases of Social Power', in D. Cartwright (ed.) Studies in Social Power, pp. 150-167. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
19. Gaenslen, F. (1991) ‘The Influence of Underlings in Decisions to Change Policy', mimeo, Gettysburg College. December.
20. Gelb, L.H. (with R.K. Betts) (1979) The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked. Washington, DC: Brookings.
21. George, A.L. (1972) ‘The Case for Multiple Advocacy in Making Foreign Policy', American Political Science Review. 66: 751-795.
22. George, A.L. (1979) ‘The Causal Nexus Between Cognitive Beliefs and Decision-Making Behavior: The “Operational Code” ', in L. Falkowski (ed.) Psychological Models in International Politics, pp. 95-124. Boulder: Westview.
23. George, A.L. (1988) ‘Presidential Management Styles and Models', in Charles W. Kegley, Jr. and Eugene R. Wittkopf (eds) The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence, pp. 107-126. New York: St Martin's Press.
24. George, A.L. and J. George (1956) Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House. NY: Dover.
25. Gruenfeld, D.H. (1995) ‘Status, Ideology and Integrative Complexity on the US Supreme Court: Rethinking the Politics of Political Decision Making', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68: 5-20.
26. Gruenfeld, D.H., J.E. McGrath, R. Beasley and J. Kaarbo (1993) ‘A Conceptual Framework for Analysis of Group Processes in Political Decision Making', paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
27. Habeeb, W.M. (1988) Power and Tactics in International Negotiation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
28. Halperin, M. (1972) ‘The Decision to Deploy the ABM: Bureaucratic and Domestic Politics in the Johnson Administration', World Politics 25: 62-95.
29. Halperin, M. (1974) Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings.
30. 't Hart, P. (1994) Groupthink in Government. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
31. Heclo, H. (1980) ‘Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment', in A. King (ed.) The New American Political System, pp. 87-124. Washington, DC: American Enterprise for Public Policy Research.
32. Hermann, C.F. (1988) ‘The Impact of Single Group Decision Units on Foreign Policy', paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, St Louis.
33. Hermann, C.F. (1993) ‘Avoiding Pathologies in Foreign Policy Decision Groups', in D. Caldwell and T.J. McKeown (eds) Diplomacy, Force and Leadership, pp. 179-207. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
34. Hermann, C.F. and G. Peacock (1987) ‘The Evolution and Future of Theoretical Research in the Comparative Study of Foreign Policy', in C.F. Hermann, C.W. Kegley, Jr. and J.N. Rosenau (eds) New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy. Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.
35. Hermann, M.G. (1980) ‘Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders', International Studies Quarterly 24: 7-46.
36. Hermann, M.G. and J.T. Preston (1994) ‘Presidents, Advisers, and Foreign Policy: The Effects of Leadership Style on Executive Arrangements', Political Psychology 15: 75-96.
37. Herrmann, R. (1985) Perceptions and Behavior in Soviet Foreign Policy. Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press.
38. Hilsman, R. (1959) ‘The Foreign Policy Consensus: An Interim Report', Journal of Conflict Resolution 3: 361-382.
39. Hilsman, R. (1990) The Politics of Policy Making in Defense and Foreign Affairs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
40. Hollis, M. and S. Smith (1986) ‘Roles and Reasons in Foreign Policy Decision Making', British Journal of Political Science 16: 269-286.
41. Hoyt, P.D. and J.A. Garrison (1997) ‘Political Manipulation Within the Small Group: Foreign Policy Advisers in the Carter Administration', in P. 't Hart, E. Stern and B. Sundelius (eds) Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
42. Hudson, V. (with C.S. Vore) (1995) ‘Foreign Policy Analysis Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow', Mershon International Studies Review 39: 209-238.
43. Huntington, S.P. (1960) ‘Strategic Planning and the Political Process', Foreign Affairs 38: 285-299.
44. Huntington, S.P. (1961) The Common Defense: Strategical Programs in National Politics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
45. Insko, C.A., R.H. Hoyle, R.L. Pinkley, G. Hong, and R.M. Slim (1988) ‘Individual-Group Discontinuity: The Role of a Consensus Rule', Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 24: 505-519.
46. Janis, I. (1972) Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
47. Jervis, R. (1976) Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
48. Jones, C.M. (1994) ‘American Prewar Technology Sales to Iraq: A Bureaucratic Politics Explanation', in E.R. Wittkopf (ed.) The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence. New York, NY: St Martin's Press.
49. Kaarbo, Juliet (1996) ‘Power and Influence in Foreign Policy Decision Making: The Role of Junior Coalition Partners in German and Israeli Foreign Policy', International Studies Quarterly 40: 501-530.
50. Kaarbo, J. and R.K. Beasley (forthcoming) ‘A Political Perspective on Minority Influence and Strategic Group Composition', in M.A. Neale, E. Mannix and D.H. Gruenfeld (eds) Research on Groups and Teams, Vol. 1. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
51. Kaarbo, J. and D.H. Gruenfeld (forthcoming) ‘The Social Psychology of Inter- and Intra-Group Conflict in Governmental Politics', in E. Stern and B. Verbeek (eds) ‘Whither Governmental Politics?', Mershon International Studies Review.
52. Kozak, D.C. (1988) ‘The Bureaucratic Politics Approach: The Evolution of the Paradigm', in D.C. Kozak and J.M. Keagle (eds) Bureaucratic Politics and National Security, pp. 3-15. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
53. Krasner, S.D. (1971) ‘Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland)', Foreign Policy 7: 159-179.
54. Kruglanski, A. and D.M. Mackie (1990) ‘Majority and Minority Influence: A Judgmental Process Analysis', in W. Stroebe and M. Hewstone (eds) Advances in European Social Psychology, pp. 229-261. London: Wiley.
55. Levine, J.M. and E.M. Russo (1987) ‘Majority and Minority Influence', in Clyde Hendrick (ed.) Review of Personality and Social Psychology: Group Processes Volume 8, pp. 13-54. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
56. Lindell, U. and S. Persson (1986) ‘The Paradox of Weak State Power: A Research and Literature Overview', Cooperation and Conflict 21: 79-97.
57. Mayntz, R. (1980) ‘Executive Leadership in Germany: Dispersion of Power of “Kanzlerdemokratie?” ', in R. Rose and E.N. Suleiman (eds) Presidents and Prime Ministers. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
58. Maoz, Z. (1990) ‘Framing the National Interest', World Politics 43: 77-110.
59. Moscovici, S. (1976) Social Influence and Social Change. London: Academic Press.
60. Moscovici, S. (1985) ‘Innovation and Minority Influence', in S. Moscovici, G. Mugny and E. Van Avermaet (eds) Perspectives on Minority Influence, pp. 9-51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Moscovici, S., E. Lage and M. Naffrechoux (1969) ‘Influence of a Consistent Minority on the Responses of a Majority in a Color Perception Task', Sociometry 32: 365-380.
62. Moscovici, S., A. Mucchi-Faina and A. Maass (1994) Minority Influence. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
63. Mugny, G. (1975) ‘Negotiations, Image of the Other and the Process of Minority Influence', European Journal of Social Psychology 5: 209-228.
64. Mugny, G. and J.A. Pérez (1991) The Social Psychology of Minority Influence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
65. Neack, L., J.A.K. Hey and P.J. Haney (1995) ‘Generational Change in Foreign Policy Analysis', in L. Neack, J.A.K. Hey and P.J. Haney (eds) Foreign Policy Analysis, pp. 1-15. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
66. Nemeth, C.J. and B.M. Staw (1989) ‘The Tradeoffs of Social Control and Innovation in Groups and Organizations', in L. Berkowitz (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 22, pp. 175-210. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
67. Nemeth, C. and J. Wachtler (1974) ‘Creating Perceptions of Consistency and Confidence: A Necessary Condition for Minority Influence', Sociometry 37: 529-540.
68. Neustadt, R.E. (1960) Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership. New York: John Wiley.
69. Paicheler, G. (1976) ‘Norms and Attitude Change I: Polarization and Styles of Behavior', European Journal of Social Psychology 6: 405-427.
70. Park, Y.H. (1975) ‘The Politics of Japan's China Decision', Orbis 19: 562-590.
71. Perlmutter, A. (1974) ‘The Presidential Political Center and Foreign Policy: A Critique of the Revisionist and Bureaucratic-Political Orientations', World Politics 27: 87-106.
72. Putnam, R.D. (1988) ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of Two-Level Games', International Organization 42: 427-460.
73. Raven, B. (1990) ‘Political Applications of the Psychology of Interpersonal Influence and Social Power', Political Psychology 11: 493-520.
74. Ripley, B. (1993) ‘Psychology, Foreign Policy, and International Relations Theory', Political Psychology 14: 403-416.
75. Ripley, B. (1995) ‘Cognition, Culture, and Bureaucratic Politics', in L. Neack, J.A.K. Hey and P.J. Haney (eds) Foreign Policy Analysis, pp. 85-97. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
76. Rosati, J. (1981) ‘Developing a Systematic Decision-Making Framework: Bureaucratic Politics in Perspective', World Politics 33: 234-252.
77. Rosati, J. (1984) ‘The Impact of Beliefs on Behavior: The Foreign Policy of the Carter Administration', in D.A. Sylvan and S. Chan (eds) Foreign Policy Decision Making: Perception, Cognition, and Artificial Intelligence. New York: Praeger.
78. Schilling, W.R., P.Y. Hammond and G.H. Snyder (1962) Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets. New York: Columbia University Press.
79. Sherif, M., O.J. Harvey, B.J. White, W.R. Hood and C.W. Sherif, (1961) Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robber's Cave Experiment. Norman, OK: Institute of Group Relations.
80. Shuman, H.W. (1988) ‘Congress and the Bureaucracy: Cooperation and Conflict', in D.C. Kozak and J.M. Keagle (eds) Bureaucratic Politics and National Security, pp. 221-232. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
81. Smith, S. (1985) ‘Policy Preferences and Bureaucratic Position: The Case of the American Hostage Rescue Mission', International Affairs 61: 9-25.
82. Smith, S. (1986) ‘Theories of Foreign Policy: An Historical Overview', Review of International Studies 12: 13-29.
83. Snyder, J. (1991) Myths of Empire. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
84. Snyder, R.C., H.W. Bruck and B. Sapin (eds) (1962) Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics. New York: Macmillan.
85. Steinbruner, J.D. (1974) The Cybernetic Theory of Decision. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
86. Steiner, M. (1977) ‘The Elusive Essence of Decision', International Studies Quarterly 21: 389-422.
87. Stewart, P.D., M.G. Hermann and C.F. Hermann (1989) ‘Modeling the 1973 Soviet Decision to Support Egypt', American Political Science Review 83: 35-59.
88. Valenta, J. (1979) ‘The Bureaucratic Politics Paradigm and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia', Political Science Quarterly 94: 55-76.
89. Vertzberger, Y. (1990) The World in Their Minds. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
90. Wagner, R.H. (1974) ‘Dissolving the State: Three Recent Perspectives on International Relations', International Organization 28: 435-466.
91. Walker, S. (1977) ‘The Interface Between Beliefs and Behavior - Henry Kissinger's Operational Code and the Vietnam War', Journal of Conflict Resolution 21: 129-168.
92. Welch, D. (1992) ‘The Organizational Process and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms', International Security 17: 112-146.
93. Winter, D., M.G. Hermann, W. Weintraub and S. Walker (1991) ‘The Personalities of Bush and Gorbachev Measured at a Distance: Procedures, Portraits, and Policy', Political Psychology 12: 215-245.
94. Wood, W., S. Lundgren, J.A. Oulette, S. Busceme and T. Blackstone (1994) ‘Processes of Minority Influence: Influence Effectiveness and Source Perceptions', Psychological Bulletin 115: 323-345.
95. Yukl, G. and C.M. Falbe (1990) ‘Influence Tactics and Objectives in Upward, Downward, and Lateral Influence Attempts', Journal of Applied Psychology 75: 132-140.
96. Yukl, G. and J.B. Tracey (1992) ‘Consequences of Influence Tactics Used With Subordinates, Peers, and the Boss', Journal of Applied Psychology 77: 525-535.