Caught in a contradiction Cuban socialism between mobilization and normalization

Comparative Politics

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 63-82

  Pérez Stable, Marifeli ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0007548830     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422433     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Seymour Martin Lipset and Gyorgy Bence, "Anticipations of the Failure of Communism," and Ivan Szelenyi and Balazs Szelenyi, "Why Socialism Failed: Toward a Theory of System Breakdown - Causes of Disintegration of East European State Socialism," Theory and Society, 23 (April 1994), 169-210, 211-31.
2. Seymour Martin Lipset and Gyorgy Bence, "Anticipations of the Failure of Communism," and Ivan Szelenyi and Balazs Szelenyi, "Why Socialism Failed: Toward a Theory of System Breakdown - Causes of Disintegration of East European State Socialism," Theory and Society, 23 (April 1994), 169-210, 211-31.
3. Andrew G. Walder, "The Quiet Revolution from Within: Economic Reform as a Source of Political Decline," in Andrew G. Walder, ed., The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 3, applied Charles Tilly's phrase to the analysis of state socialism.
4. Linz and Stepan distinguish totalitarianism from posttotalitarianism. The first lacks effective economic, social, or political pluralism; the second allows limited forms of pluralism (though not in politics). Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 40-51.
5. See William S. Turley, "Party, State, and People: Political Structure and Economic Prospects," in William S. Turley and Mark Selden, eds., Reinventing Vietnamese Socialism: Doi Moi in Comparative Perspective (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), p. 269.
6. The absence of similar social scientific evidence for Cuba is a serious obstacle in applying the institutionalist paradigm and makes it impossible to write an overview of Cuban state socialism akin to Victor Nee and Rebecca Matthews, "Market Transition and Societal Transformation in Reforming State Socialism," Annual Review of Sociology, 22 (1996), 401-35.
7. See János Kornai, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
8. Victor Nee and David Stark, eds., Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989).
9. See Walder, ed.
10. Susan Eckstein, Back from the Future: Cuba under Castro (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), though often suggestive, largely interprets Cuban state socialism as if it had.
11. Anna Seleny, "Property Rights and Political Power: The Cumulative Process of Political Change in Hungary," David L. Bartlett, "Losing the Political Initiative: The Impact of Financial Liberalization in Hungary," and David L. Wank, "Bureaucratic Patronage and Private Business: Changing Networks of Power in Urban China," in Walder, ed., pp. 27-60, 114-50, and 153-84; Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gabriella Montinola, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, "Federalism Chinese Style: The Political Basis of Economic Success in China," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 50-81; Carollee Bengelsdorf, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Haroldo Dilla, Gerardo Gonzalez, and Ana Teresa Vincentelli, Participación popular y desarrollo en los municipios cubanos (Havana: Centro de Estudios sobre America, 1993).
12. Anna Seleny, "Property Rights and Political Power: The Cumulative Process of Political Change in Hungary," David L. Bartlett, "Losing the Political Initiative: The Impact of Financial Liberalization in Hungary," and David L. Wank, "Bureaucratic Patronage and Private Business: Changing Networks of Power in Urban China," in Walder, ed., pp. 27-60, 114-50, and 153-84; Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gabriella Montinola, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, "Federalism Chinese Style: The Political Basis of Economic Success in China," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 50-81; Carollee Bengelsdorf, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Haroldo Dilla, Gerardo Gonzalez, and Ana Teresa Vincentelli, Participación popular y desarrollo en los municipios cubanos (Havana: Centro de Estudios sobre America, 1993).
13. Anna Seleny, "Property Rights and Political Power: The Cumulative Process of Political Change in Hungary," David L. Bartlett, "Losing the Political Initiative: The Impact of Financial Liberalization in Hungary," and David L. Wank, "Bureaucratic Patronage and Private Business: Changing Networks of Power in Urban China," in Walder, ed., pp. 27-60, 114-50, and 153-84; Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gabriella Montinola, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, "Federalism Chinese Style: The Political Basis of Economic Success in China," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 50-81; Carollee Bengelsdorf, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Haroldo Dilla, Gerardo Gonzalez, and Ana Teresa Vincentelli, Participación popular y desarrollo en los municipios cubanos (Havana: Centro de Estudios sobre America, 1993).
14. Anna Seleny, "Property Rights and Political Power: The Cumulative Process of Political Change in Hungary," David L. Bartlett, "Losing the Political Initiative: The Impact of Financial Liberalization in Hungary," and David L. Wank, "Bureaucratic Patronage and Private Business: Changing Networks of Power in Urban China," in Walder, ed., pp. 27-60, 114-50, and 153-84; Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gabriella Montinola, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, "Federalism Chinese Style: The Political Basis of Economic Success in China," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 50-81; Carollee Bengelsdorf, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Haroldo Dilla, Gerardo Gonzalez, and Ana Teresa Vincentelli, Participación popular y desarrollo en los municipios cubanos (Havana: Centro de Estudios sobre America, 1993).
15. Anna Seleny, "Property Rights and Political Power: The Cumulative Process of Political Change in Hungary," David L. Bartlett, "Losing the Political Initiative: The Impact of Financial Liberalization in Hungary," and David L. Wank, "Bureaucratic Patronage and Private Business: Changing Networks of Power in Urban China," in Walder, ed., pp. 27-60, 114-50, and 153-84; Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gabriella Montinola, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, "Federalism Chinese Style: The Political Basis of Economic Success in China," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 50-81; Carollee Bengelsdorf, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Haroldo Dilla, Gerardo Gonzalez, and Ana Teresa Vincentelli, Participación popular y desarrollo en los municipios cubanos (Havana: Centro de Estudios sobre America, 1993).
16. Anna Seleny, "Property Rights and Political Power: The Cumulative Process of Political Change in Hungary," David L. Bartlett, "Losing the Political Initiative: The Impact of Financial Liberalization in Hungary," and David L. Wank, "Bureaucratic Patronage and Private Business: Changing Networks of Power in Urban China," in Walder, ed., pp. 27-60, 114-50, and 153-84; Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gabriella Montinola, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, "Federalism Chinese Style: The Political Basis of Economic Success in China," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 50-81; Carollee Bengelsdorf, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Haroldo Dilla, Gerardo Gonzalez, and Ana Teresa Vincentelli, Participación popular y desarrollo en los municipios cubanos (Havana: Centro de Estudios sobre America, 1993).
17. Anna Seleny, "Property Rights and Political Power: The Cumulative Process of Political Change in Hungary," David L. Bartlett, "Losing the Political Initiative: The Impact of Financial Liberalization in Hungary," and David L. Wank, "Bureaucratic Patronage and Private Business: Changing Networks of Power in Urban China," in Walder, ed., pp. 27-60, 114-50, and 153-84; Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Gabriella Montinola, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, "Federalism Chinese Style: The Political Basis of Economic Success in China," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 50-81; Carollee Bengelsdorf, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Haroldo Dilla, Gerardo Gonzalez, and Ana Teresa Vincentelli, Participación popular y desarrollo en los municipios cubanos (Havana: Centro de Estudios sobre America, 1993).
18. Though social scientific knowledge of North Korea is scant, a form of mobilizational authoritarianism appears to characterize its political system as well. Charismatic leadership, apparently passed on from Kim Il Sung to his son, Kim Jong Il, a central role for the military, and fear of foreign domination (in this case, by South Korea and Japan) have also been components of North Korean state socialism.
19. For different perspectives, see Jorge I. Domínguez, Cuba: Order and Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978); and Marifeli Pérez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
20. For different perspectives, see Jorge I. Domínguez, Cuba: Order and Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978); and Marifeli Pérez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
21. The comparison is only political and economic; the radical experiment never perpetrated the barbarism of the Cultural Revolution.
22. Granma, Jan. 28, 1991, p. 3; Granma Weekly Review, Mar. 25, 1990, pp. 2-3; and Granma, Apr. 13, 1990, p. 1.
23. Granma, Jan. 28, 1991, p. 3; Granma Weekly Review, Mar. 25, 1990, pp. 2-3; and Granma, Apr. 13, 1990, p. 1.
24. Granma, Jan. 28, 1991, p. 3; Granma Weekly Review, Mar. 25, 1990, pp. 2-3; and Granma, Apr. 13, 1990, p. 1.
25. See Victor Pérez-Díaz, The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).
26. Reuters, Aug. 5, 1995. A year earlier up to 20,000 people flocked to the Malecón upon hearing rumors that ships from Miami were coming to pick up would-be rafters. Though the ships never came, those gathered began to chant antigovernment slogans; it took the government several hours to disperse them.
27. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Latin America - Cuba: Fourth Congress of the Cuban Communist Party, Oct. 15, 1991, p. 25.
28. Quoted in Phyllis Greene Walker, "The Cuban Armed Forces in Transition," in Donald E. Schulz, ed., Cuba and the Future (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994), p. 60.
29. Granma, Mar. 27, 1996.
30. See Pérez-Stable, pp. 88-89.
31. Carmelo Mesa-Lago, "Cuba's Economic Counter Reform (Rectification): Causes, Policies, and Effects," Journal of Communist Studies, 5 (December 1989), 98-137.
32. After three years (1994-96) of modest economic growth, the economy experienced a slowdown. A mounting trade deficit (from S642 million in 1994 to S2.2 billion in 1996), a growing foreign debt ($9.7 billion in late 1994 to $11 billion in mid 1996), and a ballooning (but not officially specified) internal debt (due to the unprofitable state sector) threaten to reverse the gains since 1993. Lower sugar prices, higher oil prices, and difficulties in obtaining foreign loans to support the harvest completed the dismal economic outlook. Miami Herald, Dec. 19, 1996; El Nuevo Herald, Apr. 13, 1998.
33. After three years (1994-96) of modest economic growth, the economy experienced a slowdown. A mounting trade deficit (from S642 million in 1994 to S2.2 billion in 1996), a growing foreign debt ($9.7 billion in late 1994 to $11 billion in mid 1996), and a ballooning (but not officially specified) internal debt (due to the unprofitable state sector) threaten to reverse the gains since 1993. Lower sugar prices, higher oil prices, and difficulties in obtaining foreign loans to support the harvest completed the dismal economic outlook. Miami Herald, Dec. 19, 1996; El Nuevo Herald, Apr. 13, 1998.
34. Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Are Economic Reforms Propelling Cuba to the Market? (Miami: University of Miami North-South Center, 1994); Manuel Pastor, Jr. and Andrew Zimbalist, "Cuba's Economic Conundrum," NACLA: Report on the Americas, 29 (September-October 1995), 7-12; and Jorge F. Pérez-López, Cuba's Second Economy: From behind the Scenes to Center Stage (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1995).
35. Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Are Economic Reforms Propelling Cuba to the Market? (Miami: University of Miami North-South Center, 1994); Manuel Pastor, Jr. and Andrew Zimbalist, "Cuba's Economic Conundrum," NACLA: Report on the Americas, 29 (September-October 1995), 7-12; and Jorge F. Pérez-López, Cuba's Second Economy: From behind the Scenes to Center Stage (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1995).
36. Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Are Economic Reforms Propelling Cuba to the Market? (Miami: University of Miami North-South Center, 1994); Manuel Pastor, Jr. and Andrew Zimbalist, "Cuba's Economic Conundrum," NACLA: Report on the Americas, 29 (September-October 1995), 7-12; and Jorge F. Pérez-López, Cuba's Second Economy: From behind the Scenes to Center Stage (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1995).
37. Associated Press, Sept. 6, 1995.
38. See Carlos Solchaga, "Cuba: Perspectives económicas," Encuentro, 3 (Winter 1996-1997), 43-53; and Julio Carranza Valdéz, Luis Guitiérrez Urdaneta, and Pedro Monreal Gonzalez, Cuba la restructuratión de la economía: Una propuesta para el debate (Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1995).
39. See Carlos Solchaga, "Cuba: Perspectives económicas," Encuentro, 3 (Winter 1996-1997), 43-53; and Julio Carranza Valdéz, Luis Guitiérrez Urdaneta, and Pedro Monreal Gonzalez, Cuba la restructuratión de la economía: Una propuesta para el debate (Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1995).
40. Miami Herald, Apr. 17, 1998, reported legal self-employment at 155,538, down from more than 200,000 in 1996.
41. The Economist, Oct. 19, 1996, p. 49. In the late 1980s Cuba's Gross Social Product (GSP) was about 25 billion pesos a year. Even if $1 billion have been invested, the sum pales next to the estimated $5-6 billion a year Cuba received from the Soviet Union in subsidies, credits, and aid.
42. Andrés Oppenheimer, Castro's Final Hour: The Secret Story behind the Coming Downfall of Communist Cuba (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
43. Shirk, pp. 33-37; David W. P. Elliot, "Dilemmas of Reform in Vietnam," in Turley and Selden, eds., pp. 53-94; and Stefan de Vylder, "State and Market in Vietnam," in Irene Norlund, Carolyn L. Gates, and Vu Cao Dam, eds., Vietnam in a Changing World (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995), pp. 31-70.
44. Shirk, pp. 33-37; David W. P. Elliot, "Dilemmas of Reform in Vietnam," in Turley and Selden, eds., pp. 53-94; and Stefan de Vylder, "State and Market in Vietnam," in Irene Norlund, Carolyn L. Gates, and Vu Cao Dam, eds., Vietnam in a Changing World (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995), pp. 31-70.
45. Shirk, pp. 33-37; David W. P. Elliot, "Dilemmas of Reform in Vietnam," in Turley and Selden, eds., pp. 53-94; and Stefan de Vylder, "State and Market in Vietnam," in Irene Norlund, Carolyn L. Gates, and Vu Cao Dam, eds., Vietnam in a Changing World (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995), pp. 31-70.
46. Granma, June 16, 1989, p. 1; June 29, 1989, p. 1; July 14, 1989, p. 1; and July 31, 1989, p. 11; Granma Weekly Review, Aug. 20, 1989, p. 3.
47. Granma, June 16, 1989, p. 1; June 29, 1989, p. 1; July 14, 1989, p. 1; and July 31, 1989, p. 11; Granma Weekly Review, Aug. 20, 1989, p. 3.
48. Granma, June 16, 1989, p. 1; June 29, 1989, p. 1; July 14, 1989, p. 1; and July 31, 1989, p. 11; Granma Weekly Review, Aug. 20, 1989, p. 3.
49. Granma, June 16, 1989, p. 1; June 29, 1989, p. 1; July 14, 1989, p. 1; and July 31, 1989, p. 11; Granma Weekly Review, Aug. 20, 1989, p. 3.
50. Granma, June 16, 1989, p. 1; June 29, 1989, p. 1; July 14, 1989, p. 1; and July 31, 1989, p. 11; Granma Weekly Review, Aug. 20, 1989, p. 3.
51. Pérez-Stable, p. 172.
52. Juventud Rebelde (Digital Edition), Oct. 15, 1997.
53. Marifeli Pérez-Stable, "Legislative and Electoral Dynamics," in Transition in Cuba (Cuban Research Institute and the Latin American and Caribbean Center at Florida International University funded by the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Agency for International Development, 1992-1993), pp. 56-57.
54. Cuba en el mes (July 1994), 44-47; (July 1995), 47.
55. Cuba en el mes (July 1994), 44-47; (July 1995), 47.
56. El Nuevo-Herald, Jan. 25, 1995, pp. 1, 4.
57. Cuba en el mes (August and September 1994), 20-25 and 42, respectively.
58. CubaFax Update, Dec. 31, 1992.
59. Spanish News Agency EFE, Feb. 23, 1993; Granma, Feb. 27, 1993.
60. Spanish News Agency EFE, Feb. 23, 1993; Granma, Feb. 27, 1993.
61. Spanish News Agency EFE, Feb. 23, 1993.
62. The government tallies valid and invalid ballots separately. The percent of invalid ballots is based on the total number of voters.
63. Domínguez, pp. 341-78.
64. Jorge I. Domínguez, "The Cuban Armed Forces, the Party and Society in Wartime and during Rectification (1986-88)," Journal of Communist Studies, 5 (December 1989), 45-62.
65. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
66. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
67. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
68. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
69. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
70. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
71. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
72. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
73. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
74. Cuba en el mes (December 1991), 30; (May 1992), 33-34; (December 1992), 27; (January 1994), 27; (March 1994), 34-35; (June 1994), 49-51; (November 1994), 64; (January 1995), 60-61; (February 1995), 40-41; (March 1995), 18, 20-24.
75. Cuba en el mes (September 1994), 34.
76. Like China's and Vietnam's, Cuba's military is acquiring considerable economic resources. It controls the single most important tourist enterprise, Gaviota Tourism Group, S.A., which in 1994 generated $220 million, about 15 percent of total export earnings. Phyllis Greene Walker, "Challenges Facing the Cuban Military," Cuba Briefing Paper Series, 12 (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, October 1996), 4.
77. Pérez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution, pp. 144, 172; Walker, "The Cuban Armed Forces in Transition," p. 60; Cuba en el mes (December 1995), 77.
78. Pérez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution, pp. 144, 172; Walker, "The Cuban Armed Forces in Transition," p. 60; Cuba en el mes (December 1995), 77.
79. Pérez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution, pp. 144, 172; Walker, "The Cuban Armed Forces in Transition," p. 60; Cuba en el mes (December 1995), 77.
80. Cuba en el mes (October 1994), 25.
81. Cuba en el mes (April 1995), 44.
82. Damián J. Fernández, "Informal Politics and the Crisis of Cuban Socialism," in Schulz, ed., pp. 69-81; and Eckstein, pp. 119-26. The PCC has alarmingly and critically recognized the emergence of this second society in "El trabajo del Partido en Ia actual coyuntura," Granma, Aug. 15, 1996.
83. Damián J. Fernández, "Informal Politics and the Crisis of Cuban Socialism," in Schulz, ed., pp. 69-81; and Eckstein, pp. 119-26. The PCC has alarmingly and critically recognized the emergence of this second society in "El trabajo del Partido en Ia actual coyuntura," Granma, Aug. 15, 1996.
84. Grzegorz Ekiert, The State against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).