Political manipulation of foreign policy in the durán ballén presidency

Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 42, 1996, Pages 293-310

  Hey, Jeanne A K ^a  

^a MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007540633     PISSN: 08263663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08263663.1996.10816745     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. The author thanks David Schodt, Yvon Grenier and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript.
2. Interview with Leonardo Carrión, Quito, 3 May 1994.
3. Lloyd S. Etheredge, Can Governments Learn? American Foreign Policy and Central American Revolutions (New York: Permagon Press, 1985), p. 66.
4. Jeanne A. K. Hey, Theories of Foreign Policy and the Case of Ecuador in the 1980s (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1995).
5. "Ecuador: Withdrawal from OPEC," Latin American Regional Reports-Andean Group, 8 October 1992, p. 4.
6. "Ecuador Still Grappling over Privatization as Oil Flow Rises," Oil and Gas Journal, 8 November 1993, pp. 23-28.
7. "1990s Bright for Post-OPEC Ecuador," Oil and Gas Journal, 1 March 1993, pp. 56-61.
8. Hey, Theories of Foreign Policy, p. 156.
9. "Ecuador: Withdrawal from OPEC," p. 4.
10. Interview with Peter Romero, Quito, 15 June 1994.
11. Public opinion data on foreign policy in Ecuador is almost non-existent. Because of missing data on popular opinion and because foreign policy is developed and critiqued at elite levels, this article focuses on opinions from people in policy positions.
12. John D. Martz, Politics and Petroleum in Ecuador (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1987).
13. Interviews with Pablo Better, Quito, 6 June 1994; Leonardo Carrión, Quito, 3 May 1991; and Luis Narvaez, Quito, 8 June 1994.
14. "1990s Bright for Post-OPEC Ecuador," pp. 56-61.
15. Martz, Politics and Petroleum,
16. Hey, Theories of Foreign Policy.
17. "Ecuador Still Grappling," pp. 23-28.
18. Interviews with Leonardo Carrión, Quito, 3 May 1994 and Rodrigo Borja, Quito, 1 June 1994.
19. The other three signatories were Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Venezuela. Interestingly, although Costa Rica signed the framework agreement, it also offered to negotiate on Ecuador's behalf against the Europeans' favouritism for the Caribbean producers. Colombia did not.
20. Daniel Mazuera, "The Americas: A Trade Dispute Gone Bananas," Wall Street Journal, 17 November 1995, p. A19.
21. Interviews with Mario Alemán, Quito, 26 June 1994, and Diego Cordovez, Quito, 26 June 1994.
22. Interviews with Leonardo Carrión, Quito, 3 May 1994, and Diego Cordovez, Quito, 26 June 1994.
23. Sanin's visit received much fanfare in press reports laced with machista overtones. As much attention was paid to her physical beauty and charm as to the content of her diplomacy (Leonardo Carrión, "Colombia: Gaviria Denies U.S. Helped Him Win OAS Elections," Inter Press Service [IPS], 8 April 1994).
24. Interviews with Leonardo Carrión, Quito, 3 May 1994, and Diego Cordovez, Quito, 26 June 1994; see also Carrión, "Colombia, Gaviria Denies."
25. Interview with Rodrigo Borja, Quito, 1 June 1994.
26. Interviews with Rodrigo Borja, Quito, 1 June 1994; Leonardo Carrión, Quito, 3 May 1994; and Diego Cordovez, Quito, 26 June 1994; see also "U.S. Exerts Influence over OAS through Gaviria," Washington Report on the Hemisphere, 10 June 1995, p. 3.
27. Latin American Newsletters (LAN), 27 March 1994,
28. "Canada Denies It Lobbied to Keep Costa Rican from Top OAS Post," The Gazette (Montreal), 6 April 1994.
29. Larry Birns and Jeremy Latimer, "Independence or Subservience? Canada's Reputation Jeopardized by Support for U.S. Bullying of OAS," The Ottawa Citizen, 23 March 1994.
30. "Goliath Beats David," The Washington Times, 29 March 1994.
31. Interview with Peter Romero, Quito, 15 June 1994.
32. "Goliath Beats David."
33. Goliath Beats David Ibid.
34. Goliath Beats David Ibid.
35. Interviews with Rodrigo Borja, Quito, 1 June 1994; Pablo Better, Quito, 6 June 1994; Mario Alemán, Quito, 26 June 1994; Leonardo Carrión, Quito, 3 May 1994; Diego Cordovez, Quito, 26 June 1994; and Peter Romero, Quito, 15 June 1994.
36. David Haskel, "OAS Chooses New Leader, Maybe New Future," Reuters World Service, 24 March 1994.
37. Interview with Mario Alemán, Quito, 26 June 1994.
38. Carrión, "Colombia: Gaviria Denies."
39. Except where otherwise noted, details of the war and negotiations are found in various issues of the Quito daily, Hoy.
40. R. Bruce St. John, "The Boundary between Ecuador and Peru," Boundary and Territory Briefing 1 (1994): 15.
41. Boundary and Territory Briefing Ibid., p. 16.
42. Fernando Bustamante, "Ecuador: Putting an End to the Ghosts of the Past?" Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34 (1992-93): 195-224,
43. James Brooke, "Thousands of Peruvians Flee Fighting on the Border," New York Times, 31 January 1995, p. A5.
44. St. John, "The Boundary," pp. 6-17.
45. R. Bruce St. John, "Conflict in the Cordillera del Cóndor: The Ecuador-Peru Dispute" (unpublished manuscript, 1996), p. 12.
46. Adrián Bonilla, "Ecuador-Peru: National Interests and Political Process of the 1995 Armed Conflict" (Paper delivered at the International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, DC, 28-30 September 1995).
47. Adrián Bonilla, Ecuador-Peru: National Interests and Political Process of the 1995 Armed Conflict International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, 1995). Ibid.
48. Associated Press, 1 February 1995.
49. Reuters, 3 February 1995.
50. "Se Aleja Peligro de Nuevo Enfrentamiento," Hoy (Quito), 30 October 1995.
51. Associated Press, 2 February 1995.
52. James Brooke, "Two Leaders Seek Laurels Along Peru-Ecuador Border," New York Times, 5 February 1995, p. A3.
53. Interview with Rodrigo Borja, Quito, 1 June 1994; see also Hey, Theories of Foreign Policy.
54. Interview with James Brooke, 31 January 1995.
55. Ibid.
56. Associated Press, 2 February 1995.
57. St. John, "Conflict in the Cordillera del Cóndor," p. 12.
58. "Peru vs. Ecuador: An Expensive War for Two Poor Countries," Latinamerica Press (LAP), 9 February 1995, pp. 1, 8.
59. Latinamerica Press (LAP), Ibid., p. 8.
60. "Getting a Boost from War," LAP, 30 March 1995, p. 6.
61. Getting a Boost from War, LAP, 1995, p. 6. Ibid.
62. "Ecuador's Leader Seeks Backing on Strife," New York Times, 7 February 1995, p. A4.
63. Associated Press, 2 February 1995.
64. Etheredge, Can Governments Learn? p. 66.
65. Luis Angel Saavedra, "Where to After the War?" LAP, 4 May 1995, p. 3.
66. Bonilla, "Ecuador-Peru: National Interests."
67. Hey, Theories of Foreign Policy.
68. Hey, Theories of Foreign Policy Ibid.
69. "Political Chaos Looms in Ecuador," Latinamerica Press (LAP), 19 October 1995, pp. 1, 8.