Sugar Plantations in Queensland, 1864-1912: Origins, Characteristics, Distribution, and Decline

Agricultural History

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 609-647

  Griggs, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0007391314     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (242)

1. For detailed discussions about these sugar plantations, see Percy Philip Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture (London: Bell and Hyman, 1980), 33-36, and Jock Galloway, The Sugarcane Industry: An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 88-91.
2. For detailed discussions about these sugar plantations, see Percy Philip Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture (London: Bell and Hyman, 1980), 33-36, and Jock Galloway, The Sugarcane Industry: An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 88-91.
3. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 145-47, 150-61; Woodville K. Marshall, "Metayage in the Sugar Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865," Jamaica Historical Review 5, no. 1 (1965): 28-55; R. W. Beachey, The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957), 115-16; Rebecca Scott, "The Transformation of Sugar Production in Cuba after Emancipation, 1880-1900," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 157-59, 168-69; J. Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South, 1753-1950 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953), 258-63; Jock Galloway, "The Sugar Industry of Pernambuco During the Nineteenth Century," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58, (June 1968): 300-302.
4. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 145-47, 150-61; Woodville K. Marshall, "Metayage in the Sugar Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865," Jamaica Historical Review 5, no. 1 (1965): 28-55; R. W. Beachey, The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957), 115-16; Rebecca Scott, "The Transformation of Sugar Production in Cuba after Emancipation, 1880-1900," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 157-59, 168-69; J. Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South, 1753-1950 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953), 258-63; Jock Galloway, "The Sugar Industry of Pernambuco During the Nineteenth Century," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58, (June 1968): 300-302.
5. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 145-47, 150-61; Woodville K. Marshall, "Metayage in the Sugar Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865," Jamaica Historical Review 5, no. 1 (1965): 28-55; R. W. Beachey, The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957), 115-16; Rebecca Scott, "The Transformation of Sugar Production in Cuba after Emancipation, 1880-1900," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 157-59, 168-69; J. Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South, 1753-1950 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953), 258-63; Jock Galloway, "The Sugar Industry of Pernambuco During the Nineteenth Century," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58, (June 1968): 300-302.
6. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 145-47, 150-61; Woodville K. Marshall, "Metayage in the Sugar Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865," Jamaica Historical Review 5, no. 1 (1965): 28-55; R. W. Beachey, The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957), 115-16; Rebecca Scott, "The Transformation of Sugar Production in Cuba after Emancipation, 1880-1900," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 157-59, 168-69; J. Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South, 1753-1950 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953), 258-63; Jock Galloway, "The Sugar Industry of Pernambuco During the Nineteenth Century," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58, (June 1968): 300-302.
7. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 145-47, 150-61; Woodville K. Marshall, "Metayage in the Sugar Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865," Jamaica Historical Review 5, no. 1 (1965): 28-55; R. W. Beachey, The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957), 115-16; Rebecca Scott, "The Transformation of Sugar Production in Cuba after Emancipation, 1880-1900," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 157-59, 168-69; J. Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South, 1753-1950 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953), 258-63; Jock Galloway, "The Sugar Industry of Pernambuco During the Nineteenth Century," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58, (June 1968): 300-302.
8. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 145-47, 150-61; Woodville K. Marshall, "Metayage in the Sugar Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865," Jamaica Historical Review 5, no. 1 (1965): 28-55; R. W. Beachey, The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957), 115-16; Rebecca Scott, "The Transformation of Sugar Production in Cuba after Emancipation, 1880-1900," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 157-59, 168-69; J. Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South, 1753-1950 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953), 258-63; Jock Galloway, "The Sugar Industry of Pernambuco During the Nineteenth Century," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58, (June 1968): 300-302.
9. Peter Richardson, "The Natal Sugar Industry in the Nineteenth Century," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 244-47; Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 186-88, 219-28; Barry Higman, "Sugar Plantations and Yeoman Farming in New South Wales," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58 (December 1968): 702-12.
10. Peter Richardson, "The Natal Sugar Industry in the Nineteenth Century," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 244-47; Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 186-88, 219-28; Barry Higman, "Sugar Plantations and Yeoman Farming in New South Wales," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58 (December 1968): 702-12.
11. Peter Richardson, "The Natal Sugar Industry in the Nineteenth Century," in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, ed. William Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, U.K.: ISC Press, 1984), 244-47; Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 186-88, 219-28; Barry Higman, "Sugar Plantations and Yeoman Farming in New South Wales," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58 (December 1968): 702-12.
12. For early experiments with central mills in Queensland, see John Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough: 120 Years of Challenge (Maryborough, Qld.: Maryborough Sugar Factory, Ltd., 1987), 28-31; and John Kerr, Pioneer Pageant: A History of Pioneer Shire (Mackay, Qld.: Pioneer Shire Council, 1980), 69-70.
13. For early experiments with central mills in Queensland, see John Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough: 120 Years of Challenge (Maryborough, Qld.: Maryborough Sugar Factory, Ltd., 1987), 28-31; and John Kerr, Pioneer Pageant: A History of Pioneer Shire (Mackay, Qld.: Pioneer Shire Council, 1980), 69-70.
14. For accounts of the attempts to intensify land use in Australia after the 1850s, see Michael Williams, "More and Smaller is Better: Australian Rural Settlement 1788-1914," in Australian Space, Australian Time: Geographical Perspectives, ed. Joseph Powell and Michael Williams (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), 61-103; and D. Baker, "The Origins of Robertson's Land Acts," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand 8, no. 30 (1958): 166-82; for Australian farmers having difficulties securing capital and labor and their responses, see Duncan Waterson, Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-93 (Sydney: Sydney University Press), 164-81; Lynnette Peel, Rural Industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1974), 48, 135, and 139; and D. Tribe and L. Peel, "Innovation, Science and the Farmer," in Technology in Australia, 1788-1988, ed. Russel Madigan (Melbourne: Australian Academy of Technical Sciences and Engineering, 1988), 10-12; details about contemporary sugar plantations are found in Edgar Graham with Ingrid Floering, The Modern Plantation in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 150-98; and Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 128-39.
15. For accounts of the attempts to intensify land use in Australia after the 1850s, see Michael Williams, "More and Smaller is Better: Australian Rural Settlement 1788-1914," in Australian Space, Australian Time: Geographical Perspectives, ed. Joseph Powell and Michael Williams (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), 61-103; and D. Baker, "The Origins of Robertson's Land Acts," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand 8, no. 30 (1958): 166-82; for Australian farmers having difficulties securing capital and labor and their responses, see Duncan Waterson, Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-93 (Sydney: Sydney University Press), 164-81; Lynnette Peel, Rural Industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1974), 48, 135, and 139; and D. Tribe and L. Peel, "Innovation, Science and the Farmer," in Technology in Australia, 1788-1988, ed. Russel Madigan (Melbourne: Australian Academy of Technical Sciences and Engineering, 1988), 10-12; details about contemporary sugar plantations are found in Edgar Graham with Ingrid Floering, The Modern Plantation in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 150-98; and Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 128-39.
16. For accounts of the attempts to intensify land use in Australia after the 1850s, see Michael Williams, "More and Smaller is Better: Australian Rural Settlement 1788-1914," in Australian Space, Australian Time: Geographical Perspectives, ed. Joseph Powell and Michael Williams (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), 61-103; and D. Baker, "The Origins of Robertson's Land Acts," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand 8, no. 30 (1958): 166-82; for Australian farmers having difficulties securing capital and labor and their responses, see Duncan Waterson, Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-93 (Sydney: Sydney University Press), 164-81; Lynnette Peel, Rural Industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1974), 48, 135, and 139; and D. Tribe and L. Peel, "Innovation, Science and the Farmer," in Technology in Australia, 1788-1988, ed. Russel Madigan (Melbourne: Australian Academy of Technical Sciences and Engineering, 1988), 10-12; details about contemporary sugar plantations are found in Edgar Graham with Ingrid Floering, The Modern Plantation in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 150-98; and Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 128-39.
17. For accounts of the attempts to intensify land use in Australia after the 1850s, see Michael Williams, "More and Smaller is Better: Australian Rural Settlement 1788-1914," in Australian Space, Australian Time: Geographical Perspectives, ed. Joseph Powell and Michael Williams (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), 61-103; and D. Baker, "The Origins of Robertson's Land Acts," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand 8, no. 30 (1958): 166-82; for Australian farmers having difficulties securing capital and labor and their responses, see Duncan Waterson, Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-93 (Sydney: Sydney University Press), 164-81; Lynnette Peel, Rural Industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1974), 48, 135, and 139; and D. Tribe and L. Peel, "Innovation, Science and the Farmer," in Technology in Australia, 1788-1988, ed. Russel Madigan (Melbourne: Australian Academy of Technical Sciences and Engineering, 1988), 10-12; details about contemporary sugar plantations are found in Edgar Graham with Ingrid Floering, The Modern Plantation in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 150-98; and Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 128-39.
18. For accounts of the attempts to intensify land use in Australia after the 1850s, see Michael Williams, "More and Smaller is Better: Australian Rural Settlement 1788-1914," in Australian Space, Australian Time: Geographical Perspectives, ed. Joseph Powell and Michael Williams (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), 61-103; and D. Baker, "The Origins of Robertson's Land Acts," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand 8, no. 30 (1958): 166-82; for Australian farmers having difficulties securing capital and labor and their responses, see Duncan Waterson, Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-93 (Sydney: Sydney University Press), 164-81; Lynnette Peel, Rural Industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1974), 48, 135, and 139; and D. Tribe and L. Peel, "Innovation, Science and the Farmer," in Technology in Australia, 1788-1988, ed. Russel Madigan (Melbourne: Australian Academy of Technical Sciences and Engineering, 1988), 10-12; details about contemporary sugar plantations are found in Edgar Graham with Ingrid Floering, The Modern Plantation in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 150-98; and Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 128-39.
19. For accounts of the attempts to intensify land use in Australia after the 1850s, see Michael Williams, "More and Smaller is Better: Australian Rural Settlement 1788-1914," in Australian Space, Australian Time: Geographical Perspectives, ed. Joseph Powell and Michael Williams (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), 61-103; and D. Baker, "The Origins of Robertson's Land Acts," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand 8, no. 30 (1958): 166-82; for Australian farmers having difficulties securing capital and labor and their responses, see Duncan Waterson, Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-93 (Sydney: Sydney University Press), 164-81; Lynnette Peel, Rural Industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1974), 48, 135, and 139; and D. Tribe and L. Peel, "Innovation, Science and the Farmer," in Technology in Australia, 1788-1988, ed. Russel Madigan (Melbourne: Australian Academy of Technical Sciences and Engineering, 1988), 10-12; details about contemporary sugar plantations are found in Edgar Graham with Ingrid Floering, The Modern Plantation in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 150-98; and Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 128-39.
20. For accounts of the attempts to intensify land use in Australia after the 1850s, see Michael Williams, "More and Smaller is Better: Australian Rural Settlement 1788-1914," in Australian Space, Australian Time: Geographical Perspectives, ed. Joseph Powell and Michael Williams (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), 61-103; and D. Baker, "The Origins of Robertson's Land Acts," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand 8, no. 30 (1958): 166-82; for Australian farmers having difficulties securing capital and labor and their responses, see Duncan Waterson, Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-93 (Sydney: Sydney University Press), 164-81; Lynnette Peel, Rural Industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1974), 48, 135, and 139; and D. Tribe and L. Peel, "Innovation, Science and the Farmer," in Technology in Australia, 1788-1988, ed. Russel Madigan (Melbourne: Australian Academy of Technical Sciences and Engineering, 1988), 10-12; details about contemporary sugar plantations are found in Edgar Graham with Ingrid Floering, The Modern Plantation in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 150-98; and Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 128-39.
21. For studies of Melanesians on Queensland plantations, see Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland, 1824-1916 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982): Clive Moore, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1985); Adrian Graves, Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); for the economics of recruiting Melanesians, see Allan Birch, "The Organisation and Economics of Pacific Islands' Labour in the Australian Sugar Industry," Business Archives and History 6 (February 1966): 53-76; Ralph Schlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863-1906," Journal of Pacific History 16 (April 1981): 70-91; Ralph Schlomowitz, "The Profitability of Indentured Melanesian Labour in Queensland," Australian Economic History Review 22 (September 1982): 49-67; for explanations about the decline of the plantations in Queensland, see Geoffrey Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 156, 199; and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Search for Institutional Equilibrium in Queensland's Sugar Industry, 1884-1913," Australian Economic History Review 19 (September 1979): 91-123.
22. For studies of Melanesians on Queensland plantations, see Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland, 1824-1916 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982): Clive Moore, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1985); Adrian Graves, Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); for the economics of recruiting Melanesians, see Allan Birch, "The Organisation and Economics of Pacific Islands' Labour in the Australian Sugar Industry," Business Archives and History 6 (February 1966): 53-76; Ralph Schlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863-1906," Journal of Pacific History 16 (April 1981): 70-91; Ralph Schlomowitz, "The Profitability of Indentured Melanesian Labour in Queensland," Australian Economic History Review 22 (September 1982): 49-67; for explanations about the decline of the plantations in Queensland, see Geoffrey Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 156, 199; and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Search for Institutional Equilibrium in Queensland's Sugar Industry, 1884-1913," Australian Economic History Review 19 (September 1979): 91-123.
23. For studies of Melanesians on Queensland plantations, see Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland, 1824-1916 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982): Clive Moore, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1985); Adrian Graves, Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); for the economics of recruiting Melanesians, see Allan Birch, "The Organisation and Economics of Pacific Islands' Labour in the Australian Sugar Industry," Business Archives and History 6 (February 1966): 53-76; Ralph Schlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863-1906," Journal of Pacific History 16 (April 1981): 70-91; Ralph Schlomowitz, "The Profitability of Indentured Melanesian Labour in Queensland," Australian Economic History Review 22 (September 1982): 49-67; for explanations about the decline of the plantations in Queensland, see Geoffrey Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 156, 199; and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Search for Institutional Equilibrium in Queensland's Sugar Industry, 1884-1913," Australian Economic History Review 19 (September 1979): 91-123.
24. For studies of Melanesians on Queensland plantations, see Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland, 1824-1916 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982): Clive Moore, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1985); Adrian Graves, Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); for the economics of recruiting Melanesians, see Allan Birch, "The Organisation and Economics of Pacific Islands' Labour in the Australian Sugar Industry," Business Archives and History 6 (February 1966): 53-76; Ralph Schlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863-1906," Journal of Pacific History 16 (April 1981): 70-91; Ralph Schlomowitz, "The Profitability of Indentured Melanesian Labour in Queensland," Australian Economic History Review 22 (September 1982): 49-67; for explanations about the decline of the plantations in Queensland, see Geoffrey Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 156, 199; and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Search for Institutional Equilibrium in Queensland's Sugar Industry, 1884-1913," Australian Economic History Review 19 (September 1979): 91-123.
25. For studies of Melanesians on Queensland plantations, see Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland, 1824-1916 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982): Clive Moore, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1985); Adrian Graves, Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); for the economics of recruiting Melanesians, see Allan Birch, "The Organisation and Economics of Pacific Islands' Labour in the Australian Sugar Industry," Business Archives and History 6 (February 1966): 53-76; Ralph Schlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863-1906," Journal of Pacific History 16 (April 1981): 70-91; Ralph Schlomowitz, "The Profitability of Indentured Melanesian Labour in Queensland," Australian Economic History Review 22 (September 1982): 49-67; for explanations about the decline of the plantations in Queensland, see Geoffrey Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 156, 199; and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Search for Institutional Equilibrium in Queensland's Sugar Industry, 1884-1913," Australian Economic History Review 19 (September 1979): 91-123.
26. For studies of Melanesians on Queensland plantations, see Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland, 1824-1916 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982): Clive Moore, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1985); Adrian Graves, Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); for the economics of recruiting Melanesians, see Allan Birch, "The Organisation and Economics of Pacific Islands' Labour in the Australian Sugar Industry," Business Archives and History 6 (February 1966): 53-76; Ralph Schlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863-1906," Journal of Pacific History 16 (April 1981): 70-91; Ralph Schlomowitz, "The Profitability of Indentured Melanesian Labour in Queensland," Australian Economic History Review 22 (September 1982): 49-67; for explanations about the decline of the plantations in Queensland, see Geoffrey Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 156, 199; and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Search for Institutional Equilibrium in Queensland's Sugar Industry, 1884-1913," Australian Economic History Review 19 (September 1979): 91-123.
27. For studies of Melanesians on Queensland plantations, see Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland, 1824-1916 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982): Clive Moore, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1985); Adrian Graves, Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); for the economics of recruiting Melanesians, see Allan Birch, "The Organisation and Economics of Pacific Islands' Labour in the Australian Sugar Industry," Business Archives and History 6 (February 1966): 53-76; Ralph Schlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863-1906," Journal of Pacific History 16 (April 1981): 70-91; Ralph Schlomowitz, "The Profitability of Indentured Melanesian Labour in Queensland," Australian Economic History Review 22 (September 1982): 49-67; for explanations about the decline of the plantations in Queensland, see Geoffrey Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 156, 199; and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Search for Institutional Equilibrium in Queensland's Sugar Industry, 1884-1913," Australian Economic History Review 19 (September 1979): 91-123.
28. For studies of Melanesians on Queensland plantations, see Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland, 1824-1916 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982): Clive Moore, Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay (Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press, 1985); Adrian Graves, Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993); for the economics of recruiting Melanesians, see Allan Birch, "The Organisation and Economics of Pacific Islands' Labour in the Australian Sugar Industry," Business Archives and History 6 (February 1966): 53-76; Ralph Schlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863-1906," Journal of Pacific History 16 (April 1981): 70-91; Ralph Schlomowitz, "The Profitability of Indentured Melanesian Labour in Queensland," Australian Economic History Review 22 (September 1982): 49-67; for explanations about the decline of the plantations in Queensland, see Geoffrey Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 156, 199; and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Search for Institutional Equilibrium in Queensland's Sugar Industry, 1884-1913," Australian Economic History Review 19 (September 1979): 91-123.
29. Barry Higman, "Plantations and Typological Problems in Geography," Australian Geographer 11 (September 1969): 192-203; Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 12; for the listing of sugar plantations and farms in Queensland in 1889, see Queensland Votes & Proceedings (hereafter QVP) 4 (1889): 340-44.
30. Barry Higman, "Plantations and Typological Problems in Geography," Australian Geographer 11 (September 1969): 192-203; Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 12; for the listing of sugar plantations and farms in Queensland in 1889, see Queensland Votes & Proceedings (hereafter QVP) 4 (1889): 340-44.
31. Barry Higman, "Plantations and Typological Problems in Geography," Australian Geographer 11 (September 1969): 192-203; Courtenay, Plantation Agriculture, 12; for the listing of sugar plantations and farms in Queensland in 1889, see Queensland Votes & Proceedings (hereafter QVP) 4 (1889): 340-44.
32. Details on small-scale farmers in Queensland are found in QVP 2 (1886): 19, 21; for the cost of sugar mills, see Brisbane Courier (hereafter BC), 25 September 1869, 7; and Queensland Slater's Almanac, 1870, 22.
33. Details on small-scale farmers in Queensland are found in QVP 2 (1886): 19, 21; for the cost of sugar mills, see Brisbane Courier (hereafter BC), 25 September 1869, 7; and Queensland Slater's Almanac, 1870, 22.
34. Details on small-scale farmers in Queensland are found in QVP 2 (1886): 19, 21; for the cost of sugar mills, see Brisbane Courier (hereafter BC), 25 September 1869, 7; and Queensland Slater's Almanac, 1870, 22.
35. Higman, "Sugar Plantations and Yeoman Farming in New South Wales," 713-17.
36. Beverley Kingston, "The Origins of Queensland's Comprehensive Land Policy," Queensland Heritage 1 (May 1965); Jean Farnfield, "Cotton and the Search for an Agricultural Staple in Early Queensland," Queensland Heritage 2 (May 1971): 20-25; Queensland Government Gazette 5 (1864): 868; Queensland Government Gazette 7(1866): 1162.
37. Beverley Kingston, "The Origins of Queensland's Comprehensive Land Policy," Queensland Heritage 1 (May 1965); Jean Farnfield, "Cotton and the Search for an Agricultural Staple in Early Queensland," Queensland Heritage 2 (May 1971): 20-25; Queensland Government Gazette 5 (1864): 868; Queensland Government Gazette 7(1866): 1162.
38. Beverley Kingston, "The Origins of Queensland's Comprehensive Land Policy," Queensland Heritage 1 (May 1965); Jean Farnfield, "Cotton and the Search for an Agricultural Staple in Early Queensland," Queensland Heritage 2 (May 1971): 20-25; Queensland Government Gazette 5 (1864): 868; Queensland Government Gazette 7(1866): 1162.
39. Beverley Kingston, "The Origins of Queensland's Comprehensive Land Policy," Queensland Heritage 1 (May 1965); Jean Farnfield, "Cotton and the Search for an Agricultural Staple in Early Queensland," Queensland Heritage 2 (May 1971): 20-25; Queensland Government Gazette 5 (1864): 868; Queensland Government Gazette 7(1866): 1162.
40. For sugar growing around Brisbane before 1860, see William Ross Johnston, Brisbane: The First Thirty Years (Brisbane: Boolarong Publications, 1988), 40, 46, 55; details about the rust outbreaks are found in Peter Griggs, "Rust Disease Outbreaks and Their Impact on the Queensland Sugar Industry, 1870-1880," Agricultural History 69 (Summer 1995): 413-37.
41. For sugar growing around Brisbane before 1860, see William Ross Johnston, Brisbane: The First Thirty Years (Brisbane: Boolarong Publications, 1988), 40, 46, 55; details about the rust outbreaks are found in Peter Griggs, "Rust Disease Outbreaks and Their Impact on the Queensland Sugar Industry, 1870-1880," Agricultural History 69 (Summer 1995): 413-37.
42. Sam Hilliard, "Site Characteristics and Spatial Stability of the Louisiana Sugarcane Industry," Agricultural History 53 (October 1979): 256-58.
43. Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 99; Mackay Mercury (hereafter MM), 28 May 1881, 2-3; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 73; Dorothy Jones, Cardwell Shire Story (Brisbane: Cardwell Shire Council, 1961), 111-12; J. Beardmore to the Hon. Minister for Lands, 22 July 1873, letter 5378B, LAN P/216, Sugar Selection file 4B. Queensland State Archives, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (hereafter QSA).
44. Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 99; Mackay Mercury (hereafter MM), 28 May 1881, 2-3; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 73; Dorothy Jones, Cardwell Shire Story (Brisbane: Cardwell Shire Council, 1961), 111-12; J. Beardmore to the Hon. Minister for Lands, 22 July 1873, letter 5378B, LAN P/216, Sugar Selection file 4B. Queensland State Archives, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (hereafter QSA).
45. Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 99; Mackay Mercury (hereafter MM), 28 May 1881, 2-3; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 73; Dorothy Jones, Cardwell Shire Story (Brisbane: Cardwell Shire Council, 1961), 111-12; J. Beardmore to the Hon. Minister for Lands, 22 July 1873, letter 5378B, LAN P/216, Sugar Selection file 4B. Queensland State Archives, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (hereafter QSA).
46. Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 99; Mackay Mercury (hereafter MM), 28 May 1881, 2-3; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 73; Dorothy Jones, Cardwell Shire Story (Brisbane: Cardwell Shire Council, 1961), 111-12; J. Beardmore to the Hon. Minister for Lands, 22 July 1873, letter 5378B, LAN P/216, Sugar Selection file 4B. Queensland State Archives, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (hereafter QSA).
47. Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 99; Mackay Mercury (hereafter MM), 28 May 1881, 2-3; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 73; Dorothy Jones, Cardwell Shire Story (Brisbane: Cardwell Shire Council, 1961), 111-12; J. Beardmore to the Hon. Minister for Lands, 22 July 1873, letter 5378B, LAN P/216, Sugar Selection file 4B. Queensland State Archives, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (hereafter QSA).
48. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 148, 153; Richardson, "The Natal Sugar Industry in the Nineteenth Century," 243; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 48; William Green, "The Planter Class and the British West Indian Sugar Production, before and after Emancipation," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 26, no. 3 (1973): 461; for planters dummying, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 27, 32.
49. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 148, 153; Richardson, "The Natal Sugar Industry in the Nineteenth Century," 243; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 48; William Green, "The Planter Class and the British West Indian Sugar Production, before and after Emancipation," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 26, no. 3 (1973): 461; for planters dummying, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 27, 32.
50. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 148, 153; Richardson, "The Natal Sugar Industry in the Nineteenth Century," 243; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 48; William Green, "The Planter Class and the British West Indian Sugar Production, before and after Emancipation," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 26, no. 3 (1973): 461; for planters dummying, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 27, 32.
51. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 148, 153; Richardson, "The Natal Sugar Industry in the Nineteenth Century," 243; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 48; William Green, "The Planter Class and the British West Indian Sugar Production, before and after Emancipation," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 26, no. 3 (1973): 461; for planters dummying, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 27, 32.
52. Galloway, Sugarcane Industry, 148, 153; Richardson, "The Natal Sugar Industry in the Nineteenth Century," 243; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 48; William Green, "The Planter Class and the British West Indian Sugar Production, before and after Emancipation," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 26, no. 3 (1973): 461; for planters dummying, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 27, 32.
53. For cattle grazing on unoccupied plantation lands around Maryborough, see Queenslander (Brisbane) (hereafter Q), 29 March 1873, 12.
54. Charles Bernays, Queensland Politics During Sixty (1859-1919) Years (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1919), 314-15.
55. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
56. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
57. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
58. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
59. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
60. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
61. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
62. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
63. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
64. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
65. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
66. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
67. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
68. For a comprehensive account of changes in plantation ownership around Mackay, see Clive Moore, "Kanaka Maratta: A History of Melanesian Mackay" (Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1981), 691-701; for hardships endured by some early planters, see Arthur Neame, "The Diary of Arthur Neame, 1870-1897," typescript, ed. Sidney May, 30-31, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Charles Wood, "The Queensland Sugar Industry as Depicted in the Whish and Davidson Diaries," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 7, no. 3 (1964-65): 567, 577-79; for biographical details on the planters, see Jones, Cardwell Shire Story, 145; D. Waterson, A Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament, 1860-1929 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1972), 3; Alexander McRobbie, The Real Surfers Paradise: From Seaside Village to International Resort (Surfers Paradise, Qld.: Pan News, 1988), 29; Australian Dictionary of Biography (hereafter ADB) 8 (1981): 228; K. Manning, In Their Own Hands: A North Queensland Sugar Story (Mackay, Qld.: Farleigh Co-operative Sugar Milling Association Ltd., 1983), 93; H. L. Roth, Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland (Halifax, U.K.: F. King & Sons, 1908), 59; MM, 2 October 1875, 2; ADB 4 (1972): 179; QVP 4 (1889): 393; W. Frederic Morrison, The Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2 (Sydney, Australia: Aldine Publishing Co., 1888), Appendix "Biographic sketches, Beenleigh," s.v. "Beenleigh plantation."
69. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
70. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
71. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
72. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
73. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
74. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
75. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
76. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
77. Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 14, 32-40, 59; Waterson, Biographical Register, 15, 57, 96, 144 ; Roth, The Discovery and Settlement, 56; Q, 1 June 1872, 11; ADB 6 (1976): 2; Memorandum of Association of the Bowen Sugar Company Ltd., c. 1866, LAN/214, Sugar Selection file 32, QSA; Bolton, Thousand Miles Away, 73; BC, 4 May 1865, 3; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 18.
78. For Australian colonial banks financing sugar plantations, see Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 10, 256, 307, Westpac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Harry Nunn, ed., National Australia Bank Ltd. Select Documents of the Nineteenth Century, vol. 2 (Melbourne: National Australia Bank Ltd., 1988), 343; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 43; Memorandum of Insolvency, Farrand Haig and Henry Miles, Bemerside plantation, 17 October 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 14, QSA: and insolvency file, Arthur Ardagh, Otmoor plantation, SCT CB/117, no. 189, QSA; for George Raff & Co. financing Inverness, see Q, 11 August 1874, 4; for William Sloane & Co.'s advances to Mackay planters, see Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 216.
79. For Australian colonial banks financing sugar plantations, see Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 10, 256, 307, Westpac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Harry Nunn, ed., National Australia Bank Ltd. Select Documents of the Nineteenth Century, vol. 2 (Melbourne: National Australia Bank Ltd., 1988), 343; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 43; Memorandum of Insolvency, Farrand Haig and Henry Miles, Bemerside plantation, 17 October 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 14, QSA: and insolvency file, Arthur Ardagh, Otmoor plantation, SCT CB/117, no. 189, QSA; for George Raff & Co. financing Inverness, see Q, 11 August 1874, 4; for William Sloane & Co.'s advances to Mackay planters, see Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 216.
80. For Australian colonial banks financing sugar plantations, see Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 10, 256, 307, Westpac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Harry Nunn, ed., National Australia Bank Ltd. Select Documents of the Nineteenth Century, vol. 2 (Melbourne: National Australia Bank Ltd., 1988), 343; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 43; Memorandum of Insolvency, Farrand Haig and Henry Miles, Bemerside plantation, 17 October 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 14, QSA: and insolvency file, Arthur Ardagh, Otmoor plantation, SCT CB/117, no. 189, QSA; for George Raff & Co. financing Inverness, see Q, 11 August 1874, 4; for William Sloane & Co.'s advances to Mackay planters, see Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 216.
81. For Australian colonial banks financing sugar plantations, see Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 10, 256, 307, Westpac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Harry Nunn, ed., National Australia Bank Ltd. Select Documents of the Nineteenth Century, vol. 2 (Melbourne: National Australia Bank Ltd., 1988), 343; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 43; Memorandum of Insolvency, Farrand Haig and Henry Miles, Bemerside plantation, 17 October 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 14, QSA: and insolvency file, Arthur Ardagh, Otmoor plantation, SCT CB/117, no. 189, QSA; for George Raff & Co. financing Inverness, see Q, 11 August 1874, 4; for William Sloane & Co.'s advances to Mackay planters, see Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 216.
82. For Australian colonial banks financing sugar plantations, see Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 10, 256, 307, Westpac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Harry Nunn, ed., National Australia Bank Ltd. Select Documents of the Nineteenth Century, vol. 2 (Melbourne: National Australia Bank Ltd., 1988), 343; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 43; Memorandum of Insolvency, Farrand Haig and Henry Miles, Bemerside plantation, 17 October 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 14, QSA: and insolvency file, Arthur Ardagh, Otmoor plantation, SCT CB/117, no. 189, QSA; for George Raff & Co. financing Inverness, see Q, 11 August 1874, 4; for William Sloane & Co.'s advances to Mackay planters, see Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 216.
83. For Australian colonial banks financing sugar plantations, see Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 10, 256, 307, Westpac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Harry Nunn, ed., National Australia Bank Ltd. Select Documents of the Nineteenth Century, vol. 2 (Melbourne: National Australia Bank Ltd., 1988), 343; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 43; Memorandum of Insolvency, Farrand Haig and Henry Miles, Bemerside plantation, 17 October 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 14, QSA: and insolvency file, Arthur Ardagh, Otmoor plantation, SCT CB/117, no. 189, QSA; for George Raff & Co. financing Inverness, see Q, 11 August 1874, 4; for William Sloane & Co.'s advances to Mackay planters, see Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 216.
84. For the Australian Joint Stock Bank and William Sloane & Co.'s foreclosure on the owners of Te Kowai and Meadowlands plantations, see Q, 1 January 1876, 7; for the Bank of New South Wales foreclosure on the Pimpama Sugar Company and the owners of Gairloch plantation, see Memorandum of Insolvency of Mackenzie Brothers, Gairloch plantation, Herbert River, 20 June 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 64, QSA; and Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 8, 115, no. 12, 276, no. 13, 324, Westapac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; for the Queensland National Bank foreclosing on Bemerside plantation and subsequent sale of Bemerside and Gairloch plantations, see Q, 30 June 1877, 6; Q, 24 January 1880; for the Australian Joint Stock Bank selling Meadowlands and River plantations, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 54, 57, 77; for George Raff & Co. taking over Inverness plantation, see Queenslander Supplement, 11 August 1877, 4.
85. For the Australian Joint Stock Bank and William Sloane & Co.'s foreclosure on the owners of Te Kowai and Meadowlands plantations, see Q, 1 January 1876, 7; for the Bank of New South Wales foreclosure on the Pimpama Sugar Company and the owners of Gairloch plantation, see Memorandum of Insolvency of Mackenzie Brothers, Gairloch plantation, Herbert River, 20 June 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 64, QSA; and Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 8, 115, no. 12, 276, no. 13, 324, Westapac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; for the Queensland National Bank foreclosing on Bemerside plantation and subsequent sale of Bemerside and Gairloch plantations, see Q, 30 June 1877, 6; Q, 24 January 1880; for the Australian Joint Stock Bank selling Meadowlands and River plantations, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 54, 57, 77; for George Raff & Co. taking over Inverness plantation, see Queenslander Supplement, 11 August 1877, 4.
86. For the Australian Joint Stock Bank and William Sloane & Co.'s foreclosure on the owners of Te Kowai and Meadowlands plantations, see Q, 1 January 1876, 7; for the Bank of New South Wales foreclosure on the Pimpama Sugar Company and the owners of Gairloch plantation, see Memorandum of Insolvency of Mackenzie Brothers, Gairloch plantation, Herbert River, 20 June 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 64, QSA; and Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 8, 115, no. 12, 276, no. 13, 324, Westapac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; for the Queensland National Bank foreclosing on Bemerside plantation and subsequent sale of Bemerside and Gairloch plantations, see Q, 30 June 1877, 6; Q, 24 January 1880; for the Australian Joint Stock Bank selling Meadowlands and River plantations, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 54, 57, 77; for George Raff & Co. taking over Inverness plantation, see Queenslander Supplement, 11 August 1877, 4.
87. For the Australian Joint Stock Bank and William Sloane & Co.'s foreclosure on the owners of Te Kowai and Meadowlands plantations, see Q, 1 January 1876, 7; for the Bank of New South Wales foreclosure on the Pimpama Sugar Company and the owners of Gairloch plantation, see Memorandum of Insolvency of Mackenzie Brothers, Gairloch plantation, Herbert River, 20 June 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 64, QSA; and Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 8, 115, no. 12, 276, no. 13, 324, Westapac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; for the Queensland National Bank foreclosing on Bemerside plantation and subsequent sale of Bemerside and Gairloch plantations, see Q, 30 June 1877, 6; Q, 24 January 1880; for the Australian Joint Stock Bank selling Meadowlands and River plantations, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 54, 57, 77; for George Raff & Co. taking over Inverness plantation, see Queenslander Supplement, 11 August 1877, 4.
88. For the Australian Joint Stock Bank and William Sloane & Co.'s foreclosure on the owners of Te Kowai and Meadowlands plantations, see Q, 1 January 1876, 7; for the Bank of New South Wales foreclosure on the Pimpama Sugar Company and the owners of Gairloch plantation, see Memorandum of Insolvency of Mackenzie Brothers, Gairloch plantation, Herbert River, 20 June 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 64, QSA; and Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 8, 115, no. 12, 276, no. 13, 324, Westapac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; for the Queensland National Bank foreclosing on Bemerside plantation and subsequent sale of Bemerside and Gairloch plantations, see Q, 30 June 1877, 6; Q, 24 January 1880; for the Australian Joint Stock Bank selling Meadowlands and River plantations, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 54, 57, 77; for George Raff & Co. taking over Inverness plantation, see Queenslander Supplement, 11 August 1877, 4.
89. For the Australian Joint Stock Bank and William Sloane & Co.'s foreclosure on the owners of Te Kowai and Meadowlands plantations, see Q, 1 January 1876, 7; for the Bank of New South Wales foreclosure on the Pimpama Sugar Company and the owners of Gairloch plantation, see Memorandum of Insolvency of Mackenzie Brothers, Gairloch plantation, Herbert River, 20 June 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 64, QSA; and Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 8, 115, no. 12, 276, no. 13, 324, Westapac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; for the Queensland National Bank foreclosing on Bemerside plantation and subsequent sale of Bemerside and Gairloch plantations, see Q, 30 June 1877, 6; Q, 24 January 1880; for the Australian Joint Stock Bank selling Meadowlands and River plantations, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 54, 57, 77; for George Raff & Co. taking over Inverness plantation, see Queenslander Supplement, 11 August 1877, 4.
90. For the Australian Joint Stock Bank and William Sloane & Co.'s foreclosure on the owners of Te Kowai and Meadowlands plantations, see Q, 1 January 1876, 7; for the Bank of New South Wales foreclosure on the Pimpama Sugar Company and the owners of Gairloch plantation, see Memorandum of Insolvency of Mackenzie Brothers, Gairloch plantation, Herbert River, 20 June 1877, LAN/AG 354, file 64, QSA; and Bank of New South Wales, board of directors minute books, A/2139, no. 8, 115, no. 12, 276, no. 13, 324, Westapac Bank Archives, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; for the Queensland National Bank foreclosing on Bemerside plantation and subsequent sale of Bemerside and Gairloch plantations, see Q, 30 June 1877, 6; Q, 24 January 1880; for the Australian Joint Stock Bank selling Meadowlands and River plantations, see Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 54, 57, 77; for George Raff & Co. taking over Inverness plantation, see Queenslander Supplement, 11 August 1877, 4.
91. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
92. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
93. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
94. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
95. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
96. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
97. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
98. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
99. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
100. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
101. The only evidence found on the number of Melanesians on plantations in the 1870s was for Beenleigh and Noyea, which had twenty-five and twenty-four Melanesian workers in 1873 and 1874 respectively (Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 7 March 1874, 10); for numbers of Melanesian workers in 1880, see Inspection of Polynesians, Mackay and Maryborough, QVP 2 (1880): 417-30; the daily routine of Melanesians is discussed in Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973), 74-98; Ray Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathy Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988), 157-223; Moore, Kanaka; for Germans employed on sugar plantations, see D. Nagel, "Johann Christian Heussler - Father of Queensland," in New Beginnings: Germans in Queensland and New South Wales, ed. John Fletcher, Johannes Voigt, and John Moses (Stuttgart: Institute for Foreign Cultural Studies, 1983), 126; BC, 16 April 1866, 4; for Aboriginal and European workers only, see Manning, In Their Own Hands, 48-49; MM, 26 July 1873, 2; Q, 2 August 1873, 6.
102. George Dalrymple, "Narrative and Report of the Queensland North-East Coast Expedition, 1873," QVP 2 (1874): 615-67.
103. E. Knox, Sydney, to E. B. Forrest, Brisbane, 24 December 1880, document 4, folder 6, D 1.0, box 40, Z/303; and E. Knox, Sydney, to A. Fairgrieve, Brisbane, 26 May 1881, 142/2339, 12, CSR Records, Noel Butlin Archives Centre, Australian National University, Canberra (hereafter CSR Records); QVP 4 (1889): 356.
104. E. Knox, Sydney, to E. B. Forrest, Brisbane, 24 December 1880, document 4, folder 6, D 1.0, box 40, Z/303; and E. Knox, Sydney, to A. Fairgrieve, Brisbane, 26 May 1881, 142/2339, 12, CSR Records, Noel Butlin Archives Centre, Australian National University, Canberra (hereafter CSR Records); QVP 4 (1889): 356.
105. E. Knox, Sydney, to E. B. Forrest, Brisbane, 24 December 1880, document 4, folder 6, D 1.0, box 40, Z/303; and E. Knox, Sydney, to A. Fairgrieve, Brisbane, 26 May 1881, 142/2339, 12, CSR Records, Noel Butlin Archives Centre, Australian National University, Canberra (hereafter CSR Records); QVP 4 (1889): 356.
106. Queensland Parliamentary Papers (hereafter QPP) 2 (1911-12): 1177; QVP 4 (1889): 127; Cairns Post, 19 August 1886, 2-3; Capricornian (Rockhampton, Queensland), 11 November 1893, 35; Lorna McDonald, Rockhampton: A History of City and District (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1981), 68; Roy Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin (Sydney: Ure Smith, 1964), 102.
107. Queensland Parliamentary Papers (hereafter QPP) 2 (1911-12): 1177; QVP 4 (1889): 127; Cairns Post, 19 August 1886, 2-3; Capricornian (Rockhampton, Queensland), 11 November 1893, 35; Lorna McDonald, Rockhampton: A History of City and District (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1981), 68; Roy Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin (Sydney: Ure Smith, 1964), 102.
108. Queensland Parliamentary Papers (hereafter QPP) 2 (1911-12): 1177; QVP 4 (1889): 127; Cairns Post, 19 August 1886, 2-3; Capricornian (Rockhampton, Queensland), 11 November 1893, 35; Lorna McDonald, Rockhampton: A History of City and District (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1981), 68; Roy Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin (Sydney: Ure Smith, 1964), 102.
109. Queensland Parliamentary Papers (hereafter QPP) 2 (1911-12): 1177; QVP 4 (1889): 127; Cairns Post, 19 August 1886, 2-3; Capricornian (Rockhampton, Queensland), 11 November 1893, 35; Lorna McDonald, Rockhampton: A History of City and District (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1981), 68; Roy Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin (Sydney: Ure Smith, 1964), 102.
110. Queensland Parliamentary Papers (hereafter QPP) 2 (1911-12): 1177; QVP 4 (1889): 127; Cairns Post, 19 August 1886, 2-3; Capricornian (Rockhampton, Queensland), 11 November 1893, 35; Lorna McDonald, Rockhampton: A History of City and District (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1981), 68; Roy Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin (Sydney: Ure Smith, 1964), 102.
111. Queensland Parliamentary Papers (hereafter QPP) 2 (1911-12): 1177; QVP 4 (1889): 127; Cairns Post, 19 August 1886, 2-3; Capricornian (Rockhampton, Queensland), 11 November 1893, 35; Lorna McDonald, Rockhampton: A History of City and District (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1981), 68; Roy Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin (Sydney: Ure Smith, 1964), 102.
112. Manning, In Their Own Hands, 104; Q, 22 September 1883, 495; ADB 4 (1972): 179; BC, 31 December 1885, 3; John Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga: A History of the Sugar Industry in the Bundaberg District (Bundaberg: Bundaberg Sugar Company Ltd., 1983), 25-27; Dorothy Jones, Trinity Phoenix: A History of Cairns and District (Cairns: Cairns & District Centenary Committee, 1976), 153.
113. Manning, In Their Own Hands, 104; Q, 22 September 1883, 495; ADB 4 (1972): 179; BC, 31 December 1885, 3; John Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga: A History of the Sugar Industry in the Bundaberg District (Bundaberg: Bundaberg Sugar Company Ltd., 1983), 25-27; Dorothy Jones, Trinity Phoenix: A History of Cairns and District (Cairns: Cairns & District Centenary Committee, 1976), 153.
114. Manning, In Their Own Hands, 104; Q, 22 September 1883, 495; ADB 4 (1972): 179; BC, 31 December 1885, 3; John Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga: A History of the Sugar Industry in the Bundaberg District (Bundaberg: Bundaberg Sugar Company Ltd., 1983), 25-27; Dorothy Jones, Trinity Phoenix: A History of Cairns and District (Cairns: Cairns & District Centenary Committee, 1976), 153.
115. Manning, In Their Own Hands, 104; Q, 22 September 1883, 495; ADB 4 (1972): 179; BC, 31 December 1885, 3; John Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga: A History of the Sugar Industry in the Bundaberg District (Bundaberg: Bundaberg Sugar Company Ltd., 1983), 25-27; Dorothy Jones, Trinity Phoenix: A History of Cairns and District (Cairns: Cairns & District Centenary Committee, 1976), 153.
116. Manning, In Their Own Hands, 104; Q, 22 September 1883, 495; ADB 4 (1972): 179; BC, 31 December 1885, 3; John Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga: A History of the Sugar Industry in the Bundaberg District (Bundaberg: Bundaberg Sugar Company Ltd., 1983), 25-27; Dorothy Jones, Trinity Phoenix: A History of Cairns and District (Cairns: Cairns & District Centenary Committee, 1976), 153.
117. Manning, In Their Own Hands, 104; Q, 22 September 1883, 495; ADB 4 (1972): 179; BC, 31 December 1885, 3; John Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga: A History of the Sugar Industry in the Bundaberg District (Bundaberg: Bundaberg Sugar Company Ltd., 1983), 25-27; Dorothy Jones, Trinity Phoenix: A History of Cairns and District (Cairns: Cairns & District Centenary Committee, 1976), 153.
118. Defunct Trading Company files nos. 571, 572, 582, 737, 741, 753, and 1015, Victorian Public Record Office (hereafter cited as VPRO). Melbourne, Australia; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 72-73; Dorothy Jones, Hurricane Lamps and Blue Umbrellas: A History of the Shire of Johnstone to 1973 (Cairns, Qld.: Bolton Printers, 1973), 139, 140; Company 238/2 placed with 152/2, A/21355, QSA; Planter and Farmer (Maryborough, Qld.), November 1882, 307; Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 21 April 1883, 2; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 47-48; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 138-39; QVP 4 (1889): 157.
119. Defunct Trading Company files nos. 571, 572, 582, 737, 741, 753, and 1015, Victorian Public Record Office (hereafter cited as VPRO). Melbourne, Australia; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 72-73; Dorothy Jones, Hurricane Lamps and Blue Umbrellas: A History of the Shire of Johnstone to 1973 (Cairns, Qld.: Bolton Printers, 1973), 139, 140; Company 238/2 placed with 152/2, A/21355, QSA; Planter and Farmer (Maryborough, Qld.), November 1882, 307; Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 21 April 1883, 2; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 47-48; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 138-39; QVP 4 (1889): 157.
120. Defunct Trading Company files nos. 571, 572, 582, 737, 741, 753, and 1015, Victorian Public Record Office (hereafter cited as VPRO). Melbourne, Australia; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 72-73; Dorothy Jones, Hurricane Lamps and Blue Umbrellas: A History of the Shire of Johnstone to 1973 (Cairns, Qld.: Bolton Printers, 1973), 139, 140; Company 238/2 placed with 152/2, A/21355, QSA; Planter and Farmer (Maryborough, Qld.), November 1882, 307; Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 21 April 1883, 2; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 47-48; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 138-39; QVP 4 (1889): 157.
121. Defunct Trading Company files nos. 571, 572, 582, 737, 741, 753, and 1015, Victorian Public Record Office (hereafter cited as VPRO). Melbourne, Australia; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 72-73; Dorothy Jones, Hurricane Lamps and Blue Umbrellas: A History of the Shire of Johnstone to 1973 (Cairns, Qld.: Bolton Printers, 1973), 139, 140; Company 238/2 placed with 152/2, A/21355, QSA; Planter and Farmer (Maryborough, Qld.), November 1882, 307; Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 21 April 1883, 2; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 47-48; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 138-39; QVP 4 (1889): 157.
122. Defunct Trading Company files nos. 571, 572, 582, 737, 741, 753, and 1015, Victorian Public Record Office (hereafter cited as VPRO). Melbourne, Australia; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 72-73; Dorothy Jones, Hurricane Lamps and Blue Umbrellas: A History of the Shire of Johnstone to 1973 (Cairns, Qld.: Bolton Printers, 1973), 139, 140; Company 238/2 placed with 152/2, A/21355, QSA; Planter and Farmer (Maryborough, Qld.), November 1882, 307; Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 21 April 1883, 2; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 47-48; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 138-39; QVP 4 (1889): 157.
123. Defunct Trading Company files nos. 571, 572, 582, 737, 741, 753, and 1015, Victorian Public Record Office (hereafter cited as VPRO). Melbourne, Australia; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 72-73; Dorothy Jones, Hurricane Lamps and Blue Umbrellas: A History of the Shire of Johnstone to 1973 (Cairns, Qld.: Bolton Printers, 1973), 139, 140; Company 238/2 placed with 152/2, A/21355, QSA; Planter and Farmer (Maryborough, Qld.), November 1882, 307; Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 21 April 1883, 2; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 47-48; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 138-39; QVP 4 (1889): 157.
124. Defunct Trading Company files nos. 571, 572, 582, 737, 741, 753, and 1015, Victorian Public Record Office (hereafter cited as VPRO). Melbourne, Australia; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 72-73; Dorothy Jones, Hurricane Lamps and Blue Umbrellas: A History of the Shire of Johnstone to 1973 (Cairns, Qld.: Bolton Printers, 1973), 139, 140; Company 238/2 placed with 152/2, A/21355, QSA; Planter and Farmer (Maryborough, Qld.), November 1882, 307; Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 21 April 1883, 2; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 47-48; Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away, 138-39; QVP 4 (1889): 157.
125. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
126. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
127. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
128. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
129. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
130. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
131. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
132. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
133. Archibald C. Macmillan, Airdmillan plantation, to Sir Thomas McIlwraith, Brisbane, 27 March 1882, McIlwraith-Palmer Papers, letter 423, box 1, OM 64/19, John Oxley Library, Brisbane, Queensland; Janette Nolan. Bundaberg: History and People (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978), 104; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 1; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 270; Prospectus of Hamleigh Sugar Company and Macknade Sugar Company, Defunct Company files nos. 575 and 714, VPRO; ADB 3 (1969): 80-82, 185-86; ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; ADB 5 (1974): 102-03; ADB 6 (1976): 319-20; ADB 8 (1981): 552; Morrison, The Aldine History, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Spring Hill plantation."
134. T. Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar. The Experience of Swallow and Ariell in the 1880s," Victorian Historical Magazine 44 (February-May 1973): 32-39; for Swallow and Ariell sending molasses to their biscuit factory, see Q, 7 November 1885, 759; CSR purchases of Queensland mill outputs are mentioned in the letterbooks Head Office, Sydney, to W. H. Paxton & Co., Mackay, Queensland (OUT), June 1880 to October 1885, 142/3171 and box 318, Z/109, CSR Records.
135. T. Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar. The Experience of Swallow and Ariell in the 1880s," Victorian Historical Magazine 44 (February-May 1973): 32-39; for Swallow and Ariell sending molasses to their biscuit factory, see Q, 7 November 1885, 759; CSR purchases of Queensland mill outputs are mentioned in the letterbooks Head Office, Sydney, to W. H. Paxton & Co., Mackay, Queensland (OUT), June 1880 to October 1885, 142/3171 and box 318, Z/109, CSR Records. CSR purchases of Queensland mill outputs are mentioned in the letterbooks Head Office, Sydney, to W. H. Paxton & Co., Mackay, Queensland (OUT), June 1880 to October 1885, 142/3171 and box 318, Z/109, CSR Records.
136. QVP 4 (1889): 123; Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar," 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; John Kerr, Black Snow and Liquid Gold: A History of the Burdekin Shire (Ayr, Qld.: Burdekin Shire Council, 1994), 62; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 83; Planter and Farmer, April 1883, 520; John D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1966), 126; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 230.
137. QVP 4 (1889): 123; Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar," 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; John Kerr, Black Snow and Liquid Gold: A History of the Burdekin Shire (Ayr, Qld.: Burdekin Shire Council, 1994), 62; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 83; Planter and Farmer, April 1883, 520; John D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1966), 126; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 230.
138. QVP 4 (1889): 123; Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar," 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; John Kerr, Black Snow and Liquid Gold: A History of the Burdekin Shire (Ayr, Qld.: Burdekin Shire Council, 1994), 62; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 83; Planter and Farmer, April 1883, 520; John D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1966), 126; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 230.
139. QVP 4 (1889): 123; Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar," 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; John Kerr, Black Snow and Liquid Gold: A History of the Burdekin Shire (Ayr, Qld.: Burdekin Shire Council, 1994), 62; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 83; Planter and Farmer, April 1883, 520; John D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1966), 126; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 230.
140. QVP 4 (1889): 123; Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar," 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; John Kerr, Black Snow and Liquid Gold: A History of the Burdekin Shire (Ayr, Qld.: Burdekin Shire Council, 1994), 62; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 83; Planter and Farmer, April 1883, 520; John D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1966), 126; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 230.
141. QVP 4 (1889): 123; Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar," 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; John Kerr, Black Snow and Liquid Gold: A History of the Burdekin Shire (Ayr, Qld.: Burdekin Shire Council, 1994), 62; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 83; Planter and Farmer, April 1883, 520; John D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1966), 126; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 230.
142. QVP 4 (1889): 123; Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar," 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; John Kerr, Black Snow and Liquid Gold: A History of the Burdekin Shire (Ayr, Qld.: Burdekin Shire Council, 1994), 62; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 83; Planter and Farmer, April 1883, 520; John D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1966), 126; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 230.
143. QVP 4 (1889): 123; Parsons, "Melbourne Money and Queensland Sugar," 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; John Kerr, Black Snow and Liquid Gold: A History of the Burdekin Shire (Ayr, Qld.: Burdekin Shire Council, 1994), 62; Connolly, John Drysdale and the Burdekin, 83; Planter and Farmer, April 1883, 520; John D. Bailey, A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: A History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1966), 126; Moore, "Kanaka Maratta," 230.
144. For details about Fanning & Nankivell, see ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; for the Buss family holdings, see ADB 1 (1979): 499-500; Morrison, Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Ashfield plantation"; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31; for accounts of irrigation and drainage schemes, the introduction of new cane varieties and other scientific cultivation and manufacturing techniques on Queensland plantations in the early 1880s, see a series of articles published in the Sydney Mail (hereafter SM) between 26 July and 6 December 1884.
145. For details about Fanning & Nankivell, see ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; for the Buss family holdings, see ADB 1 (1979): 499-500; Morrison, Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Ashfield plantation"; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31; for accounts of irrigation and drainage schemes, the introduction of new cane varieties and other scientific cultivation and manufacturing techniques on Queensland plantations in the early 1880s, see a series of articles published in the Sydney Mail (hereafter SM) between 26 July and 6 December 1884.
146. For details about Fanning & Nankivell, see ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; for the Buss family holdings, see ADB 1 (1979): 499-500; Morrison, Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Ashfield plantation"; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31; for accounts of irrigation and drainage schemes, the introduction of new cane varieties and other scientific cultivation and manufacturing techniques on Queensland plantations in the early 1880s, see a series of articles published in the Sydney Mail (hereafter SM) between 26 July and 6 December 1884.
147. For details about Fanning & Nankivell, see ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; for the Buss family holdings, see ADB 1 (1979): 499-500; Morrison, Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Ashfield plantation"; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31; for accounts of irrigation and drainage schemes, the introduction of new cane varieties and other scientific cultivation and manufacturing techniques on Queensland plantations in the early 1880s, see a series of articles published in the Sydney Mail (hereafter SM) between 26 July and 6 December 1884.
148. For details about Fanning & Nankivell, see ADB 4 (1972): 151-52; for the Buss family holdings, see ADB 1 (1979): 499-500; Morrison, Aldine History of Queensland, vol. 2, Appendix "Biographic Sketches, Bundaberg," s.v. "Ashfield plantation"; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31; for accounts of irrigation and drainage schemes, the introduction of new cane varieties and other scientific cultivation and manufacturing techniques on Queensland plantations in the early 1880s, see a series of articles published in the Sydney Mail (hereafter SM) between 26 July and 6 December 1884.
149. For the blocks making up Hambledon plantation, see entries for Thomas and John Swallow and H. and F. Derham in LAN/P 3: Cairns Land Agent's District, QSA; for the evolution of Airdmillan, see Peter Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm: A Historical Geography of the Lower Burdekin Sugar Industry" (Ph.D. diss., University of Queensland, 1990), 99-101; for full details about CSR's petition, see QVP 2 (1881): 1009-19; and Colonial Sugar Refining Company Deed Book, box 495, Z/109, CSR Records.
150. For the blocks making up Hambledon plantation, see entries for Thomas and John Swallow and H. and F. Derham in LAN/P 3: Cairns Land Agent's District, QSA; for the evolution of Airdmillan, see Peter Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm: A Historical Geography of the Lower Burdekin Sugar Industry" (Ph.D. diss., University of Queensland, 1990), 99-101; for full details about CSR's petition, see QVP 2 (1881): 1009-19; and Colonial Sugar Refining Company Deed Book, box 495, Z/109, CSR Records.
151. For the blocks making up Hambledon plantation, see entries for Thomas and John Swallow and H. and F. Derham in LAN/P 3: Cairns Land Agent's District, QSA; for the evolution of Airdmillan, see Peter Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm: A Historical Geography of the Lower Burdekin Sugar Industry" (Ph.D. diss., University of Queensland, 1990), 99-101; for full details about CSR's petition, see QVP 2 (1881): 1009-19; and Colonial Sugar Refining Company Deed Book, box 495, Z/109, CSR Records.
152. For cattle raising on Victoria, Yeppoon, and Goodwood plantations, see SM, 19 October 1884, 791, Q, 29 July 1893, 217, and Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 22 January 1900, 6; crops of maize or potatoes on Benowa plantation are described in Planter and Farmer, December 1885, 267; for Hambledon's orchards, see Q, 4 February 1888, 190, QVP 4 (1889): 132.
153. For cattle raising on Victoria, Yeppoon, and Goodwood plantations, see SM, 19 October 1884, 791, Q, 29 July 1893, 217, and Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 22 January 1900, 6; crops of maize or potatoes on Benowa plantation are described in Planter and Farmer, December 1885, 267; for Hambledon's orchards, see Q, 4 February 1888, 190, QVP 4 (1889): 132.
154. For cattle raising on Victoria, Yeppoon, and Goodwood plantations, see SM, 19 October 1884, 791, Q, 29 July 1893, 217, and Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 22 January 1900, 6; crops of maize or potatoes on Benowa plantation are described in Planter and Farmer, December 1885, 267; for Hambledon's orchards, see Q, 4 February 1888, 190, QVP 4 (1889): 132.
155. For cattle raising on Victoria, Yeppoon, and Goodwood plantations, see SM, 19 October 1884, 791, Q, 29 July 1893, 217, and Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 22 January 1900, 6; crops of maize or potatoes on Benowa plantation are described in Planter and Farmer, December 1885, 267; for Hambledon's orchards, see Q, 4 February 1888, 190, QVP 4 (1889): 132.
156. For cattle raising on Victoria, Yeppoon, and Goodwood plantations, see SM, 19 October 1884, 791, Q, 29 July 1893, 217, and Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 22 January 1900, 6; crops of maize or potatoes on Benowa plantation are described in Planter and Farmer, December 1885, 267; for Hambledon's orchards, see Q, 4 February 1888, 190, QVP 4 (1889): 132.
157. For cattle raising on Victoria, Yeppoon, and Goodwood plantations, see SM, 19 October 1884, 791, Q, 29 July 1893, 217, and Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, 22 January 1900, 6; crops of maize or potatoes on Benowa plantation are described in Planter and Farmer, December 1885, 267; for Hambledon's orchards, see Q, 4 February 1888, 190, QVP 4 (1889): 132.
158. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
159. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
160. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
161. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
162. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
163. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
164. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
165. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
166. For numbers of Melanesians employed on sugar plantations, see Q, 26 July 1884, 159; SM, 13 September 1884, 531; SM, 27 September 1884, 635; SM, 19 October 1884, 791; SM, 18 October 1884, 791; the employment of Maltese and Malays on Lower Burdekin sugar plantations is discussed in Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 112-13; for the employment of Chinese on Queensland sugar plantations, see Graves, Cane and Labour; 36-37; details about the Cingalese brought to work on the Queensland sugar plantations are found in Bernard Swan, "Sinhalese Emigration to Queensland in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (June 1981): 55-62; for the cost of employing Chinese versus Melanesian workers, see QVP 4 (1889): 125, 129, 164, 184, 199.
167. A. Lowndes, ed., South Pacific Enterprise. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1956), 443; details on the costs of recruiting and paying wages to Melanesians is found in Shlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour," 78-81, and Graves, Cane and Labour, 28-33; for the establishment of new plantations, see Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 117; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 36; Planter and Farmer, August 1887, 193.
168. A. Lowndes, ed., South Pacific Enterprise. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1956), 443; details on the costs of recruiting and paying wages to Melanesians is found in Shlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour," 78-81, and Graves, Cane and Labour, 28-33; for the establishment of new plantations, see Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 117; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 36; Planter and Farmer, August 1887, 193.
169. A. Lowndes, ed., South Pacific Enterprise. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1956), 443; details on the costs of recruiting and paying wages to Melanesians is found in Shlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour," 78-81, and Graves, Cane and Labour, 28-33; for the establishment of new plantations, see Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 117; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 36; Planter and Farmer, August 1887, 193.
170. A. Lowndes, ed., South Pacific Enterprise. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1956), 443; details on the costs of recruiting and paying wages to Melanesians is found in Shlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour," 78-81, and Graves, Cane and Labour, 28-33; for the establishment of new plantations, see Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 117; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 36; Planter and Farmer, August 1887, 193.
171. A. Lowndes, ed., South Pacific Enterprise. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1956), 443; details on the costs of recruiting and paying wages to Melanesians is found in Shlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour," 78-81, and Graves, Cane and Labour, 28-33; for the establishment of new plantations, see Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 117; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 36; Planter and Farmer, August 1887, 193.
172. A. Lowndes, ed., South Pacific Enterprise. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1956), 443; details on the costs of recruiting and paying wages to Melanesians is found in Shlomowitz, "Markets for Indentured and Time-expired Melanesian Labour," 78-81, and Graves, Cane and Labour, 28-33; for the establishment of new plantations, see Kerr, Sugar at Maryborough, 117; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 36; Planter and Farmer, August 1887, 193.
173. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
174. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
175. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
176. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
177. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
178. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
179. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
180. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
181. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
182. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
183. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
184. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
185. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
186. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
187. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
188. The strategies implemented by different planters are mentioned in QVP 4 (1889): 365, 378, 419; Aeneas F. Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay (Mackay: Hodges and Chataway, 1895), 29; Townsville Daily Bulletin, 17 November 1887; Q, 4 September 1886, 391; for material on mechanization in the Australian sugar industry, see Geoff Burrows and Ralph Shlomowitz, "The Lag in the Mechanization of the Sugarcane Harvest: Some Comparative Perspectives," Agricultural History 66 (Summer 1992): 61-75; for a selection of planter comments about the difficulties of growing other tropical crops, see QVP 4 (1889): 132, 159, 180, 207, 397; for importation of Javanese, see QVP 4 (1889): 176; MM, 31 March 1886, 2; MM, 19 August 1890, 2; Edward Knox, Sydney, to John Knox, Victoria Mill, Ingham, 9 February 1886, 142/2857, 70, CSR Records; Q, 12 June 1886, 927; QVP 3 (1889): 215-21; the employment of Aborigines is discussed in QVP 4 (1889): 131, 172, 179, 186; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 113, 131; the recruitment of Italians for the Queensland sugar industry is fully covered in Donald Dignan, "Chiaffredo Venerano Fraire, 1852-1931," in Queensland Experience: The Life and Work of Fourteen Remarkable Immigrants, ed. Maximillian Brandle (Brisbane: Phoenix Publications, 1991), 49-75, and Fernando Galassi, Sotto La Croce del Sud (Under the Southern Cross): The Jumma Immigrants of 1891, Studies in North Queensland History, no. 16 (Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1991).
189. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
190. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
191. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
192. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
193. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
194. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
195. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
196. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
197. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
198. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
199. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
200. For the cost of plantation-produced versus small farmer-produced cane crops, see Flora Shaw, "The Sugar Industry in Queensland," Times (London), 9 January 1893 (reprinted in Maurice Black, The Sugar Industry of Queensland (London, 1897), 7; Munro, The Sugar Fields of Mackay, 3; Royal Commission on the West Indies, British Parliamentary Papers 50 (1989): Appendix C, 135; Q, 3 August 1895, 225-26: London Office Book, no. 3, p. 200, Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Records, Melbourne University Archives; unsuccessful attempts at leasing plantation land to tenants are mentioned in Q, 2 August 1873, 6; Q, 30 June 1877, 29; Q, 15 May 1880, 616 ; Sydney Mail, 27 September 1884, 635; QVP 4 (1889): 388; for difficulties in getting tenants, except Chinese, see QVP 4 (1889): 171, 201, 207, 212.
201. John Kerr, Northern Outpost (Mossman: Mossman Central Mill Ltd., 1979), 25; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 69, 100; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31, 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, Innisfail, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 116, 163.
202. John Kerr, Northern Outpost (Mossman: Mossman Central Mill Ltd., 1979), 25; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 69, 100; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31, 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, Innisfail, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 116, 163.
203. John Kerr, Northern Outpost (Mossman: Mossman Central Mill Ltd., 1979), 25; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 69, 100; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31, 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, Innisfail, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 116, 163.
204. John Kerr, Northern Outpost (Mossman: Mossman Central Mill Ltd., 1979), 25; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 69, 100; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31, 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, Innisfail, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 116, 163.
205. John Kerr, Northern Outpost (Mossman: Mossman Central Mill Ltd., 1979), 25; Kerr, Pioneer Pageant, 69, 100; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 31, 33; Edward Knox, Sydney, to Manager, Goondi Mill, Innisfail, 6 March 1894, 142/1460, 57, CSR Records; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 116, 163.
206. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
207. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
208. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
209. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
210. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
211. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
212. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
213. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
214. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
215. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
216. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
217. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
218. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on
219. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
220. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
221. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
222. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
223. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
224. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
225. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
226. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
227. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
228. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
229. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
230. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
231. The planters' terms are outlined in Queensland Department of Agriculture, Sugar Planting in Queensland (Brisbane: Government Printer, 1893), 18-20; for plantation tenants, see Munro, Sugar Fields of Mackay; Q, 27 January 1894, 176; Q, 24 February 1894, 3; Q, 30 November 1895, 1043; Q, 18 January 1896, 120; Sugar Journal Tropical Cultivator (hereafter SJTC, 15 April 1892, 50; SJTC, 15 February 1894, 9; SJTC, 15 March 1894, 36; Geraldton Advocate (Innisfail, Queensland), 6 November 1893, 2; Maryborough Chronicle (hereafter MC), 15 March 1894, 3; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 173-81; for vacant plantation lands being subdivided, see MC, 11 April 1894, 2; MC, 17 May 1894, 2; MC, 15 September 1894, 3; Q, 25 July 1896, 178; Munro, Sugar Fields, 28, 29, 59, 61, 64; MM, 1 September 1894, 4; areas under cane are listed in Geraldton Advocate, 6 November 1895, 2; Harry Easterby, The Queensland Sugar Industry: An Historical Review (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, ca. 1932), 83; for examples of plantations being expanded, see Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 34, 36, 78, 84; Manning, In Their Own Hands, 75; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 163-69; Capricornian, 11 November 1893, 35; for recruitment of Japanese and Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, see John B. Armstrong, "Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1900," Queensland Heritage vol. 2 (November 1973): 3-5; Doug Munro, "Gilbert and Ellice Islanders on Queensland Canefields, 1894-1899," Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 14 (May 1992): 449-65.
232. For a full account of this phase in the industry's development, see Allan Birch, "The Implementation of the White Australia Policy in the Queensland Sugar Industry," Australian Journal of Politics and History 11 (August 1965): 198-210.
233. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
234. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
235. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
236. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
237. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
238. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
239. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
240. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
241. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.
242. QPP 2 (1911-1912): 1180; SJTC, 15 December 1904, 90; North Queensland Register, 2 July 1906, vii; Griggs, "Plantation to Small Farm," 252-54; Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers 4 (1913): 151; for European gangs on the Pioneer plantation, see North Queensland Herald (Townsville, Qld.), 18 December 1908, 18; the continuation of plantation agriculture around Bundaberg is mentioned in QPP 2 (1906): 480-86; Queensland Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, Queensland Sugar Industry (Brisbane, Qld.: Government Printer, 1913), 110; Kerr, Southern Sugar Saga, 78; Australian Sugar Year Book, 1997, 182-83.