The animal heart of the matter: Xenotransplantation and the threat of new diseases

Ecologist

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 93-97

  Koechlin, Florianne ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007359676     PISSN: 02613131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Animal-to-Human Transplants: The Ethics of Xenotransplantation, Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London, 1996, p.3.
2. Ibid, p.2.
3. Ibid, p.3.
4. Redfern, M., "The Heart of the Matter", Independent on Sunday, 7 April 1996.
5. Ibid. See also: Wilkie, T., "Could a pig save your life?", The Independent, 1 May 1996.
6. Ibid. See also: Wilkie, T., "Could a pig save your life?", The Independent, 1 May 1996.
7. See: Kimbrell, A., "The Body Enclosed: The Commodification of Human 'Parts'" The Ecologist, Vol. 25, No.4, July/August 1995.
8. "Pig-to-human heart transplant slated to begin in 1996", Nature Medicine, 1:987. See also Griffith, V. and Cookson, C., "Tricking the immune system", Financial Times, 18 July 1995.
9. "Pig-to-human heart transplant slated to begin in 1996", Nature Medicine, 1:987. See also Griffith, V. and Cookson, C., "Tricking the immune system", Financial Times, 18 July 1995.
10. Laing, P. "Sandoz: The Unrecognized Potential of Xenotransplantation", Salomon Brothers, London, January 1996.
11. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, op. cit. 1, p. 1.
12. Redfern, M., op. cit. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. It is not known whether or not the patient gave his informed consent for the operation which was given the go-ahead by the regulatory body of Pittsburgh University and "members of the US Government agencies."
15. Starzl, T.E. et al., "Baboon-to-human liver transplantation", The Lancet, 341, 1993, pp.65-71.
16. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, op. cit. 1, pp28-29. See also: Redfern, M., op. cit. 4; Griffith, V. and Cookson, C., op. cit 7. Surgeons undertaking human to human transplants have attempted to minimize the risk of immune reaction by matching the recipient's antigens as closely as possible with those of the transplanted organ. In addition, the patient's immune system is dampened down with immunosupressive drugs to help prevent rejection of mismatched transplants. This, however, increases the patient's susceptibility to infections and certain types of cancer.
17. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, op. cit. 1, pp28-29. See also: Redfern, M., op. cit. 4; Griffith, V. and Cookson, C., op. cit 7. Surgeons undertaking human to human transplants have attempted to minimize the risk of immune reaction by matching the recipient's antigens as closely as possible with those of the transplanted organ. In addition, the patient's immune system is dampened down with immunosupressive drugs to help prevent rejection of mismatched transplants. This, however, increases the patient's susceptibility to infections and certain types of cancer.
18. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, op. cit. 1, pp28-29. See also: Redfern, M., op. cit. 4; Griffith, V. and Cookson, C., op. cit 7. Surgeons undertaking human to human transplants have attempted to minimize the risk of immune reaction by matching the recipient's antigens as closely as possible with those of the transplanted organ. In addition, the patient's immune system is dampened down with immunosupressive drugs to help prevent rejection of mismatched transplants. This, however, increases the patient's susceptibility to infections and certain types of cancer.
19. In the US, Bio Transplant, a Massachusetts-based company, is attempting to overcome the problems of rejection where baboons are used in transplants by transplanting bone marrow from the donor animals along with the transplanted organ. It is hoped that the technique will trick the patient's immune system into producing white blood cells which match those of the donor animal, and thus prevent the patient's cells from attacking the transplanted organ.
20. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, op. cit. 1, p.60.
21. Griffith, V. and Cookson, C., op. cit 7.
22. Moran, N., "Pig-to-Human Heart Transplant Slated to Begin in 1996", Nature Medicine, Vol. 1, No.10, 1995, p.987.
23. Hammer, C., "Fundamental problems of Xenotransplantation", Pathologie Biologie, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp.203-207.
24. Bach, F.H., "The 1995 Xenotransplantation Foresight Study", Xeno, Vol. 3, No. 5, October 1995, p.5.
25. Hunt, L., "Doctors warn of transplant danger", The Independent, 10 May 1996.
26. Bach, F.H., op. cit. 20.
27. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, op. cit. 1, p.73, italics not in original.
28. See: The Harvard Working Group on New and Resurgent Diseases, "New and Resurgent Diseases: The Failure of Attempted Eradication", The Ecologist, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1995.
29. Culliton, B.J., "Emerging viruses, emerging threat", Science, Vol. 247, 1990, pp.279-280.
30. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, op. cit. 1, p.73.
31. Chapman, L.E. et al., "Xenotransplantation and Xenogeneic Infections", The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 333, No. 22, 1995, p.1499.
32. "Flu Pandemic", The New York Times, 29 November 1992.
33. Fanchini, G. & Bosch, M.L., "Genetic relatedness of the human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) and the simian immuno-deficiency virus (SIV)", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 554, 1989, pp.495-499; Gao, F., et al., "Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in West Africa", Nature, Vol. 358, 1992, pp.81-87.
34. Fanchini, G. & Bosch, M.L., "Genetic relatedness of the human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) and the simian immuno-deficiency virus (SIV)", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 554, 1989, pp.495-499; Gao, F., et al., "Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in West Africa", Nature, Vol. 358, 1992, pp.81-87.
35. Chapman, L.E. et al., op. cit 23, p. 1499.
36. See Michaels M.G. et al., "Screening Donors for Xenotransplantation", Transplant., Vol. 57, No. 10, 1994, p. 1462; Chapman L.E. et al. op. cit. 23; Stone, R., "FDA Airs Qualms over Xenotransplantation", Science, Vol. 267, No. 6, 1995, p.1; Stoye, J. and Coffin, J., "The dangers of Xenotransplantation", Nature Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 11, November 1995.
37. See Michaels M.G. et al., "Screening Donors for Xenotransplantation", Transplant., Vol. 57, No. 10, 1994, p. 1462; Chapman L.E. et al. op. cit. 23; Stone, R., "FDA Airs Qualms over Xenotransplantation", Science, Vol. 267, No. 6, 1995, p.1; Stoye, J. and Coffin, J., "The dangers of Xenotransplantation", Nature Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 11, November 1995.
38. See Michaels M.G. et al., "Screening Donors for Xenotransplantation", Transplant., Vol. 57, No. 10, 1994, p. 1462; Chapman L.E. et al. op. cit. 23; Stone, R., "FDA Airs Qualms over Xenotransplantation", Science, Vol. 267, No. 6, 1995, p.1; Stoye, J. and Coffin, J., "The dangers of Xenotransplantation", Nature Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 11, November 1995.
39. See Michaels M.G. et al., "Screening Donors for Xenotransplantation", Transplant., Vol. 57, No. 10, 1994, p. 1462; Chapman L.E. et al. op. cit. 23; Stone, R., "FDA Airs Qualms over Xenotransplantation", Science, Vol. 267, No. 6, 1995, p.1; Stoye, J. and Coffin, J., "The dangers of Xenotransplantation", Nature Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 11, November 1995.
40. See: McClure, M.A., Proceedings of US National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 85, 1988, pp.2469-2473.
41. Overbaugh, J. et al., "Transduction of endogenous envelope genes by feline leukemia virus in vitro", Nature, Vol. 332, pp.731-734.
42. Michaels M.G. and Simmons R.L., "Xenotransplant-associated zoonoses", Transplantation, Vol. 57, 1994, pp.1-7.
43. See: Chiche L. et al., "Xenotransplantation: Baboons as potential liver donors?", Transplant, Vol. 55, No. 6, 1993, p.1418.
44. Allen, J. "Xenotransplantation at a Crossroad: Prevention versus Progress", Nature Medicine, Vol.2, No.1, 1996, p.18.
45. Basler Zeitung, 16 April 1996.