Contestations Over Culture, Class, Gender And Identity In Trinidad And Tobago: ‘The Little Tradition.’

Caribbean Quarterly

Volumn 44, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 62-80

  Reddock, Rhoda ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0007274503     PISSN: 00086495     EISSN: 24706302     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00086495.1998.11829571     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. This paper in many ways complements an earlier one entitled “Intersections of Ethnicity, Class and Gender in Trinidad and Tobago: Contestations over National Culture” (Reddock 1993) which examined the struggle over the definition and content of national culture using the three components of the dominant Afro-Creole artforms, Mas(Carnival), Pan(Steel-band) and Kaiso (calypso).
2. Naipaul, Vidia, The Middle Passage, (London, Andre Deutsch, 1962)
3. Braithwaite, Kamau The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica, 1870–1820 (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1971), Contradictory Omens: Cultural Diversity and Integration in the Caribbean, (Mona: Savacou Publications, 1974), and M. G., Smith, The Plural Society in the British West Indies, (Kingston:Sangsters Bookstore, 1965)
4. J.S., Furnivall, Netherlands India: a study of plural economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1944); Smith, Michael G., “Pluralism and Social Stratification”, in Selwyn, Ryan, (ed.) Social and Occupational Stratification in Contemporary Trinidad and Tobago, (UWI, Trinidad: ISER, 1991), 10.
5. M. G., Smith, The Plural Society, 14–5
6. Ibid.
7. Sankatsing, Glenn, (1989) Caribbean Social Science: An Assessment, (Caracas: UNESCOIS Regional Unit for the Social and Regional Sciences for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1989).
8. From now on refered to as the southern Caribbean.
9. Brathwaite, Contradictory Omens: 11. See also Elsa, Goveia, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the end of Eighteenth Century (University of Puerto Rico: Institute of Caribbean Studies, 1965) and Dan, Crowley, “Plural and Differential Accultration in Trinidad”, American Anthropologist, 59:5 (1957), 817–24.
10. Brathwaite, Contradictory Omens: 11.
11. Shepherd, Verene, “Indians and Blacks in Jamaica in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: A Micro-Study of the Foundation of Race Antagonisms” in After the Crossing, edited by Howard, Johnson, (London: Frank Cass and Company, 1988), 95.
12. Reddock, Rhoda, “Primacy of Gender within Race and Class” in J., Edward Greene (ed) Race Class and Gender in the Future of the Caribbean. (Mona, Jamaica I.S.E.R., 1993), 47–73
13. Rhoda, Reddock “Douglarization and the Politics of Gender Relations in Trinidad and Tobago”, in R., Deosaran, N., Mustapha and R., Reddock (eds) Contemporary issues in Social Science: A Caribbean Perspective, Vol. 1, (UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad: Dept of Sociology, 1994), 7
14. Reddock, Rhoda, (1993) “Intersections of Ethnicity, Class and Gender in Trinidad and Tobago”, paper presented at Rockefeller Humanities Seminar, Hunter College, New York, 1993.
15. Ibid, 8
16. Segal, Daniel, (1991) “The European: Allegories of Racial Purity” in Anthropology Today, Vol 7, No. 5, October. 7–9
17. Trotman, David, (1986) Crime in Trinidad: Conflict and Control in a Plantation Society, (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986), 207
18. Reddock, Rhoda, (1986) “Indian Women and Indentureship in Trinidad and Tobago, 1985–1917: Freedom Denied”, Caribbean Quarterly, Vol 32, Nos 3&4, 27–49.
19. Thakur, Rishee, (1993) “Orientalism Revisited” in Caribbean Issues, Vol 6, No. 2, 11–15.
20. Klass, Morton, East Indians in Trinidad: A Study of Cultural Persistence, (1961, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1988, reprint) Klass, Morton Singing with Sai Baba: The Politics of Revitalisation in Trinidad and Tobago, (Boulder, Co. Westview Press, 1991).35.
21. Jain, Ravindra, (1986) “The East Indian Culture in a Caribbean Context: Crisis and Creativity, in Indian International Centre Quarterly, Vol 13, 1986, 153–164.
22. Rhoda, Reddock “Douglarization and the Politics of Gender Relations in Trinidad and Tobago”.
23. Jain, Ravindra, “The East Indian Culture in a Caribbean Context:See also K.N., Sharma,*
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., 154–55
26. Haraksingh, Kusha, (1988),” Structure, Process and Indian Culture in Trinidad”, in After the Crossing, 113–122
27. Reddock, Rhoda, “Primacy of Gender within Race and Class”
28. Singh, Kelvin, Bloodstained Tombs: The Muharram Massacre 1884, London and Basingstoke:. Macmillan, 1991), 4–5
29. Jain, Ravindra, “The East Indian Culture in a Caribbean Context”, 158
30. Shepherd, Verene, “Indians and Blacks in Jamaica in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: A Micro-Study of the Foundation of Race Antagonisms” 101.
31. Steumple, Stephen, (1990) The Steelband Movement in Trinidad and Tobago: Politics and National Identity, PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1990, 57.
32. Herskovits, Melville & Frances, Trinidad Village, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), Herskovits, Melville Herskovits, M. The Myth of the Negro Past, (Gloucester, Massachusetts:Peter Smith, Original 1958, 1970 edn).
33. Herskovits, The Myth of the Negro Past, 207–233
34. This Bill also sought to control the ‘noise’ emanating from the Moharran or Hosein Festival. According to Bereton, “…officers at the St. James Barracks were annoyed by drum-beating by Indians in Coolie Town, St. James.” See Bridget, Brereton, Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad, 18701-/1900(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1979), 161.
35. Herskovits, M., The Myth of the Negro Past, 223
36. Brereton, Bridget, Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad: 1870–1900, 161; Guinea's Other Sons: the African dynamic in Trinidad culture (Massachusetts: The Majority Press, 1991)
37. Simpson, George Eaton, “The Shango Cult of Trinidad”, in G.E., Simpson, Religious Cults of the Caribbean: Trinidad, Jamaica and Haiti, (San Juan: Institute of Caribbean Studies, 1960).
38. Warner-Lewis, Maureen, Guinea's Other Sons: The African Dynamic in Trinidad Culture, 133, 137.
39. G.E., Simpson, Religious Cults of the Caribbean: 79
40. Ibid., 80
41. Ibid., 21.
42. Ibid., 21, 125.
43. Houk, James, “Afro-Trinidadian identity and the Africanisation of the Orisha Religion” in Kevin, Yelvington (ed) Trinidad Ethnicitv, (Knoxville. Macmillan/University of Tennessee Press, 1993), 174
44. Kali the “Black Mother” is often seen as the ‘evil incarnation’, of the good mother deity Durga (personal communication, Paula Morgan)
45. Vertovec, Stephen, Hindu Trinidad: Religion, Ethnicity and Socio-Economic Change, (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), 218
46. Mahabir, Noor Kumar and Maharaj, Ashram “Hindu Elements in the Shango/Orisha Cult in Trinidad” in Frank, Birbalsingh (ed.) Indenture and Exile: The Indo-Caribbean Experience, (Toronto: TSAR, 1989) 192–93
47. Mahabir, Noor Kumar and Maharaj, Ashram “Hindu Elements in the Shango/Orisha Cult”.
48. Crowley, Mahabir, Noor, Kumar “Finding Neutral Grounds in a Plural Society”, in Caribbean Issues, Vol 6, No. 2. 1993; Reddock, “Primacy of Gender within Race and Class”; Simpson, G., “Religious Cults”, 127, and Crowley, “Plural and Differential Acculturation” and “Cultural Assimilation in a Multiracial Society”, Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 83 1960, 850–54
49. Crowley, Mahabir, Noor, Kumar (1993) “Finding Neutral Grounds in a Plural Society”, 19.
50. Ibid., Today, for example, while the first female pundit (pandita) is being severly challenged by the Hindu leadership of virtually all traditions, a few Indian women Pentacostalists and Evangelicals have large congregations, often preaching strongly against Hinduism and other forms of ‘heathenism’.
51. Mahibir, “Finding Neutral Grounds in a Plural Society”, and Rouse-Jones, Margaret, “Changing Patterns of Denominational Affiliation in Trinidad and Tobago: an Exploratory Study” in Social and Occupational Stratification in Contemporary Trinidad and Tobago, ed. Selwyn, Ryan, (St. Augustine: ISER - 1991), 362.
52. Mahibir, “Finding Neutral Grounds in a Plural Society”, 19.
53. Houk, “Afro-Trinidadian Identity and the Africanisation of the Orisha Religion”.
54. Ibid., 177.
55. Klass, East Indians in Trinidad.