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The Social Science Journal
Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 53-70
Equality and efficiency tradeoffs in affirmative action-Real or imagined? The case of women in policing
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EID: 0007259562     PISSN: 03623319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0362-3319(87)90006-1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (41)
References (73)
  • 1
    • 0004214568 scopus 로고
    • For examples of views supportive of affirmative action and its underlying ideation, see, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
    • (1974) Representative Bureaucracy
    • Krislov1
  • 5
    • 84981658254 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on Affirmative Action
    • See the literature cited and data reported in
    • (1978) Policy Studies Journal , vol.7 , pp. 208-213
    • Meier1
  • 6
    • 0000299661 scopus 로고
    • Minorities and Women in State and Local Government 1973–1975
    • On the topic of state and local patterns of minority employment see
    • (1980) Public Administration Review , vol.40 , pp. 443-450
    • Cayer1    Sigelman2
  • 9
    • 0004048289 scopus 로고
    • These arguments are generally based upon Rawlsian foundations of “justice as fairness” as developed in, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
    • (1971) A Theory of Justice
    • Rawls1
  • 10
    • 84912654450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, see Bernard R. Boxill “The Morality of Preferential Hiring”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 7(3):246–268.
  • 11
    • 84912678877 scopus 로고
    • Compensatory Justice and the Moral Obligation for Preferential Treatment of Discriminated Groups
    • A good example of such arguments can be found in
    • (1978) Polity , vol.11 , pp. 46-66
    • Kassiola1
  • 14
    • 27744593195 scopus 로고
    • Women in the Occupation World: Social Disruption and Conflict
    • For literature on cultural norms (i.e., cultural assertions that women are best suited for socioemotional or subordinate roles) see, Rachel Kuhn-Hut, Arlene Kaplan Daniels, Richard Colvard, Oxford University Press, New York
    • (1982) Women and Work: Problems and Perspectives , pp. 39-53
    • Coser1    Rakoff2
  • 26
    • 84912634010 scopus 로고
    • Impact of Policewomen on Patrol: Contributions of Sex Role Stereotypes to Behavior in an Asterotypic Setting
    • University of Michigan
    • (1979) Ph.D. dissertation
    • Heffner1
  • 27
    • 84912657673 scopus 로고
    • Police Foundation, Washington, DC, In fairness to Mr. Bloch and the Police Foundation, it should be noted that both have been strong advocates of enhancing the use of women in policing from the very start.
    • (1973) Policewomen on Patrol , vol.1
    • Bloch1
  • 29
    • 0041136244 scopus 로고
    • Jane Crow and the Law: Sex Discrimination and Title VII
    • See, 34, A number of states have adopted state equal rights amendments or have proposed the adoption of such amendments to the state constitutions.
    • (1964) George Washington Law Review , vol.232
    • Murray1    Eastwood2
  • 30
    • 84912677595 scopus 로고
    • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 rejects the notion of “romantic paternalism” toward women and seeks to place women on an equal footing with men, In enacting the Title VII prohibitions against discrimination on account of sex, Congress intended to prevent employers from denying employment opportunity to individuals based on stereotyped characterizations of his or her sex.
    • (1971) Rosen v. Public Service and Gas Company
  • 32
    • 84912653893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standards for establishing discrimination by sex are quite different under the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VII. Under the Fourteenth Amendment, sex discrimination becomes illegal only if intended, while under Title VII proof of intent is unnecessary and discriminatory impact alone establishes liability to demonstrate good cause;
  • 34
    • 84912670777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, see Bernard R. Boxill “The Morality of Preferential Hiring”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 7(3):246–268.
  • 37
    • 84912684053 scopus 로고
    • 363 F. Supp. 1131 N.D. Ohio, Ed., Hardy v. Stumpf 1974, 37 Cal App 3d 958, 112 Cal Rptr 379
    • (1973) Smith v. East Cleveland
  • 42
    • 84912639524 scopus 로고
    • 22 EPD 30, 822 5th Civ. Cal., Hogue v. Bach 1970, Civ. No. C-3643 D. Cdo., Schaefer, et al. v. Tannian, et al. 1976, and for Buffalo, see 432 NY 2d 312 (1980).
    • (1980) U.S. v. City of Miami
  • 44
    • 84912678066 scopus 로고
    • Police Community Outreach and the Reduction of Crime: Evidence of the Effectiveness of Police Community Relations Training and Affirmative Action from a Study of 161 U.S. Cities
    • Further information on the character of a previous survey of identical design is reported in, Ralph Baker, Fred A. Meyer, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA
    • (1979) Evaluating Alternative Law-Enforcement Policies , pp. 135-148
    • Lovrich1
  • 45
    • 84912681464 scopus 로고
    • The International City Management Association, Washington, DC
    • (1970) The Municipal Year Book , pp. 438-469
  • 46
    • 79959400181 scopus 로고
    • Wrestling with Police Crime Control Productivity Measurement
    • For an excellent discussion of the problems and possibilities associated with the measurement of police department productivity, see, Joan L. Wolfe, John F. Heaphy, The Police Foundation, Washington, DC
    • (1975) Readings on Productivity in Policing , pp. 86-128
    • Hatry1
  • 48
    • 0347295146 scopus 로고
    • On the Meaning and Measurement of Output and Efficiency in the Production of Urban Police Services
    • (1973) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.1 , pp. 93-111
    • Ostrom1
  • 52
  • 57
    • 84970411024 scopus 로고
    • Commitment to the Disadvantaged Among Urban Administrators The Case of Minority Hiring
    • For evidence on regional differences in progress toward affirmative action and the receptivity of public officials to affirmative action goals see
    • (1978) Urban Affairs Review , vol.13 , pp. 355-378
    • Thompson1    Browne2
  • 61
    • 84912636217 scopus 로고
    • California Highway Patrol Women Officers
    • For example, see
    • (1977) Police Chief , vol.44 , pp. 60-62
    • Craig1
  • 68
    • 84912648753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Public Image of Courts, 1977 [machine readable data file]. Survey conducted by Yankelovich, Skelley and White, Inc., under the direction of the National Center for State Courts, for the LEAA, U.S. Department of Justice. Distributed by the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  • 71
    • 3242694827 scopus 로고
    • An Overview of Attitudes Toward Women in Law Enforcement
    • On the question of differential job assignments for female officers in traditional and progressive police departments, see
    • (1978) Public Administration Review , vol.38 , pp. 267-275
    • Koenig1

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