The elite question: Toward a normative elite theory of organization

Administration and Society

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 321-360

  Farazmand, Ali ^a  

^a FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007145510     PISSN: 00953997     EISSN: 15523039     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/00953999922019166     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Ackoff, R. (1974). Redesigning the future: A systems approach to societal problems. New York: John Wiley.
2. Aldrich, H. E. (1979). Organizations and environments. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3. Aldrich, H., & Pfeffer, J. (1976). Environments of organizations. Annual Review of Sociology, 2.
4. Allen, M. P. (1974). The structure of interorganizational elite cooperation: Interlocking corporate directors. American Sociological Review, 39, 393-406.
5. Bachrach, P. (1967). The theory of democratic elitism: A critique. Boston: Little, Brown.
6. Bachrach, P., & Botwinick, A. (1992). Power and empowerment: A radical theory of democracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
7. Balbus, I. D. (1971/1982). Marxism and domination. New Jersey: No publisher.
8. Bellah, R., Madson, R., Sullivan, W., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9. Benthly, A. (1908). The process of government: A study of social pressures. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. Block, F. (1977). The ruling class does not rule: Notes on the Marxist theory of the state. Socialist Revolution, 7(3), 6-28.
11. Block, P. (1987). The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Buchanan, J., & Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
13. Burch, P. (1972/1981). The managerial revolution reassessed. Lexington, KY: D.C. Heath & Co.
14. Burton, M. G., & Higley, J. (1987a). Elite settlements. American Sociological Review, 52, 295-307.
15. Burton, M. G., & Higley, J. (1987b). Invitation to elite theory. In G. W. Domhoff & T. Dye (Eds.), Power elites and organization (pp. 133-143). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16. Burton, M. G., & Higley, J. (1996, May 30-June 1). Elite settlements: A stocktaking. Paper presented at the International Conference on Regime Change and Elite Change held in El Paula, Spain.
17. Connel, R. W. (1977). Ruling class, ruling culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
18. Cottam, R. (1979). Goodby to America's shah. Foreign Policy, 34, 3-14.
19. Dahl, R. (1958). A critique of the ruling elite model. American Political Science Review, 52, 463-469.
20. Dahl, R. (1961). Who governs? Democracy and power in American city. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
21. Dahl, R. (1979). Who really rules?Social Science Quarterly, 60(1).
22. Dahl, R., & Lindblom, C. (1953). Politics, economics, and welfare: Planning and politico-economic systems resolved into basic social processes. New York: Harper & Row.
23. Denhardt, R. (1981). In the shadow of organizations. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas.
24. DiTomaso, N. (1980). Organizational analysis and power structure research. In W. Domhoff (Ed.), Power structure research (pp. 255-268). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
25. Dogan, M., & Higley, J. (1996, May 30-June 1). Political crisis and elite replacement: How regimes are born. Paper presented at the International Conference on Regime Change and Elite Change, El Paular, Spain.
26. Domhoff, W. (1967/1983). Who rules America now?Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
27. Domhoff, W. (1970). The higher circles. New York: Random House.
28. Domhoff, W. (1971). How the power elite set national goals. In R. Perucci & M. Pilisuk (Eds.), The triple revolution emerging. Boston: Little, Brown.
29. Domhoff, W. (1974). State and ruling class in corporate America. Insurgent Sociologist, 4(3): 3-16.
30. Domhoff, W. (1978). The power that be. New York: Vintage.
31. Domhoff, W. (1980). Power structure research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
32. Domhoff, W. (1987). The Wagner Act and the theories of the state: A new analysis based on class-segment theory. Political Power and Social Theory, 6, 159-185.
33. Domhoff, W. (1990). The power elite and the state: How policy is made in America. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
34. Domhoff, W., & Dye, T. (Eds.). (1987). Power elites and organizations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
35. Downs, A. (1967). Inside bureaucracy. Boston: Little, Brown.
36. Dye, T. (1983). Who is running America? The Reagan years (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
37. Dye, T., & Zeigler, H. (1984, 1993). The irony of democracy: An uncommon introduction to American politics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
38. Eisenstadt, S. N. (1963). Political systems of empires. New York: Free Press.
39. Espingo-Anderson, G., Friedland, R., & Wright, E. O. (1976). Models of class struggle and the capitalist state. Kapitaistate, (4-5), 186-220.
40. Etzioni-Halevi, E. (1992). The autonomy of elites and transitions from nondemocratic regimes: The cases of the Soviet Union and Poland. Research in Political Sociology, 6, 257-276.
41. Farazmand, A. (1982). Bureaucratic politics: Development or system-maintenance? A study of administrative theory. Doctoral dissertation in public administration, The Maxwell School, Syracuse University.
42. Farazmand, A. (1989). The state, bureaucracy, and revolution in modern Iran: Agrarian reform and regime politics. New York: Praeger.
43. Farazmand, A. (1993, July 14-16). Elite theory of organization: A conceptual model. Paper presented at the 1993 Annual Symposium of the Public Administration Theory Network, California State University-Hayward.
44. Farazmand, A. (1994). Organization theory: An overview and appraisal. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Modern organizations: Administrative theory in contemporary society (pp. 3-53). Westport, CT: Praeger.
45. Farazmand, A. (1996, May 27-June 1). Regime change and the thousand family elite replacement in Iranian revolution of 1978-1979. Paper presented at the International Conference on Regime Change and Elite Change in El Paular, Spain.
46. Farazmand, A. (1997, August 28-31). Institutionalization of the new administrative state/role. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Washington, DC.
47. Field, G. L., & Higley, J. (1973). Elites and nonelites: The possibilities and their side effects. Andover, MA: Warner Modular.
48. Field, G. L., & Higley, J. (1980). Elitism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
49. Field, G. L., & Higley, J. (1985). National elites and political stability. In G. Moore (Ed.), Research in politics and society: Studies of the structure of national elite groups (Vol. 1). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
50. Fischer, F. (1984). Ideology and organization theory. In F. Fischer & C. Sirianni (Eds.), Critical studies in organization and bureaucracy (pp. 172-190). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
51. Fischer, F., & Sirianni C. (Eds.) (1984). Critical studies in organization and bureaucracy (pp. 48-64). Philadelphia: Temp.Press.
52. Gorthner, H., Mahler, J., & Nicholoson, B. J. (1989). Organization theory: A public perspective. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
53. Habermas, J. (1975). The legitimacy crisis (T. McCarthy, Trans.). Boston: Beacon.
54. Hall, P. D. (1984). The organization of American culture, 1700-1900: Private institutions, elites, and the origins of American nationality. New York: New York University Press.
55. Halliday, F. (1979). Iran: Dictatorship and development (2nd ed.). New York: Penguin.
56. Handy, C. (1992). The age of paradox. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
57. Harmon, M., & Mayer, R. (1986). Organization theory for public administration. Boston: Little, Brown.
58. Held, D., et al. (1983). States and societies. New York: New York University Press.
59. Hershman, M. (1977, November). Liabilities and responsibilities of corporate officers and directors. The Business Lawyer, 33, 263-308.
60. Higley, J., & Burton, M. (1989). The elite variable in democratic transitions and breakdowns. American Sociological Review, 54, 17-32.
61. Higley, J., Burton, M., & Field, L. (1990). In defense of elite theory: A reply to Cammack. American Sociological Review, 55, 421-426.
62. Higley, J., & Moore, G. (1981). Elite integration in the United States and Australia. American Political Science Review, 75, 581-597.
63. Holden, M. (1997). Political power and the centrality of administration. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Modern systems of government: Exploring the role of bureaucrats and politicians (pp. 125-154). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
64. Hunter, F. (1953). Community power structure. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
65. Hunter, F. (1959). Top leadership, U.S.A. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
66. Jacoby, H. (1973). The bureaucratization of the world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
67. Jessop, B. (1982). The capitalist state. London: Martin Robertson.
68. Johnson, A. (1988). The protestant ethic and the legitimation of bureaucratic elites [Review of the book, The organization of American culture, 1700-1900: Private institutions, elites, and the origins of American nationality]. Politics, Culture, and Society, 1(4), 585-597.
69. Jones, C. (1987). Introduction to the study of public policy. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
70. Kadushin, C. (1979). Power circles and legitimacy in developed societies. In B. Denith (Ed.), Legitimation of regimes. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
71. Kanter, R. M. (1987). Power failure in management circuits. In J. M. Shafritz & J. S. Ott (Eds.), Classics of organization theory. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
72. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. (1987). The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley. (Original work published 1966).
73. Kaufman, H. (1964). Organization theory and political theory. American Political Science Review, 58, 5-14.
74. Kaufman, H. (1989). Organization theory and political theory. In H. Gorthner, J. Mahler, & B. J. Nicholson, Organization theory: A public perspective (pp. 90-99). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
75. King, R. (1986). The state in modern society. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
76. Knight, A. (1996, May 30-June 1). Mexico: Crisis and regime transformation in comparative perspective. Paper presented at the International Conference on Regime Change and Elite Change held in El Paular, Spain.
77. Koenig, T., & Gogel, R. (1979). Models of the significance of interlocking corporate directorships. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 38, 173-186.
78. Korten, D. (1995). When corporations rule the world. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
79. Lasswell, H., & Lerner, D. (1952). The comparative study of elites. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
80. Lauman, E. & Pappi, F. (1973). New directions in the study of community elites. American Sociological Review, 38, 212-229.
81. Lindblom, C. (1990). Inquiry and change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
82. Lipset, S. (1987). The confidence gap during the Reagan years, 1981-1987. Political Science Quarterly (Spring), 1-23.
83. Long, N. (1949). Power and administration. Public Administration Review, 9(3), 257-264.
84. Lowi, T. (1995). The end of the republican era. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
85. Lutjens, S. L. (1991). State administration in socialist Cuba: Power and performance. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Handbook of comparative and development public administration (pp. 325-338). New York: Marcel Dekker.
86. MacPherson. C. B. (1987). The rise and fall of economic justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
87. Marx, K. (1966). Capital III. Moscow: International.
88. McConnel, G. (1966). Private power and American democracy. New York: Knopf.
89. Michels, R. (1964). Political parties. New York: Free Press. (Original work published in 1915).
90. Michels, R. (1984). Oligarchy. In F. Fischer & C. Sirianni (Eds.), Critical studies in organization and bureaucracy (pp. 48-67). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
91. Miles, R. (1980). Macro organizational behavior. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
92. Miliband, R. (1969). The state in capitalist society. New York: Basic Books.
93. Mills, C. W. (1956). The power elite. New York: Oxford University Press.
94. Mintz, B., & Schwartz, M. (1981a). Bank hegemony, corporate networks, and intercorporate power: A study of interlocking directorates in American business. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
95. Mintz, B., & Schwartz, M. (1981b). Interlocking directorates and interest group formation. American Sociological Review, 46, 851-869.
96. Mintz, B., & Schwartz, M. (1981c). The structure of intercorporate unity in American business. Social Problems, 29(2), 87-103.
97. Mintz, B., & Schwartz, M. (1983). Financial interest groups and interlocking directorates. Social Science History, 7(2), 183-204.
98. Mintz, B., & Schwartz, M. (1985). The power structure of American business. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
99. Mizruchi, M. (1980). The structure of the American corporate network: 1904-1974. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
100. Moe, T. (1989). The politics of bureaucratic structure. In J. Chub & P. Peterson (Eds.), Can government govern?Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
101. Moore, S. (1957). The critique of capitalist democracy: An introduction to the theory of the state in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. New York: Paine-Whitman.
102. Moore, S. (1979). The structure of a national elite network. American Sociological Review, 44, 673-691.
103. Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
104. Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class. New York: McGraw-Hill.
105. Nachmias, D., & Rosenbloom, D. (1980). Bureaucratic government, USA. New York: St. Martin's.
106. Niskanen, W. (1971). Bureaucracy and representative government. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.
107. O'Connor, J. (1973). The fiscal crisis of the state. New York: Harper & Row.
108. Ostrom, V. (1974). The intellectual crisis in American public administration (rev. ed.). University: University of Alabama Press.
109. Ott, S. (1989). The organizational culture perspective. Chicago: Dorsey.
110. Parenti, M. (1978). Power and the powerless. New York: St. Martin's.
111. Parenti, M. (1985). Democracy for the few (5th ed.). New York: St. Martin's.
112. Parry, G. (1969). Political elites. New York: Praeger.
113. Perrow, C. (1986). Complex organizations: A critical essay (3rd ed.). New York: Random House.
114. Peters, G. (1994). Government reorganization: A theoretical analysis. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Modern organizations: Administrative theory in contemporary society (pp. 105-124). Westport, CT: Praeger.
115. Peters, G., & Pierre, J. (1997, August 28-31). Institutions and time: Problems of conceptualization and explanation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
116. Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in organizations. Boston: Pitman.
117. Pfeffer, J., & Salankick, G. (1978). The external control of organizations. New York: Harper &Row.
118. Porter, J. (1965). The vertical mosaic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
119. Poulantzas, N. (1969). The problem of the capitalist state. New Left Review, 58, 67-78.
120. Poulantzas, N. (1973). Political power and social classes. London: Sheet & Ward.
121. Presthus, R. (1962). The organizational society. New York: Knopf.
122. Presthus, R. (1973). Elite accommodation in Canadian politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
123. Rehren, A. (1991). Local government in authoritarian Chile. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Handbook of comparative and development public administration (pp. 313-324). New York: Marcel Dekker.
124. Riposa, G. (1996). Public enterprises in Nicaragua: The clash of strategies and struggle for innovation. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Public enterprise management: International case studies (pp. 107-128). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
125. Rose, A. M. (1967). The power structure. New York: Oxford University Press.
126. Rosenbloom, D. H. (1993a, July 16). Prescriptive public administration theory as product of political dominance. Paper presented at the Sixth National Symposium on Public Administration Theory, California State University-Hayward.
127. Rosenbloom, D. H. (1993b). Public administration: Understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
128. Russell, B. (1938). Power: A new social analysis. New York: Norton.
129. Schein, V. (1977). Individual power and political behavior in organizations: An inadequately explored reality. Academy of Management Review, 2, 64-72.
130. Schumpeter, J. (1976). Capitalism, socialism, and democracy (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Torchbooks. (Original work published 1942).
131. Scott, R. (1995). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
132. Scott, W., & Hart, D. K. (1989). Organizational values in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
133. Selznick, P. (1953). TVA and the grass roots. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1949).
134. Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in administration. New York: Harper & Row.
135. Simon, H. (1957). Administrative behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. (Original work published 1945).
136. Simon, H. (1991). Models of my life. New York: Basic Books.
137. Skocpol, T. (1979). States and revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
138. Sonquist, J., & Koenig, T. (1975). Interlocking directorates among the major U.S. corporations: A graphic theory approach. Insurgent Sociologist, 5, 196-230.
139. Stocky, E., & Zekhauser, R. (1978). Responsibility in government: Theory and practice. New York: Norton.
140. Thayer, F. (1981). An end to hierarchy and competition. New York: Franklin Watts.
141. Therborn, G. (1978). What does the ruling class do when it rules?London: New Left Books.
142. Thompson, J. (1967). Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
143. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
144. Truman, D. (1951). The governmental process: Political interests and public opinion. New York: Knopf.
145. Tucker, R. (Ed.) (1978). The Marx-Engels reader. New York: Norton.
146. Useem, M. (1978). The inner group of the American capitalist class. Social Problems, 25, 225-240.
147. Useem, M. (1979). The social organization of the American business class. American Sociological Review, 44, 553-571.
148. Useem, M. (1984). The inner circle. New York: Oxford University Press.
149. Waldo, D. (1978). Organization theory: Revisiting the elephant. Public Administration Review, 38, 589-597.
150. Waldo, D. (1992). The enterprise of public administration: A summary. Novato, CA: Chandler & Sharp. (Original work published 1980).
151. Wamsley, G. L., & Zald, M. N. (1976). The political economy of public organizations: A critique and approach to the study of public administration. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
152. Weber, M. (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology (H. H. Gerth & C. W. Mills, Eds. and Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.
153. Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization (A. M. Henderson & T. Parsons, Eds., Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.
154. Weber, M. (1984). Bureaucracy. In F. Fischer & C. Sirianni (Eds.), Critical studies in organization and bureaucracy (pp. 24-39). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
155. Williamson, O. (1981). The economics of organizations: The transaction-cost approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87, 548-577.
156. Williamson, O. (1983). Organizational innovation: The transaction-cost approach. In J. Rosen (Ed.), Entrepreneurship (pp. 101-134). Lexington, MA: Heath Lexington.
157. Williamson, O. (1985). The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.
158. Wise, C. (1994). The public service configuration problem: Designing public organizations in a pluralistic public service. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Modern organizations: Administrative theory in contemporary society (pp. 81-103). Westport, CT: Praeger.
159. Zonis, M. (1971). The political elite of Iran. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.