Dial-in democracy: Talk radio and the 1994 election

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 111, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 457-480

  Bolce, Louis ^a   De Maio, Gerald ^a   Muzzio, Douglas ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007083184     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2151971     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Walter Goodman, "4 Minutes A Week: A Liberal on NBC," New York Times, 9 March 1994; "Dumb and Dumber - Cyberdemocracy," CNN Crossfire Transcript #1229, Air Date: 1 March 1994; Anthony Lewis, "Words Matter," New York Times, 5 May 1995; Todd S. Purdum, "Clinton Assails the Preaching of the Militia," New York Times, 6 May 1995.
2. Walter Goodman, "4 Minutes A Week: A Liberal on NBC," New York Times, 9 March 1994; "Dumb and Dumber - Cyberdemocracy," CNN Crossfire Transcript #1229, Air Date: 1 March 1994; Anthony Lewis, "Words Matter," New York Times, 5 May 1995; Todd S. Purdum, "Clinton Assails the Preaching of the Militia," New York Times, 6 May 1995.
3. Walter Goodman, "4 Minutes A Week: A Liberal on NBC," New York Times, 9 March 1994; "Dumb and Dumber - Cyberdemocracy," CNN Crossfire Transcript #1229, Air Date: 1 March 1994; Anthony Lewis, "Words Matter," New York Times, 5 May 1995; Todd S. Purdum, "Clinton Assails the Preaching of the Militia," New York Times, 6 May 1995.
4. Walter Goodman, "4 Minutes A Week: A Liberal on NBC," New York Times, 9 March 1994; "Dumb and Dumber - Cyberdemocracy," CNN Crossfire Transcript #1229, Air Date: 1 March 1994; Anthony Lewis, "Words Matter," New York Times, 5 May 1995; Todd S. Purdum, "Clinton Assails the Preaching of the Militia," New York Times, 6 May 1995.
5. Everett Carll Ladd, "The 1994 Congressional Elections: The Realignment Continues," Political Science Quarterly 100 (Spring 1995): 1-23.
6. Steven Roberts, "Open Arms for Online Democracy," U.S. News and World Report, 16 January 1995, 10.
7. William Rusher, "The Importance of Talk Radio," Newspaper Enterprise Association, 3 September 1994; Jon Weiner, "Looking for the Left's Limbaugh," Dissent 42 (Spring 1995): 161.
8. William Rusher, "The Importance of Talk Radio," Newspaper Enterprise Association, 3 September 1994; Jon Weiner, "Looking for the Left's Limbaugh," Dissent 42 (Spring 1995): 161.
9. Phyllis Stark, "Country Radio Levels Off; News/Talk Keeps Growing," Billboard, 18 June 1995, 89.
10. "Everybody's Talkin' At Us," Business Week, 22 May 1995, 105; Kenneth Jost, Talk Show Democracy," The CQ Researcher, 19 April 1995, 372, 375.
11. "Everybody's Talkin' At Us," Business Week, 22 May 1995, 105; Kenneth Jost, Talk Show Democracy," The CQ Researcher, 19 April 1995, 372, 375.
12. Howard Fineman, "The Power of Talk," Newsweek, 8 February 1993, 24-28; Jost, "Talk Show Democracy," 368, 375, 376, 378; John Fund, "The Power of Talk," Forbes Media Critic 2 (Spring 1995): 54ff; Benjamin I. Page and Jason Tannenbaum, "Populistic Deliberation and Talk Radio," Journal of Communication 46 (Spring 1996): 33-54.
13. Howard Fineman, "The Power of Talk," Newsweek, 8 February 1993, 24-28; Jost, "Talk Show Democracy," 368, 375, 376, 378; John Fund, "The Power of Talk," Forbes Media Critic 2 (Spring 1995): 54ff; Benjamin I. Page and Jason Tannenbaum, "Populistic Deliberation and Talk Radio," Journal of Communication 46 (Spring 1996): 33-54.
14. Howard Fineman, "The Power of Talk," Newsweek, 8 February 1993, 24-28; Jost, "Talk Show Democracy," 368, 375, 376, 378; John Fund, "The Power of Talk," Forbes Media Critic 2 (Spring 1995): 54ff; Benjamin I. Page and Jason Tannenbaum, "Populistic Deliberation and Talk Radio," Journal of Communication 46 (Spring 1996): 33-54.
15. Howard Fineman, "The Power of Talk," Newsweek, 8 February 1993, 24-28; Jost, "Talk Show Democracy," 368, 375, 376, 378; John Fund, "The Power of Talk," Forbes Media Critic 2 (Spring 1995): 54ff; Benjamin I. Page and Jason Tannenbaum, "Populistic Deliberation and Talk Radio," Journal of Communication 46 (Spring 1996): 33-54.
16. John Crittenden, "Democratic Functions of the Open Mike Radio Forum," Public Opinion Quarterly 35 (Spring 1971): 200-210; Robert K. Avery and Donald G. Ellis, "Talk Radio as an Interpersonal Phenomenon" in Gary Gumpert and Robert Catheart, eds., Inter/Media: Interpersonal Communications in a Media World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 108-115; Murray B. Levin, Talk Radio and the American Dream (Lexington, MA; Lexington Books, 1987); Jeffrey L. Katz, "The Power of Talk," Governing 4 (March 1991): 38-42.
17. John Crittenden, "Democratic Functions of the Open Mike Radio Forum," Public Opinion Quarterly 35 (Spring 1971): 200-210; Robert K. Avery and Donald G. Ellis, "Talk Radio as an Interpersonal Phenomenon" in Gary Gumpert and Robert Catheart, eds., Inter/Media: Interpersonal Communications in a Media World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 108-115; Murray B. Levin, Talk Radio and the American Dream (Lexington, MA; Lexington Books, 1987); Jeffrey L. Katz, "The Power of Talk," Governing 4 (March 1991): 38-42.
18. John Crittenden, "Democratic Functions of the Open Mike Radio Forum," Public Opinion Quarterly 35 (Spring 1971): 200-210; Robert K. Avery and Donald G. Ellis, "Talk Radio as an Interpersonal Phenomenon" in Gary Gumpert and Robert Catheart, eds., Inter/Media: Interpersonal Communications in a Media World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 108-115; Murray B. Levin, Talk Radio and the American Dream (Lexington, MA; Lexington Books, 1987); Jeffrey L. Katz, "The Power of Talk," Governing 4 (March 1991): 38-42.
19. John Crittenden, "Democratic Functions of the Open Mike Radio Forum," Public Opinion Quarterly 35 (Spring 1971): 200-210; Robert K. Avery and Donald G. Ellis, "Talk Radio as an Interpersonal Phenomenon" in Gary Gumpert and Robert Catheart, eds., Inter/Media: Interpersonal Communications in a Media World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 108-115; Murray B. Levin, Talk Radio and the American Dream (Lexington, MA; Lexington Books, 1987); Jeffrey L. Katz, "The Power of Talk," Governing 4 (March 1991): 38-42.
20. Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), chap. 14; Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960); Jack L. Walker, "A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy," American Political Science Review 60 (June 1966): 285-295. The Federalist Papers, intro. by Clinton Rossiter (New York: New American Library, 1961), 384, 34.
21. Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), chap. 14; Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960); Jack L. Walker, "A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy," American Political Science Review 60 (June 1966): 285-295. The Federalist Papers, intro. by Clinton Rossiter (New York: New American Library, 1961), 384, 34.
22. Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), chap. 14; Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960); Jack L. Walker, "A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy," American Political Science Review 60 (June 1966): 285-295. The Federalist Papers, intro. by Clinton Rossiter (New York: New American Library, 1961), 384, 34.
23. Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), chap. 14; Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960); Jack L. Walker, "A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy," American Political Science Review 60 (June 1966): 285-295. The Federalist Papers, intro. by Clinton Rossiter (New York: New American Library, 1961), 384, 34.
24. C. Richard Hofstetter et al., "Political Talk Radio: A Stereotype Reconsidered," Political Research Quarterly 47 (June 1994): 473.
25. Andrew Kohut, Cliff Zukin, and Carol Bowman, The Vocal Minority in American Politics (Washington, DC: Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press, 1993).
26. Ibid., 10-11.
27. Herbert Asher, Polling and the Public, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1992), 101-102.
28. Howard Kurtz quoted in Fund, "The Power of Talk," 54.
29. The aggregate statewide election returns for these "what if" scenarios were drawn from Michael Barone and Grant Ujifusa with Richard E. Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 1996 (Washington, DC: The National Journal, 1995). The statewide percentages of talk voters and non-talk voters are drawn from the VNS state exit polls.
30. Louis Bolce, "The Role of Gender in Recent Presidential Elections: Reagan and the Reverse Gender Gap," Presidential Studies Quarterly 15 (Spring 1985): 372-385; Daniel Wirls, "The Gender Gap in American Elections: Lingering Illusions and Political Realities" in Benjamin Ginsberg and Alan Stone, eds., Do Elections Matter? 2nd ed. (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1991), 117-133.
31. Louis Bolce, "The Role of Gender in Recent Presidential Elections: Reagan and the Reverse Gender Gap," Presidential Studies Quarterly 15 (Spring 1985): 372-385; Daniel Wirls, "The Gender Gap in American Elections: Lingering Illusions and Political Realities" in Benjamin Ginsberg and Alan Stone, eds., Do Elections Matter? 2nd ed. (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1991), 117-133.
32. Karlyn H. Bowman, "The Gender Factor" in Everett Carll Ladd, ed., America at the Polls: 1994 (Storrs, CT: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 1995), 52-57.
33. Susan Estrich, "The Last Victim," New York Times Magazine 18 December 1994, 54-55; Richard Berke, "Defections Among Men to G.O.P. Helped Insure Rout of Democrats," New York Times, 11 November 1995.
34. Susan Estrich, "The Last Victim," New York Times Magazine 18 December 1994, 54-55; Richard Berke, "Defections Among Men to G.O.P. Helped Insure Rout of Democrats," New York Times, 11 November 1995.
35. Michael Combs and Susan Welch, "Blacks, Whites and Attitudes Toward Abortion," Public Opinion Quarterly 46 (Winter 1982): 510-520; Richard Seltzer and Robert C. Smith, "Race and Ideology: A Research Note Measuring Liberalism and Conservatism in Black America," Phylon 46 (Summer 1985): 98-105; Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, "Blacks and the Republican Party: The 20 Percent Solution," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Spring 1992): 63-79; Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, "The 1992 Republican 'Tent': No Blacks Walked In," Political Science Quarterly 108 (Summer 1993): 255-270.
36. Michael Combs and Susan Welch, "Blacks, Whites and Attitudes Toward Abortion," Public Opinion Quarterly 46 (Winter 1982): 510-520; Richard Seltzer and Robert C. Smith, "Race and Ideology: A Research Note Measuring Liberalism and Conservatism in Black America," Phylon 46 (Summer 1985): 98-105; Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, "Blacks and the Republican Party: The 20 Percent Solution," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Spring 1992): 63-79; Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, "The 1992 Republican 'Tent': No Blacks Walked In," Political Science Quarterly 108 (Summer 1993): 255-270.
37. Michael Combs and Susan Welch, "Blacks, Whites and Attitudes Toward Abortion," Public Opinion Quarterly 46 (Winter 1982): 510-520; Richard Seltzer and Robert C. Smith, "Race and Ideology: A Research Note Measuring Liberalism and Conservatism in Black America," Phylon 46 (Summer 1985): 98-105; Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, "Blacks and the Republican Party: The 20 Percent Solution," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Spring 1992): 63-79; Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, "The 1992 Republican 'Tent': No Blacks Walked In," Political Science Quarterly 108 (Summer 1993): 255-270.
38. Michael Combs and Susan Welch, "Blacks, Whites and Attitudes Toward Abortion," Public Opinion Quarterly 46 (Winter 1982): 510-520; Richard Seltzer and Robert C. Smith, "Race and Ideology: A Research Note Measuring Liberalism and Conservatism in Black America," Phylon 46 (Summer 1985): 98-105; Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, "Blacks and the Republican Party: The 20 Percent Solution," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Spring 1992): 63-79; Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, "The 1992 Republican 'Tent': No Blacks Walked In," Political Science Quarterly 108 (Summer 1993): 255-270.
39. Rusher, "The Importance of Talk Radio."
40. Quoted in Fund, "The Power of Talk," 58; see also, Fund, 56 and Weiner, "Looking to the Left's Limbaugh" for other examples of calls for liberal alternatives; see Kohut et al., The Vocal Minority, 11, on the entertainment value of talk radio.
41. Quoted in Fund, "The Power of Talk," 58; see also, Fund, 56 and Weiner, "Looking to the Left's Limbaugh" for other examples of calls for liberal alternatives; see Kohut et al., The Vocal Minority, 11, on the entertainment value of talk radio.
42. Quoted in Fund, "The Power of Talk," 58; see also, Fund, 56 and Weiner, "Looking to the Left's Limbaugh" for other examples of calls for liberal alternatives; see Kohut et al., The Vocal Minority, 11, on the entertainment value of talk radio.
43. Edmund Andres, "ABC Pulls Plug on a Populist's Radio Show," New York Times, 9 October 1995; "Chopping at the Competition," MEDIAWATCH, November 1995, 6.
44. Edmund Andres, "ABC Pulls Plug on a Populist's Radio Show," New York Times, 9 October 1995; "Chopping at the Competition," MEDIAWATCH, November 1995, 6.
45. Luntz Research, personal communication, 25 May 1995.
46. Drummond Ayers, Jr., "Republication Progress Fails to Impress Perot's Faithful," New York Times, 9 April 1995.
47. Robert Agranoff, "The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology" in Jeff Fishel, ed., Parties and Elections in an Anti-Party Age (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), 230-240; Stanley Milkis, "The New Deal, Party Politics, and the Administrative State" in Peter W. Scramm and Bradford P. Wilson, eds., American Political Parties and Constitutional Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 160.
48. Robert Agranoff, "The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology" in Jeff Fishel, ed., Parties and Elections in an Anti-Party Age (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), 230-240; Stanley Milkis, "The New Deal, Party Politics, and the Administrative State" in Peter W. Scramm and Bradford P. Wilson, eds., American Political Parties and Constitutional Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 160.
49. Compare Edward R. Tufte, "Determinants of the Outcomes of Midterm Congressional Elections," American Political Science Review 69 (September 1975): 812-826; with Morris Fiorina, "An Era of Divided Government," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Fall 1992): 395; and Norman Luttbeg and Michael M. Gant, American Electoral Behavior, 1952-1992, 2nd ed. (Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock, 1995), chap. 5.
50. Compare Edward R. Tufte, "Determinants of the Outcomes of Midterm Congressional Elections," American Political Science Review 69 (September 1975): 812-826; with Morris Fiorina, "An Era of Divided Government," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Fall 1992): 395; and Norman Luttbeg and Michael M. Gant, American Electoral Behavior, 1952-1992, 2nd ed. (Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock, 1995), chap. 5.
51. Compare Edward R. Tufte, "Determinants of the Outcomes of Midterm Congressional Elections," American Political Science Review 69 (September 1975): 812-826; with Morris Fiorina, "An Era of Divided Government," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Fall 1992): 395; and Norman Luttbeg and Michael M. Gant, American Electoral Behavior, 1952-1992, 2nd ed. (Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock, 1995), chap. 5.
52. Timothy Egan quoted in Fund, "The Power of Talk," 55ff.
53. Morris P. Fiorina, Retrospective Voting in American National Elections (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981).
54. V.O. Key, Jr., The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Voting, 1936-1960 (New York: Vintage Books, 1968 [1966]), 7.
55. Quoted in Terry Eastland, "The New Congress & the Old Media," Forbes Media Critic 2 (Spring 1995): 42.
56. Mario S. Brossard, "Audience Participation in Radio Land," Washington Post, 29 January 1996.
57. See Bernard Berelson et al., Voting, chap. 14; and Angus Campbell et al., The American Voter.
58. See Bernard Berelson et al., Voting, chap. 14; and Angus Campbell et al., The American Voter.
59. "1-800-MOB-RULE," Economist, 18 August 1993, 22.
60. Berelson et al., Voting, chap. 14; Bernard Hennessy, Public Opinion, 5th ed. (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1985), chap. 2.
61. Berelson et al., Voting, chap. 14; Bernard Hennessy, Public Opinion, 5th ed. (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1985), chap. 2.
62. Robert Wright, "Hyper-Democracy," Time, 23 January 1995, 15-21; Fineman, "The Power of Talk," 25; Roberts, "Open Arms," 10.
63. Robert Wright, "Hyper-Democracy," Time, 23 January 1995, 15-21; Fineman, "The Power of Talk," 25; Roberts, "Open Arms," 10.
64. Robert Wright, "Hyper-Democracy," Time, 23 January 1995, 15-21; Fineman, "The Power of Talk," 25; Roberts, "Open Arms," 10.
65. The Federalist Papers, 82, 384.
66. Ibid., 83.
67. CNN, "Late Edition," 16 April 1995, transcript #81.
68. Robin Toner, "Election Jitters in Limbaughland," New York Times, 3 November 1994; John Fund, "The Power of Talk," 52-59.
69. Robin Toner, "Election Jitters in Limbaughland," New York Times, 3 November 1994; John Fund, "The Power of Talk," 52-59.
70. Christine F. Ridout, "News Coverage and Talk Shows in the 1992 Presidential Campaign," PS: Political Science & Politics 26 (December 1993): 712-715; Benjamin Page and Robert Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
71. Christine F. Ridout, "News Coverage and Talk Shows in the 1992 Presidential Campaign," PS: Political Science & Politics 26 (December 1993): 712-715; Benjamin Page and Robert Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
72. Hofstetter et al., "Political Talk Radio," 469; Steven Roberts, "Open Arms for Online Democracy."
73. Hofstetter et al., "Political Talk Radio," 469; Steven Roberts, "Open Arms for Online Democracy."
74. Quoted in Fund, "The Power of Talk," 55; see also Page and Tannenbaum, "Populistic Deliberation", 49-52.
75. Quoted in Fund, "The Power of Talk," 55; see also Page and Tannenbaum, "Populistic Deliberation", 49-52.
76. Lance Banning, Jefferson and Madison: Three Conversations from the Founding (Madison, WI: Madison House, 1995), 203; Richard K, Matthews, If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 158, 214-215.
77. Lance Banning, Jefferson and Madison: Three Conversations from the Founding (Madison, WI: Madison House, 1995), 203; Richard K, Matthews, If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 158, 214-215.
78. Federalist Papers, 82; Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1950), 269.
79. Federalist Papers, 82; Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1950), 269.
80. Martin Diamond, "Democracy and The Federalist: A Reconsideration of the Framers' Intent," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 54; Herbert J. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 17-18.
81. Martin Diamond, "Democracy and The Federalist: A Reconsideration of the Framers' Intent," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 54; Herbert J. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 17-18.
82. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, George Lawrence, trans., J. P. Mayer, ed., (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969), 68-70; Donald Lutz, Popular Consent and Popular Control (Baton Rogue: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), chap. 8; John F. Manley and Kenneth Dolbeare, eds., The Case Against the Constitution: From the Antifederalists to the Present (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1987); Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 274.
83. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, George Lawrence, trans., J. P. Mayer, ed., (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969), 68-70; Donald Lutz, Popular Consent and Popular Control (Baton Rogue: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), chap. 8; John F. Manley and Kenneth Dolbeare, eds., The Case Against the Constitution: From the Antifederalists to the Present (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1987); Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 274.
84. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, George Lawrence, trans., J. P. Mayer, ed., (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969), 68-70; Donald Lutz, Popular Consent and Popular Control (Baton Rogue: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), chap. 8; John F. Manley and Kenneth Dolbeare, eds., The Case Against the Constitution: From the Antifederalists to the Present (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1987); Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 274.
85. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, George Lawrence, trans., J. P. Mayer, ed., (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969), 68-70; Donald Lutz, Popular Consent and Popular Control (Baton Rogue: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), chap. 8; John F. Manley and Kenneth Dolbeare, eds., The Case Against the Constitution: From the Antifederalists to the Present (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1987); Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 274.
86. Eric Schickler, "Democraticizing Technology: Hierarchy and Innovation in Public Life," Polity 27 (Winter 1994): 175-199.
87. Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: Reshaping Democracy in the Information Age (New York: Viking, 1995), 48.
88. Jost, "Talk Democracy," 364.
89. James S. Fishkin, Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).