Conflict in today's aging politics: New population encounters old ideology

Social Service Review

Volumn 73, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 358-379

  Hudson, Robert B ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0006958006     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/514428     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Gaston Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America, and Russia (New York: John Willow, 1971); Lawrence Powell, John Williamson, and Kenneth Branco, The Senior Rights Movement (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996).
2. Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Gaston Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America, and Russia (New York: John Willow, 1971); Lawrence Powell, John Williamson, and Kenneth Branco, The Senior Rights Movement (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996).
3. Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Gaston Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America, and Russia (New York: John Willow, 1971); Lawrence Powell, John Williamson, and Kenneth Branco, The Senior Rights Movement (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996).
4. Carole Haber, Beyond 65: The Dilemma of Old Age in America's Past (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
5. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1993).
6. Theda Skocpol, Social Policy in the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 137.
7. W. Andrew Achenbaum, Social Security: Visions and Revisions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); William Graebner, A History of Retirement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980).
8. W. Andrew Achenbaum, Social Security: Visions and Revisions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); William Graebner, A History of Retirement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980).
9. Edward Berkowitz, "Social Welfare and the American State," in Federal Social Policy: The Historical Dimension, ed. Donald Critchlow and Ellis Hawley (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986), pp. 171-200.
10. Theodore Marmor, The Politics of Medicare (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), p. 17.
11. Vincent Burke and Vee Burke, Nixon's Good Deed (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974); Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Politics of a Guaranteed Income (New York: Vintage, 1973).
12. Vincent Burke and Vee Burke, Nixon's Good Deed (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974); Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Politics of a Guaranteed Income (New York: Vintage, 1973).
13. Peter Laslett, "The Emergence of the Third Age," Ageing and Society 7 (1987): 133-66.
14. Isaac Rubinow, The Quest for Security (New York: Henry Holt, 1934), p. 250.
15. Robert B. Hudson, "The 'Graying' of the Federal Budget and Its Consequences for Old-Age Policy," Gerontologist 18, no. 5 (October 1978): 428-40.
16. Anne Schneider and Helen Ingram, "Social Construction of Target Populations," American Political Science Review 87, no. 2 (June 1993): 334-47; p. 344.
17. Robert B. Hudson, "Social Contingencies, the Aged, and Public Policy," Milbank Quarterly 71, no. 2 (1993): 253-77.
18. Martin Kohli, "Ageing as a Challenge for Sociological Theory," Ageing and Society 8 (1988): 367-94.
19. Laslett.
20. Karen Holden and Timothy Smeeding, "The Poor, the Rich, and the Insecure Elderly Caught in Between," Milbank Quarterly 68 (1990): 191-220; Daniel Radner, "Incomes of the Elderly and Non-Elderly, 1967-1992," Social Security Bulletin 58 (1995): 82-97.
21. Karen Holden and Timothy Smeeding, "The Poor, the Rich, and the Insecure Elderly Caught in Between," Milbank Quarterly 68 (1990): 191-220; Daniel Radner, "Incomes of the Elderly and Non-Elderly, 1967-1992," Social Security Bulletin 58 (1995): 82-97.
22. Eugene Steuerle, Edward Gramlich, Hugh Heclo, and Dementra Smith Nightingale, The Government We Deserve (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1998).
23. Robert Morris and Scott Bass, eds., Retirement Reconsidered (New York: Springer, 1988).
24. Theda Skocpol and John Ikenberry, "The Political Formation of the American Welfare State in Historical and Comparative Perspective," Comparative Social Research 6 (1983): 87-148; Margaret Weir, Ann Orloff, and Theda Skocpol, The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988); Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
25. Theda Skocpol and John Ikenberry, "The Political Formation of the American Welfare State in Historical and Comparative Perspective," Comparative Social Research 6 (1983): 87-148; Margaret Weir, Ann Orloff, and Theda Skocpol, The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988); Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
26. Theda Skocpol and John Ikenberry, "The Political Formation of the American Welfare State in Historical and Comparative Perspective," Comparative Social Research 6 (1983): 87-148; Margaret Weir, Ann Orloff, and Theda Skocpol, The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988); Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
27. David Brian Robertson, "The Return to History and the New Institutionalism in American Political Science," Social Science History 17, no. 1 (1993): 1-36; p. 19.
28. Skocpol, Social Policy in the United States (n. 4 above), pp. 163, 166.
29. Skowronek.
30. Martha Derthick, Policymaking for Social Security (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1979), p. 7.
31. Kathleen Thelen and Sven Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," in Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, ed. Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 1-32, p. 3. The by now classic statement of the role of senior administrators in the policy formation process is found in Hugh Heclo, Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974). Writing before the advent of "the new institutionalism," Heclo emphasized the autonomous role of such officials in diagnosing problems and framing alternatives quite independent of external forces and interests in the development of pension and unemployment policy, especially in Sweden.
32. Kathleen Thelen and Sven Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," in Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, ed. Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 1-32, p. 3. The by now classic statement of the role of senior administrators in the policy formation process is found in Hugh Heclo, Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974). Writing before the advent of "the new institutionalism," Heclo emphasized the autonomous role of such officials in diagnosing problems and framing alternatives quite independent of external forces and interests in the development of pension and unemployment policy, especially in Sweden.
33. Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis and Current Research," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 3-37.
34. Theodore Lowi, The End of the Republican Era (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995).
35. Jill Quadagno, "Interest Group Politics and the Future of U.S. Social Security," in States, Labor Markets, and the Future of Old-Age Policy, ed. John Myles and Jill Quadagno (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), pp. 36-58.
36. Raymond Wolfinger and Steven Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980); Robert B. Hudson and John Strate, "Political Systems and Aging," in Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, ed. Robert H. Binstock and Linda K. George (New York: Van Nostrand, 1985), pp. 554-88; Susan MacManus, Young vs. Old (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Christine Day, "Old-Age Interest Groups in the 1990s: Coalition, Competition, and Strategy" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2, 1995); Robert H. Binstock, "The Old-Age Lobby in a New Political Era," in The Future of Age-Based Public Policy, ed. Robert B. Hudson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 56-74.
37. Raymond Wolfinger and Steven Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980); Robert B. Hudson and John Strate, "Political Systems and Aging," in Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, ed. Robert H. Binstock and Linda K. George (New York: Van Nostrand, 1985), pp. 554-88; Susan MacManus, Young vs. Old (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Christine Day, "Old-Age Interest Groups in the 1990s: Coalition, Competition, and Strategy" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2, 1995); Robert H. Binstock, "The Old-Age Lobby in a New Political Era," in The Future of Age-Based Public Policy, ed. Robert B. Hudson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 56-74.
38. Raymond Wolfinger and Steven Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980); Robert B. Hudson and John Strate, "Political Systems and Aging," in Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, ed. Robert H. Binstock and Linda K. George (New York: Van Nostrand, 1985), pp. 554-88; Susan MacManus, Young vs. Old (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Christine Day, "Old-Age Interest Groups in the 1990s: Coalition, Competition, and Strategy" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2, 1995); Robert H. Binstock, "The Old-Age Lobby in a New Political Era," in The Future of Age-Based Public Policy, ed. Robert B. Hudson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 56-74.
39. Raymond Wolfinger and Steven Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980); Robert B. Hudson and John Strate, "Political Systems and Aging," in Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, ed. Robert H. Binstock and Linda K. George (New York: Van Nostrand, 1985), pp. 554-88; Susan MacManus, Young vs. Old (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Christine Day, "Old-Age Interest Groups in the 1990s: Coalition, Competition, and Strategy" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2, 1995); Robert H. Binstock, "The Old-Age Lobby in a New Political Era," in The Future of Age-Based Public Policy, ed. Robert B. Hudson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 56-74.
40. Raymond Wolfinger and Steven Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980); Robert B. Hudson and John Strate, "Political Systems and Aging," in Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, ed. Robert H. Binstock and Linda K. George (New York: Van Nostrand, 1985), pp. 554-88; Susan MacManus, Young vs. Old (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Christine Day, "Old-Age Interest Groups in the 1990s: Coalition, Competition, and Strategy" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2, 1995); Robert H. Binstock, "The Old-Age Lobby in a New Political Era," in The Future of Age-Based Public Policy, ed. Robert B. Hudson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 56-74.
41. Raymond Wolfinger and Steven Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980); Robert B. Hudson and John Strate, "Political Systems and Aging," in Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, ed. Robert H. Binstock and Linda K. George (New York: Van Nostrand, 1985), pp. 554-88; Susan MacManus, Young vs. Old (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Christine Day, "Old-Age Interest Groups in the 1990s: Coalition, Competition, and Strategy" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2, 1995); Robert H. Binstock, "The Old-Age Lobby in a New Political Era," in The Future of Age-Based Public Policy, ed. Robert B. Hudson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 56-74.
42. Raymond Wolfinger and Steven Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980); Robert B. Hudson and John Strate, "Political Systems and Aging," in Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, ed. Robert H. Binstock and Linda K. George (New York: Van Nostrand, 1985), pp. 554-88; Susan MacManus, Young vs. Old (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Henry J. Pratt, The Gray Lobby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Christine Day, "Old-Age Interest Groups in the 1990s: Coalition, Competition, and Strategy" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2, 1995); Robert H. Binstock, "The Old-Age Lobby in a New Political Era," in The Future of Age-Based Public Policy, ed. Robert B. Hudson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 56-74.
43. For a discussion of why the children's lobby would like a "network" analogous to that serving the elderly and what it might look like, see Holly Grason and Bernard Guyer, "Rethinking the Organization of Children's Programs: Lessons from the Elderly," Milbank Quarterly 73, no. 4 (1995): 565-98.
44. Pratt (n. 28 above); Powell, Williamson, and Branco; MacManus.
45. James Patterson, America's Struggle against Poverty, 1900-1985 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986).
46. Richard Himelfarb, Catastrophic Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995).
47. Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Sheldon Messinger, "Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of a Declining Social Movement," American Sociological Review 20, no. 1 (February 1955): 3-10.
48. Powell, Williamson, and Branco (n. 1 above); Sheldon Messinger, "Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of a Declining Social Movement," American Sociological Review 20, no. 1 (February 1955): 3-10.
49. Quadagno, p. 37.
50. Jack Walker, "The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America," American Political Science Review 77 (1983): 390-406.
51. Ibid., p. 403.
52. Skocpol, Social Policy in the United States (n. 4 above).
53. Derthick (n. 23 above), p. 220.
54. Berkowitz (n. 6 above).
55. Marmor (n. 7 above).
56. Burke and Burke (n. 8 above).
57. Martin Kohli, Martin Rein, Anne-Marie Guillemard, and Herman van Gunsteren, eds., A Time for Retirement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
58. Theodore Lowi, The End of Liberalism (New York: Norton, 1969).
59. Donald Fleming, "Social Darwinism," in Paths of American Thought, ed. Arthur Schlesinger (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1963), pp. 123-46.
60. Lowi (n. 26 above), p. 41.
61. James Sundquist, Politics and Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1968).
62. John Gardner quoted in Harold Seidman, Politics, Position, and Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 65.
63. David Stockman, "The Social Pork Barrel," Public Interest, no. 39 (1975): 3-30.
64. Douglass Cater, Power in Washington (New York: Random House, 1964); Robert H. Salisbury, "The Analysis of Public Policy: A Search for Theories and Roles," in Political Science and Public Policy, ed. Austin Ranney (Chicago: Markham, 1968), pp. 151-75; Roger H. Davidson, "Breaking Up Those 'Cozy Triangles': An Impossible Dream," in Legislative Reform and Public Policy, ed. Susan Welch and J. G. Peters (New York: Praeger, 1977), pp. 78-96.
65. Douglass Cater, Power in Washington (New York: Random House, 1964); Robert H. Salisbury, "The Analysis of Public Policy: A Search for Theories and Roles," in Political Science and Public Policy, ed. Austin Ranney (Chicago: Markham, 1968), pp. 151-75; Roger H. Davidson, "Breaking Up Those 'Cozy Triangles': An Impossible Dream," in Legislative Reform and Public Policy, ed. Susan Welch and J. G. Peters (New York: Praeger, 1977), pp. 78-96.
66. Douglass Cater, Power in Washington (New York: Random House, 1964); Robert H. Salisbury, "The Analysis of Public Policy: A Search for Theories and Roles," in Political Science and Public Policy, ed. Austin Ranney (Chicago: Markham, 1968), pp. 151-75; Roger H. Davidson, "Breaking Up Those 'Cozy Triangles': An Impossible Dream," in Legislative Reform and Public Policy, ed. Susan Welch and J. G. Peters (New York: Praeger, 1977), pp. 78-96.
67. Carroll Estes, The Aging Enterprise (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979).
68. Jeffrey Berry, The Interest Group Society, 3d ed. (New York: Longman, 1997).
69. Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontents (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), p.3.
70. Robert Samuelson, The Good Life and Its Discontents (New York: Random House, 1995).
71. Gareth Davies, From Opportunity to Entitlement: The Transformation and Decline of Great Society Liberalism (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1996).
72. Lowi (n. 26 above), p. 63.
73. Neil Howe, "Why the Graying of the Welfare State Threatens to Flatten the American Dream-or Worse," in The Future of Age-Based Public Policy, ed. Robert B. Hudson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 36-45; p. 44.
74. Schneider and Ingram (n. 12 above).
75. Sylvester Schieber, "A New Vision for Social Security," Public Policy and Aging Report 7, no. 3 (June 1996): pp. 1 ff.
76. For a discussion of the Medicare voucher option, see Marilyn Moon and Barbara Gage, "Key Medicare Provisions in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997," Public Policy and Aging Report 8, no. 4 (Fall 1997), pp. 1 ff.
77. Thomas Saving, "Saving Medicare," National Center for Policy Analysis Policy Report no. 22 (College Station, Tex., January 1999).
78. Michael M. Weinstein, "Why Robbing Peter to Pay Paul Makes Sense in the Federal Budget," New York Times (February 19, 1999), p. A8.
79. Roger Hickey and Thomas Matzzie, "The Clinton Social Security Proposal" (Campaign for America's Future position paper, Washington, D.C., February 2, 1999.)
80. Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
81. Richard W. Stevenson, "Liberals Wary of Clinton's Resolve on Social Security," New York Times (March 10, 1999), p. A12.
82. Hugh Heclo, "Generational Politics," in The Vulnerable, ed. John Palmer, Timothy Smeeding, and Barbara Boyle Torrey (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1988), p. 393.
83. Thomas Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality (New York: Norton, 1984).
84. Pierson.
85. David Ekerdt, "Entitlements, Generational Equity, and Public Opinion: Manipulation in Kansas City," Gerontologist 38, no. 5 (October 1998): 525-36.
86. Joseph White, "'Saving' Medicare-from What?" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of American Political Science Association, Boston, September 3, 1998).