The observers observed

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1997, Pages

  Carothers, Thomas ^a  

^a CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0006706230     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.1997.0037     Document Type: Article

References (16)

1. For a broader historical perspective on international election observation, see David Padilla and Elizabeth Houppert, "International Election Observing: Enhancing the Principle of Free and Fair Elections," Emory International Law Review 7 (Spring 1993): 73-132.
2. The Washington-based International Foundation for Election Systems is a major actor in elections in politically transitional countries but concentrates more on technical assistance to election administrators than on election observation.
3. On parallel vote counts, see Larry Garber and Glenn Cowan, "The Virtues of Parallel Vote Tabulations," Journal of Democracy 4 (April 1993): 95-107.
4. On the broader issue of the role of international actors in keeping shaky political transitions on track, see Jennifer McCoy, "Mediating Democracy: A New Role for International Actors," in David Bruce, ed., Security in a New World Order (Atlanta: Georgia State University Press, 1992), 129-40.
5. See Padilla and Houppert, "International Election Observing," 80-85.
6. See Thomas Franck, "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance," American Journal of International Law 86 (January 1992): 46-91.
7. See Jennifer L. McCoy and Shelley A. McConnell, "Nicaragua: Beyond the Revolution," Current History 96 (February 1997): 75-80.
8. Data on the Nicaraguan election observation were provided by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (Stockholm).
9. On Yeltsin's campaign methods, see Lee Hockstader, "Yeltsin Paying Top Ruble for Positive News Coverage," Washington Post, 30 June 1996, A1; and European Institute for the Media, "Media and the Russian Presidential Elections" (Dusseldorf, 4 July 1996).
10. On Yeltsin's campaign methods, see Lee Hockstader, "Yeltsin Paying Top Ruble for Positive News Coverage," Washington Post, 30 June 1996, A1; and European Institute for the Media, "Media and the Russian Presidential Elections" (Dusseldorf, 4 July 1996).
11. Jørgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "What Makes Elections Free and Fair?" p. 43 below. On the free and fair standard see also Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Free and Fair Elections: International Law and Practice (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994); and Gregory H. Fox, "Multinational Election Monitoring: Advancing International Law on the High Wire," Fordham International Law Journal 18 (May 1995): 1658-67.
12. Jørgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "What Makes Elections Free and Fair?" p. 43 below. On the free and fair standard see also Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Free and Fair Elections: International Law and Practice (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994); and Gregory H. Fox, "Multinational Election Monitoring: Advancing International Law on the High Wire," Fordham International Law Journal 18 (May 1995): 1658-67.
13. Jørgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "What Makes Elections Free and Fair?" p. 43 below. On the free and fair standard see also Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Free and Fair Elections: International Law and Practice (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994); and Gregory H. Fox, "Multinational Election Monitoring: Advancing International Law on the High Wire," Fordham International Law Journal 18 (May 1995): 1658-67.
14. U.S. Agency for International Development administrator Brian Atwood, who led the official U.S. observer delegation, described the 1995 Haitian elections as "a very significant breakthrough for democracy." By contrast, on the same day, the International Republican Institute criticized "the nationwide breakdown of the electoral process" in Haiti. State Department Briefing, 27 June 1995; International Republican Institute, "Haiti Election Alert," 27 June 1995.
15. For an analysis of domestic observation efforts, see Neil Nevitte and Santiago A. Canton, "The Role of Domestic Observers," pp. 47-61 below.
16. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, "Draft Code of Conduct for the Ethical and Professional Discharge of Election Observation Activities" (Stockholm, 1996).