-
1
-
-
85034870832
-
-
This provision is frequently called the hypothesis of local equilibrium, a phrase of various meanings. For spatially homogeneous systems we assume that the variations, of macroscopic quantities such as temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials occur on a time scale long compared to the relaxation of the microscopic processes which establish the macroscopic averages. Thus local equilibrium with respect to distributions of velocity and of energy over internal degrees of freedom can exist in systems far from chemical equilibrium. For spatially inhomogeneous systems it is assumed that a field of macroscopic averages can be defined, and that the local thermodynamic variables satisfy relations independent of the gradients, as at equilibrium. There are a large number of interesting phenomena in chemistry, physics, and biology well within the range of applicability of the assumption of local equilibrium.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
0347413390
-
-
Like our work, this paper deals with the chemical potential of species X, but Nicolis and Lefever relate the steady state of the model to the equilibrium state of a reaction with an X-dependent rate constant and introduce an “activity coefficient” [formula omitted] in calculating the chemical potential.
-
(1977)
Phys. Lett. A
, vol.62
, pp. 469
-
-
Nicolis, G.1
Lefever, R.2
-
38
-
-
0003391565
-
-
(Wiley, New York). Note that for the class of systems considered here, membrane equilibrium requires that the external pressures satisfy [formula omitted] if the same species occupies two different constant-pressure regions i and j (from the set of m) and moves freely between the two regions.
-
(1967)
Thermodynamics
-
-
Guggenheim, E.A.1
-
39
-
-
85034877669
-
-
Schlögl model reactions occurring in a continuously stirred tank reactor have also been studied (see, e.g., Ref. 12); in this case, there are more variables.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
85034869202
-
-
In terms of the two-gate probability distribution function [formula omitted] and the stationary solution [formula omitted] is given by [formula omitted]
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
85034869675
-
-
In the derivation of Eqs. (7.6) and (7.8), only the leading term in the Euler-MacLaurin summation formula has been kept, permitting the direct replacement of a sum over discrete X values by an integral. See, for example, Ref. 40.
-
-
-
|
