U.S. policy and the Palestinians: Bound by a frame of reference

Journal of Palestine Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 46-59

  Christison, Kathleen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0006638655     PISSN: 0377919X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2537906     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Malcolm H. Kerr, America's Middle East Policy: Kissinger, Carter and the Future, IPS Papers No. 14(E) (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1980), pp. 8-9.
2. Ibid., 8.
3. Ibid., 9.
4. Avi Shlaim, "The Debate About 1948," International Journal of Middle East Studies 27 (August 1995), pp. 287-304.
5. See Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, "Introduction," in Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, John Lloyd Stephens (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), pp. xxxviii, xl; Joseph L. Grabill, Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971), pp. 38-39.
6. See Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, "Introduction," in Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, John Lloyd Stephens (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), pp. xxxviii, xl; Joseph L. Grabill, Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971), pp. 38-39.
7. Michael W. Suleiman, "Palestine and the Palestinians in the Mind of America," in U.S. Policy on Palestine from Wilson to Clinton, Michael W. Suleiman, ed. (Normal, IL: Association of Arab-American University Graduates, 1995), p. 12.
8. Jack G. Shaheen, "Remembering Both Qana and Oklahoma City Massacres," Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 15, no. 2 (July-August 1996), p. 20.
9. Suleiman, "Palestine," p. 11.
10. Beshara Doumani, "Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine: Writing Palestinians into History," JPS 21, no. 2 (Winter 1992), p. 8.
11. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), p. 205.
12. Sarah Graham-Brown, Palestinians and Their Society, 1880-1946 (London: Quartet Books, 1980), p. 10; Barbara McKean Parmenter, Giving Voice to Stones: Place and Identity in Palestinian Literature (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), pp. 12-13; Doumani, "Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine," pp. 7-9; Suleiman, "Palestine," pp. 9-14.
13. Sarah Graham-Brown, Palestinians and Their Society, 1880-1946 (London: Quartet Books, 1980), p. 10; Barbara McKean Parmenter, Giving Voice to Stones: Place and Identity in Palestinian Literature (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), pp. 12-13; Doumani, "Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine," pp. 7-9; Suleiman, "Palestine," pp. 9-14.
14. Sarah Graham-Brown, Palestinians and Their Society, 1880-1946 (London: Quartet Books, 1980), p. 10; Barbara McKean Parmenter, Giving Voice to Stones: Place and Identity in Palestinian Literature (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), pp. 12-13; Doumani, "Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine," pp. 7-9; Suleiman, "Palestine," pp. 9-14.
15. Sarah Graham-Brown, Palestinians and Their Society, 1880-1946 (London: Quartet Books, 1980), p. 10; Barbara McKean Parmenter, Giving Voice to Stones: Place and Identity in Palestinian Literature (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), pp. 12-13; Doumani, "Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine," pp. 7-9; Suleiman, "Palestine," pp. 9-14.
16. Parmenter, Giving Voice to Stones, p. 26.
17. For a recapitulation of Wilson's views on the Palestine question, see Hisham H. Ahmed, "Roots of Denial: American Stand on Palestinian Self-Determination from the Balfour Declaration to World War Two," in Suleiman, U.S. Policy, pp. 27-58.
18. Ibid., 41-44.
19. Ibid., 35-36.
20. Lawrence Davidson, "Press, State Department and Popular Perceptions of Palestinians in the 1920s," unpublished manuscript, 1994. Davidson concluded from a review of State Department memoranda throughout the 1920s that, where they existed, State Department objections to Zionism were low-key and ineffective.
21. Ahmed, "Roots of Denial," p. 45.
22. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), p. 51; Donald Neff, Fallen Pillars: U.S. Policy towards Palestine and Israel since 1945 (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1995), p. 18.
23. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), p. 51; Donald Neff, Fallen Pillars: U.S. Policy towards Palestine and Israel since 1945 (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1995), p. 18.
24. Davidson, "Press, State Department and Popular Perceptions."
25. Lawrence Davidson, "Historical Ignorance and Popular Perception: The Case of U.S. Perceptions of Palestine, 1917," Middle East Policy 3, no. 2 (1994), pp. 125-47.
26. Ibid.
27. Davidson, "Press, State Department and Popular Perceptions."
28. Laurence Michalek, "The Arab in American Cinema: A Century of Otherness," in Arab Image in American Film and Television, a supplement to Cineaste 17, no. 1, copublished with the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, no date, pp. 3-9.
29. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 115.
30. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), p. 102.
31. See, for instance, Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine: How the U.S. Came to Recognize Israel (Stanford Hoover Institution Press, 1979), p. 55; Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 134, 138-39; Frank E. Manuel, The Realities of American-Palestine Relations (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1949), p. 312.
32. See, for instance, Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine: How the U.S. Came to Recognize Israel (Stanford Hoover Institution Press, 1979), p. 55; Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 134, 138-39; Frank E. Manuel, The Realities of American-Palestine Relations (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1949), p. 312.
33. See, for instance, Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine: How the U.S. Came to Recognize Israel (Stanford Hoover Institution Press, 1979), p. 55; Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 134, 138-39; Frank E. Manuel, The Realities of American-Palestine Relations (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1949), p. 312.
34. Dan Tschirgi, The Politics of Indecision: Origins and Implications of American Involvement with the Palestine Problem (New York: Praeger, 1983), p. 27.
35. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 134; Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, p. 36. In a memorandum to Secretary of State Cordell Hull complaining about Britain's 1939 White Paper, Roosevelt said he believed that, because the world had understood that the Balfour Declaration looked toward an eventual Jewish majority in Palestine, Britain really could not limit Jewish immigration, as the White Paper proposed to do.
36. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 134; Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, p. 36. In a memorandum to Secretary of State Cordell Hull complaining about Britain's 1939 White Paper, Roosevelt said he believed that, because the world had understood that the Balfour Declaration looked toward an eventual Jewish majority in Palestine, Britain really could not limit Jewish immigration, as the White Paper proposed to do.
37. Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, p. 36.
38. Table 1, "Number of Immigrants Annually by Race. Total Number of Persons Registered as Immigrants," in A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol. I (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1991), p. 185, shows Jewish immigration for the period 1920 through 1938 totaling 306,049, while Arab immigration in the same period totaled 23,407. For population ratios from 1920 to 1939, see Appendix I, "Population, Immigration, and Land Statistics, 1919-1946," in From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, Walid Khalidi, ed (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1987), pp. 841-43.
39. Table 1, "Number of Immigrants Annually by Race. Total Number of Persons Registered as Immigrants," in A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol. I (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1991), p. 185, shows Jewish immigration for the period 1920 through 1938 totaling 306,049, while Arab immigration in the same period totaled 23,407. For population ratios from 1920 to 1939, see Appendix I, "Population, Immigration, and Land Statistics, 1919-1946," in From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, Walid Khalidi, ed (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1987), pp. 841-43.
40. See Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 138-39; Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, pp. 90-91.
41. See Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 138-39; Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, pp. 90-91.
42. Edward Tivnan, The Lobby: Jewish Political Power and American Foreign Policy (New York: Simon and Schuster Touchstone, 1988), p. 24; Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 172-74.
43. Edward Tivnan, The Lobby: Jewish Political Power and American Foreign Policy (New York: Simon and Schuster Touchstone, 1988), p. 24; Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 172-74.
44. Bruce J. Evensen, Truman, Palestine, and the Press: Shaping Conventional Wisdom at the Beginning of the Cold War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992), p. 179.
45. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 33.
46. See Ibid., 149, for the first view. For the viewpoint of a defender who gives no credence to the notion that politics were involved at all, see Clark Clifford, with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 25. For other opinions on Truman's motivations, see Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 294, and Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 27.
47. See Ibid., 149, for the first view. For the viewpoint of a defender who gives no credence to the notion that politics were involved at all, see Clark Clifford, with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 25. For other opinions on Truman's motivations, see Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 294, and Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 27.
48. See Ibid., 149, for the first view. For the viewpoint of a defender who gives no credence to the notion that politics were involved at all, see Clark Clifford, with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 25. For other opinions on Truman's motivations, see Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 294, and Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 27.
49. See Ibid., 149, for the first view. For the viewpoint of a defender who gives no credence to the notion that politics were involved at all, see Clark Clifford, with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 25. For other opinions on Truman's motivations, see Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 294, and Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 27.
50. Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York: Berkley Publishing Corporation, 1974), pp. 230-32.
51. Truman, Memoirs, Vol. II: Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), pp. 137, 140.
52. Ibid., 159.
53. Ibid., 133.
54. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), pp. 599, 608.
55. Clifford, Counsel to the President, p. 5; Cohen, Truman and Israel, pp. 78, 80-81.
56. Clifford, Counsel to the President, p. 5; Cohen, Truman and Israel, pp. 78, 80-81.
57. See, for instance, a Clark Clifford memo in U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, Vol. 5: The Near East, South Asia, and Africa (Washington: GPO, 1976), p. 695 (hereinafter FRUS 1948). Other examples are cited in Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, p. 184, and Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1945-1948 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 316.
58. See, for instance, a Clark Clifford memo in U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, Vol. 5: The Near East, South Asia, and Africa (Washington: GPO, 1976), p. 695 (hereinafter FRUS 1948). Other examples are cited in Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, p. 184, and Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1945-1948 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 316.
59. See, for instance, a Clark Clifford memo in U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, Vol. 5: The Near East, South Asia, and Africa (Washington: GPO, 1976), p. 695 (hereinafter FRUS 1948). Other examples are cited in Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, p. 184, and Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1945-1948 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 316.
60. Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 59.
61. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, pp. 321, 329; Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 77; Clifford, Counsel to the President, pp. 19-20.
62. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, pp. 321, 329; Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 77; Clifford, Counsel to the President, pp. 19-20.
63. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, pp. 321, 329; Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 77; Clifford, Counsel to the President, pp. 19-20.
64. Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 59.
65. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 17; Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 207
66. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 17; Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 207
67. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 191.
68. Tschirgi, Politics of Indecision, p. 299, n. 42.
69. Evensen, Truman, Palestine, and the Press, pp. 88-89, 155.
70. For a study of New York Times coverage in the seven weeks following the UN partition vote, showing that the Times ran an average of over seven articles a day throughout the period, see Ibid., 130.
71. See, for instance, a ten-part series in the New York Times in January 1949, followed by a feature article in the New York Times Magazine on 13 February 1949. Another series appeared in the Times Magazine on 16 October, 20 November, and 18 December 1949, and 19 March 1950.
72. The first quote is from the liberal opinion journal the Nation, quoted in Abdelkarim A. Abuelkeshk, "A Portrayal of the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Three U.S. Journals of Opinion: 1948-1982" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1985), p. 136. The second is from the New York Times (13 March 1949). The third is from the New York Times (22 March 1950).
73. The first quote is from the liberal opinion journal the Nation, quoted in Abdelkarim A. Abuelkeshk, "A Portrayal of the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Three U.S. Journals of Opinion: 1948-1982" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1985), p. 136. The second is from the New York Times (13 March 1949). The third is from the New York Times (22 March 1950).
74. The first quote is from the liberal opinion journal the Nation, quoted in Abdelkarim A. Abuelkeshk, "A Portrayal of the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Three U.S. Journals of Opinion: 1948-1982" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1985), p. 136. The second is from the New York Times (13 March 1949). The third is from the New York Times (22 March 1950).
75. FRUS 1948, 22 June 1948, pp. 1133-34; and 23 June 1948, pp. 1134-37.
76. Ibid., 15 November 1948, pp. 1595-96.
77. Ibid., 1 July 1948, p. 1184.