Extinction and survivorship of southern Tethyan benthic foraminifera across the Cretaceous/Palaeogene boundary

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 102, Issue , 1996, Pages 343-371

  Speijer, R P ^a,b   Van Der Zwaan, G J ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 0006572548     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.001.01.26     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. 13C across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Walvis Ridge Leg 74, South Atlantic. Marine Micropaleontology, 20, 77-88.
2. ALVAREZ, L. W., ALVAREZ, W., ASARO, F. & MICHEL, H. V. 1960. Extraterrestraial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science, 208, 1095-1108.
3. ARCHIBALD, J. D. & BRYANT, L. J. 1990. Differential Cretaceous/Teritiary extinctions of nonmarine vertebrates; evidence from northestern Montana. In: SHARPTON, V. L. & WARD, P. D. (eds) Global Catastrophes in Earth History. An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcansim, and Mass Mortality. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 247, 549-562.
4. ARTHUR, M. A., ZACHOS, J. C. & JONES, D. S. 1978. Primary productivity and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event in the oceans. Cretaceous Research, 8, 43-54.
5. AUBERT, J. &. BERGGREM, W. A. 1976. Paleocene benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Tunisia. Bulletin de Centre de Rechèrche Pau-SNPA, 10, 379-469.
6. BARMADWIDJAJA, D. M., JORISSEN, F. J., PUŠKARIĆ, S. & VAN DER ZWAAN, G. J. 1992. Microhabitat selection by benthic foraminifera in the northern Adriatic Sea. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 22, 297-317.
7. BARRERA, E. & KELLER, G. 1994. Productivity across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in high latitudes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106, 1254-1266.
8. BENJAMINI, C., KELLER, G. & PERELIS-GROSSOVICZ, L. 1992. On benthic foraminiferal paleoenvironments across the K/T boundary, Negev, Israel. In: SARNTHEIN, M., THIEDE, J. & ZAHN, R. (eds) Fourth International Conference on Paleoceanography. ICP IV: Short- and Long-Term Global Change: Records and Modelling. 21-25 September 1992, Kiel/Germany, Program and Abstracts. GEOMAR Report 15, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, 61.
9. BERGER, W. H. & DIESTER-HAASS, L. 1988. Paleoproductivity; the benthic/planktonic ratio in foraminifera as a productivity index. Marine Geology. 81, 15-25.
10. BERGGREN, W. A. & AURERT, J. 1975. Paleocene benthonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, paleobiogeography and paleoecology of Atlantic-Tethyan regions; Midway-type fauna. Palaeogeogrphy, Palaoeclimatology, Palaeoecology, 18, 73-192.
11. _. KENT, D. V., SWISHER, C. C. III & AUBRY, M. P. 1995. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In: BERGGREN, W. A., KENT, D. V., AUBRY, M. P. & HARDENBOL, J. (eds) Geochronology. Time Scales and Stratigraphic Correlations: Framework for an Historical Geology. Society for Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 54, 129-212.
12. BRAMLETTE, M. M. & MARTINI, E. 1964. The great change in calcareous nanoplankton fossils between the Maestrichtian and Danian. Micropaleontology, 10, 291-322.
13. BRINKHUIS, H. & ZACHARIASSE, W. J. 1988. Dinoflagellate cysts, sea level changes and planktonic foraminifers across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at El Haria, Northweat Tunisia. Marine Micropaleontology, 13, 153-191.
14. _, ROMEIN, A. J. T., SMIT, J. & ZACHARIASSE, J.-W. 1994. Danian-Selandian dinoflagellate cysts from lower latitudes with special referece to the El Kef section, NW Tunisia. GFF, 116, 46-48.
15. BROTZEN, F. 1936, Foraminiferen aus dem schewdischen, untersten Senon von Eriksdal in Schonen, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Serie C, 30.
16. _, 1940. Flintrännans och Trindelar̈nnans geologi (Öresund)-Die Geologie der Flint- und Trindelrinne (Öresund). Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Serie C, 34, 1-33.
17. _ 1948. The Swedish Paleocene and its foraminiferal fauna. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Serie C, 42.
18. BUZAS, M. A., CULVER, S. J. & JORISSEN, F. J. 1993. A statistical evaluation of the microhabitats of living (stained) infaunal benthic forminifera. In: LANGER, M. R. (ed.) Forminiferal Microhabitats, Marine Micropaleontology, 20, 311-320.
19. CARSEY, D. O. 1926. Foraminifera of the Cretaceous of central Texas. Texas University, Bulletin, 2612.
20. COOCIONI, R. & GALEOTTI, S. 1994. K-T boundary extinction: Geologically instantaneous or gradual event? Evidence from deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Geology, 22, 779-782.
21. CORLISS, B. H. 1985. Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera within deep-sea sediments. Nature, 314, 435-438.
22. _ 1991. Morphology and microhabitat preferences of benthic foraminifera from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology, 17, 195-236.
23. _ & CHEN, C. 1988. Morphotype patterns of Norwegian Sea deep-sea benthic foraminifera and ecological implications. Geology, 16, 716-719.
24. CUSHMAN, J. A. 1926. The Foraminifera of the Velasco shale of the Tampico embayment San Luis Potosi, Mexico. AAPG Bulletin, 10, 581-612.
25. _ 1927. New and interesting foraminifera from Mexico and Texas. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 3. 111-117.
26. _ 1933. New American Cretaceous foraminifera. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 9, 49-64.
27. _ 1946. Upper Cretaceous foraminifera of the Gulf coastal region of the United States and adjacent areas. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 206.
28. _ 1948. Additional new foraminifera from the American Paleocene. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Forminiferal Research, 24, 43-45.
29. _ & HANNA, G. D. 1927. Foraminifera from the Eocene near Coalinga, California. California Academy of Science, Proceedings, 4th Series, 16, 205-228.
30. _ & HEDBERG, H. D. 1930. Notes on some foraminifera from Venezuela and Colombia. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Rearch, 6, 64-69.
31. _ & PARKER, F. L. 1936. Notes on some Cretaceous species of Buliminella and Neobulimina, Contributions from the Cushman Laboratirt for Foraminiferal Research, 12, 5-10.
32. _ & WICKENDEN, R. T. D. 1928. A new forminiferal genus from the Upper Cretaceous. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 4, 12-13.
33. DAILEY, D. H. 1983. Late Cretaceous and Paleocene benthic forminfers from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 516, Rio Grande Rise, western South Atlantic Ocean, In: BARKER, P. J., CARLSON, R. L., JOHNSON, D. A. et al. (eds) Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. 72, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 757-782.
34. DEMAISON, G. J. & MOORE, G. T. 1980. Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis. AAPG Bulletin, 64, 1179-1209.
35. D'HONDT, S. & KELLER, G. 1991. Some patterns of planktic foraminiferal assemblage turnover at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Marine Micropaleontology, 17, 77-118
36. DONOVAN, A. D., BAUM, G. R., BLECHSCHMIDT, G. L., LOUTTT, T. S., PFLUM, C. E. & VAIL, P. R. 1988. Sequence stratigraphic setting of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in central Alabama. In: WILGUS, C. K. et al. (eds) Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach. Society for Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 42, 299-307.
37. DONZE, P., COLIN, J. P., DAMOTTE, R., OERTLI, H. J., PEYPOUQUET, J. & SAID, R. 1982. Les ostracodes du Campanien terminal a l'Eocene inférieur de la coupe du Kef, Tunisie Nord-Occidentale. Bulletin des Centres de Rechèrches Exploration-Production Elf Aquitaine, 6, 273-307.
38. D'ORBIGNY, A. 1840. Mémoire sur les foraminifères de la craie blanche du bassin de Paris. Société de Géologie de France. Mémoire, 4, 1-51.
39. EKDALE, A. A. & BROMLEY, R. G. 1984. Sedimentology and ichnology of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Denmark; implications for the causes of the terminal Cretaceous extinction. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 681-703.
40. FARIS, M. 1982. Micropaléontologie et Biostratigraphie du Crétacé Supérieur a l'Eocene Inférieur de l'Egypte Centrale (Région de Duwi, Vallée du Nil, Oasis de Kharga et de Dakhla). Doctorate Thesis, Université de Paris.
41. FISHER, M. J. 1969. Benthonic foraminifera from the Maestrichtian chalk of Galicia bank, wet of Spain. Palaeontology, 12, 189-200.
42. FLEXER, A. & REYMENT, R. A. 1989. Note on Cretaceous transgressive peaks and their relation to geodynamic events for the Arabo-Nubian and the northern African shields Journal of African Earth Sciences, 8, 65-73.
43. FUTYAN, A. I. 1976. Late Mesozoic and early Cainozoic benthic foraminifera from Jordan. Palaeontology, 19, 517-537
44. GALLAGHER, W. B. 1991. Selective extinction and survival across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Planin. Geology, 19, 967-970.
45. GERSTEL, J., THUNNELL, R. & EHRLICH, R. 1987. Danian fanual succession; planktonic foraminiferal response to a changing marine environment. Geology, 15, 665-668.
46. GIRSON, T. G. & BYBELL, L. M. 1995. Sedimentary patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary int the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States. In: LAGA, P. (ed.) Paleocene-Eocene Boundary Events. Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie, 103 for 1994, 237-265.
47. _, _ & OWENS, J. P. 1993. Latest Paleocene lithologic and biotic events in neritic deposits of southwestern New Jersey. Paleoceano-graphy, 8, 495-514.
48. GRADSTEIN, F. M. & KAMINSKI, M. A. 1989. Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of new and emended species of Cenozoic deep-water agglutinated foraminifera from the Labrador and North seas. Micropaleontology, 35, 72-92.
49. HABIB, D., MOSHKOVITZ, S. & KRAMER, C. 1992. Dinoflagellate and calcareous nannofossil response to sea-level change in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections. Geology, 20, 165-168.
50. HANCOCK, J. M. & KAUFFMAN, E. G. 1979. The great transgressions of the late Cretaceous. Journal of the Geological Society. London, 136, 175-186.
51. HANSEN, T. A., FARRELL, B. R. & UPSHAW, B. III 1993. The first 2 million years after after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in East Tesas; rate and paleoecology of the molluscan recovery. Paleobiology, 19, 251-265.
52. HANTKEN, M. 1875. Die Fauna der Clarulina Szaboi-Schichten; Theil 1 - Foraminiferen. Königlich-Ungarische Geologische Anstalt. Mitteilungen Jahrbuck, Budapestt, 4 1-93.
53. HAQ, B. U., HARDENBOL, J. & VAIL, P. R. 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic, Science, 235, 1156-1167.
54. _, _ & _ 1988. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea level change. In: WILGUS, C. K. et al. (eds) Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach. Society for Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 42, 71-108.
55. HARMAN, R. A. 1964. Distribution of foraminifera in the Santa Barbara Basin, California. Micropaleontology, 10, 81-96.
56. HENDRIKS, F., LUGER, P., BOWITZ, J. & KALLENBACH, H. 1987. Evolution of depositional environments of SE-Egypt during the Cretaceous and lower Tertiary. Berliner Geowissenschftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A: Geologie and Paláontologie, 75, 49-82.
57. HERGUERA, J. C. & BERGER, W. H. 1991. Paleoproductivity from bentic foraminifera abundance; glacial to postglacial change in the west-equatorial Pacific. Geology, 19, 1173-1176.
58. HOLLIS, C. J. 1993. Latest Cretaceous to late Paleocene radiolarian biostratigraphy; a new zonation from the New Zealand region. In; LAZARUS, D. B. & DE WEVER, P. D. (eds) Interrad VI. Marine Micropaleontology, 21, 295-327.
59. 2: Natural Variations Archaean to Present. Geophysical Monograph, 32, AGU, Washington, DC, 487-492.
60. HUBER, B. T. 1991. Maestrichtian planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at Hole 738C (Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean). In: BARRON, J. A., LARSEN, B. et al. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. 119, ODP, College Station, TX, 451-465.
61. HULTBERG, S. U. & MALMGREN, B. A. 1986. Dinoflagellate and planktonic foraminiferal paleobathymetrical indices in the Boreal uppermost Cretaceous. Micropaleontology, 32, 316-323.
62. JÄGER, M. 1993. Danian serpulidae and spirorbidae from NE Belgium and SE Netherlands: K/T boundary extinction, survival and origination patterns. Contributions to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology, 29, 73-117.
63. JONES, T. R. 1886. A list of the Cretaceous foraminifera of Keady Hill, County Derry. Proceedings of the Belfast Nature Field Club, 330.
64. JONES, D. S., MÜLLER, P. A., BRYAN, J. R., DOBSON, J. P., CHANNEL, J. E. T., ZACHOS, J. C. & ARTHUR, M. A. 1987. Biotic, geochemical, and paleomagnetic changes across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at Braggs, Alabama. Geology, 15, 311-315.
65. JORISSEN, F. J. 1987. The distribution of benthic foraminifera in the Adriatic Sea. Marine Micropaleontology, 12, 21-48.
66. _, BUZAS, M. A., CULVER, S. J. & KUEHL, S. A. 1994. Vertical distribution of living benthic forminifera in submarine canyos off New Jersey. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 24, 28-36.
67. KAIHO, K. 1992. A low extinction rate of intermediate water benthic formainifera at the Creataceous/Tertiary boundary. Marine Micropaleontology, 18, 229-259.
68. KAJIWARA, Y. & KAIHO, K. 1992. Oceanic anoxia at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary supported by the sulfur isotopic record. Palaeogeograpahy. Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 99, 151-162.
69. KELLER, G. 1988a. Biotic turnover in benthic foraminifera across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at El Kef. Tunisia. Palaeogeography. Palaeoelimatology. Palacoecology, 66, 153-171.
70. _ 1988b. Extinction, survivorsip and evolution of planktic foraminifera across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at El Kef. Tunisia. Marine Micropaleontology, 13, 239-263.
71. _ 1989a. Extended Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary extinctions and delayed population change in planktonic foraminifera from Brazos River, Texas. Paleoceonography, 4, 287-332.
72. _ 1989b. Extended period of extinctions across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in planktohic forminifera of continental-shelf sections; implications for impact and volcanism theories. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 101 1408-1419.
73. _ 1992. Paleoecologic response of Tethyan benthic foraminifera to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary transition. In: TAKAYANAGI, Y. & SAITO, T. (eds) Studies in Benthic Foraminifera. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 77-91.
74. _ 1993. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary transition in the Antarctic Ocean and its global implications. Marine Micropaleontology, 21, 1-45.
75. 3 record across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at El Kef, Tunisia, Palaeogeography. Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 73, 243-265.
76. _, BARRERA, E., SCHMITZ, B. & MATTSON, E. 1993. Gradual mass extinction, species survivorship, and long-term environmental changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary bondary in high latitudes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 105, 979-997.
77. 3 events in the early Tertiary eastern Tethys. In: SHARPTON, V. L. & WARD, P. D. (eds) Global Catastrohes in Earth History. An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcansim, and Mass Mortality. GSA Special Paper, 247, 471-480.
78. KROON, D. & NEDERBRAGT, A. J. 1990. Ecology and paleoecology of triserial planktic foraminifera. Marine Micropaleontology, 16, 25-38.
79. KUHN, W. 1992. Paleonä und untereozäne BenthosForaminiferen des bayerischen und salzburgischen Helvetikums - Systematik, Stratigraphie und Palökologie. Münchner Geowissenshaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A: Geologie und Paläontologie, 24.
80. KUHNT, W. & KAMINSKI, M. A. 1993. Changes in the community structure of deep water agglutinated foraminifers across the K/T Boundary in the Basque basin (Northern Spain). Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia, 25, 57-92.
81. LAHODYNSKY, R. 1988. Lithostratigraphy and sedimemology across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Flyschgosau, Eastern Alps, Austria. In: LAMOLDA, M. A., KAUFFMAN, E. G. & WALLISER, O. H. (eds) Palaeontology and Evolution: Extinction Events. Revista Espanola de Paleontologia, Numero extraordinario, 73-82.
82. LEE, J. J. 1974. Towards understanding the niche of foraminifera. In. HEDLEY, R. H. et al. (eds) Foraminifera, I. Academic, New York, 207-260.
83. LEROY, L. W. 1953. Biostratigraphy of the Maqfi section, Egypt. Geological Society of America, Memoir, 54.
84. LINKE, P. & LUTZE, G. F. 1993. Microhabitat preferences of benthic foraminifera; a static concept or a dynamic adaptation to optimize food aquisition? In: LANGER, M. R. (ed.) Foraminiferal Microhabitats. Marine Micropaleontology, 20, 215-234.
85. LOEBLICH, A. R. J. & TAPPAN, H. 1988. Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
86. LUGER, P. 1985. Stratigraphie der marinen Oberkreide und des Alttertiärs im südwestlichen Obernil-Becken (SW-Ägypten) unter besonderer Berück-sichtigung der Mikropaläontologie, Palaöekologie und Paläogeographie. Berliner Geowissenshaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A: Geologie und Palöontologie, 63.
87. _1988. Maestrichtian to Paleocene facies evolution and Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in middle and southern Egypt. In: LAMOLDA, M. A., KAUFFMAN, E. G. & WALLISER, O. H. (eds) Palaeontology and Erohution: Extinetion Events. Revista Espanola de Paleontologia, Numero extraordinario, 83-90.
88. LUTERBACHER, H. P. & PREMOLI-SILVA, I. 1964. Biostratigrafia del limite eretaceo-terziario nell'Appennino centrale. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia, 70, 67-117.
89. LUTZE, G. F. & COULBOURN, W. T. 1984. Recent benthic foraminifera from the continental margin of Northwest Africa; community structure and distribution. Marine Micropaleontology, 8, 361-401.
90. MACLEOD, N. & KELLER, G. 1991a. Hiatus distrubutions and mass extinctions at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Geology, 19, 497-501.
91. _ 1991b. How complete are Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sections? A chronostratigraphic estimate based on graphic correlation. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 103 1439-1457.
92. MCNEIL, D. H. & CALDWELL, W. G. E. 1981. Cretaceous rocks and their foraminifera in the Manitoba Excarpment. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 21.
93. MAGARITZ, M., BENJAMINI, C., KELLER, G. & MOSHKOVITZ, S. 1992. Early diagenetic isotopic signal at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Israel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 91, 291-304.
94. _, MOSHKOVITZ, S., BENJAMINI, C., HANSEN, H. J., HAKANSSON, E. & RASMUSSEN, K. L. 1985. Carbon isotope-, bio- and magnetostratigraphy across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Zin Valley, Negev, Israel. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 15, 100-113.
95. MALLORY, V. S. 1959. Lower Tertiary Biostratigraphy of the California Coast Ranges. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK.
96. MARIE, P. 1941. Les foraminifères de la craie à Belemnitella mucronta du bassin de Paris. Muséum nationale d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Mémoir, 12.
97. MARSSON, T. H. 1878. Die Foraminiferen der weissen Schreibkreide der Insel Rügen. Naturwissenschaftilicher Verein für New-Vorpomumern und Rügen in Greifswald, 10, 115-196.
98. MASTERS, B. A. 1993. Re-evaluation of the species and subspecies of the genus Plummerita Boronnimann and a new species of Rugoglobigerina Boronnimann (Foramimferida). Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 23, 267-274.
99. MATSUMOTO, T. 1980. Inter-regional correlation of transgressions and regressions in the Cretaceous period. Cretaceous Research, 1, 359-373.
100. MEYERS, P. A. & SIMONEIT, B. R. T. 1989. Global comparisons of organic matterin sediments across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Organc Geochemistry, 16, 641-648.
101. MORROW, A. L. 1934. Foraminifera and ostracoda from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas. Journal of Paleomtology, 8, 186-205.
102. MOSHKOVITZ, S. & HABIB, D. 1993. Caleareous nannofossil and dinoflagellate stratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Alabama and Georgia, Micropaleontology, 39, 167-191.
103. MURRAY, J. W. 1991. Ecology and Palaeoecology of Benthic Foraminifera. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
104. NAKKADY, S. E. 1950. A new foraminiferal fauna from the Esna shales and upper Cretaceous Chalk of Egypt. Journal of Paleontology, 24, 675-692.
105. NEDERARAGT, A. J. 1991. Late Cretaceous biostratigraphy and development of Heterohelicidae (planktic foraminifera). Micropaleontology, 37, 329-372.
106. _ 1992. Paleoecology of late Maastrichtian Heterohelicidae (planktic foraminifera) from the Atlantic region. In: MALMGREN, B. A. & BENGTSON, P. (eds) Biogeographic Patterns in the Cretaceous Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 92, 361-374.
107. NOMURA, R. 1991. Paleoceanography of upper Maestrichtian to Eocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages at sites 752, 753, and 754, eastern Indian Ocean. In: WEISSEL, J., PEIRCE, J. et al. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results. 121, ODP, College Station, TX, 3-29.
108. NYONG, E. E. & OLSSON, R. K. 1984. A Paleoslope model of Campanian to lower Maestrichtian foraminifera in the North American Basin and adjacent continental margin. Marine Micropaleontology, 80, 437-477.
109. OLSSON, R. K. 1977. Mesozoic foraminifera; western Atlantic. In: SWAIN, F. M. (ed.) Stratigraphic Micropaleontology of Atlantic Basin and Borderlands. Elsevier, amsterdam, 205-230.
110. _ & LIU, C. 1993. Controversies on the placement of Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and the K/P mass extinctionof planktonic foraminifera. Palaios, 8, 127-139.
111. _ & NIYONG, E. E. 1984. A. paleoslope model for Campanian-lower Maestrichtian foraminifera of New Jersey and Delaware. Jouranal of Foraminiferal Research, 14, 50-68.
112. _ & WISE, S. W. JR. 1987. Upper Paleocene to middle Eocene depositional sequences and hiatuses in the New Jersey Atlantic Margin. In: ROSS, C. A. & HAMAN, D. (eds) Timing and Depositional History of Euttatic Sequenees; Constraints of Seimic Stratigraphy. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 24, 99-112.
113. PARRISH, J. T. & CURTIS, R. L. 1982. Atmospheric circulation, upwelling, and organic-rich rocks in the Mesozouc and Cenozoic eras. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaceoeclogy, 40, 31-66.
114. PERCH-NIELSEN, K. 1981. Nouvelles observations sur les nannofossiles calcaires à la limite Crétacé-Tertiaire, prés de El Kef. Tunisie, Cahiers de Micropaléontologie, 3 25-36.
115. _, MCKENZIE, J. A. & HE, Q. 1982. Biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy and the 'catastrophic' extinction of calcareous nannoplankton at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. In: SILVER, L. T. & SCHULTZ, P. H. (eds) Geologica Implications of Impacts of Large Asterolds and Comets on the Earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper 190, 353-371.
116. PETTERS, S. W. 1982. Central West African Cretaceous-Tertiary benthic foraminifera and stratigraphy. Paleontographica, Abteilung A: Palaeozoologie, Stratigraphie, 179.
117. PEYPOUQUET, J. P., GROUSSET, F. & MOURGUIART, P. 1986. Paleoceanography of the Mesogean Sea based on ostracods of the northern Tunisian continental shelf between the Late Cretaceus and Early Paleogene. Geoloische Rundschau, 75, 159-174.
118. PFLUM, C. E. & FRERICHS, W. E. 1976. Gulf of Mexico deep-water foraminifers. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 14.
119. PLUMMER, H. J. 1926. Foraminifera of the Midway formation in Texas. Texas University, Bulletin, 2644.
120. POSPICHAL, J. J. 1994. Cretaceous nannofossils at the K-T boundary, El Kef; no evidence for stepwise, gradual, or sequential extinctions. Geology, 22, 99-102.
121. RATHBURN, A. E. & CORLISS, B. H. 1994. The ecology of the living (stained) deep-sea benthic foraminiFera from the Sulu Sea, Paleoceanography, 9, 87-150.
122. RAUP, D. M. & JABLONSKI, D. 1993. Geography of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions. Science, 260, 971-973.
123. REISS, Z. 1988. Assemblages from a Senonian high-productivity sea Revue de Paléobiologie, Special Issue, 2, 323-332.
124. REUSS, A. E. 1851. Die Foraminifern und Entomostraceen des Kreidemergels von Lemberg. Naturewissenschaftliche Abhandhangen, Wien, 4, 17-52.
125. RHODES, M. C. & THAYER, C. W. 1991. Mass extinctions: ecological selectivity and primary production, Geology, 19, 877-880.
126. ROHLING, E. J., ZACHARIASSE, W. J. & BRINKHUIS, H. 1991. A terrestrial scenario for the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary collapse of the marine pelagic ecosystem. Terra Nora, 3, 41-48.
127. ROMEIN, A. J. T. 1979a. Cretaceous nannofossils from the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary interval in the Nahal Avdat Section, Negev, Israel. In: CHRISTENSEN, W.K. & BIRKELUND, T. (eds) Symposium on Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Events, Proceedings, 2. University of Copenhagen, Copehagen, Denmark, 202-206.
128. _ 1979b. Lineages in early Paleogene cakareous nannoplankton. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 22.
129. _ & SMIT, 1981 The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: calcareous nannofossils and stable isotopes. Proceeding of the Koninklifke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetentchappen, Series, B, 84, 295-314.
130. ROSENFELD, A., FLEXER, A., HONIGSTEIN, A., ALMO-GI-LABIN, A. & DVORACHEK, M. 1989. First report on a Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary section at Mikhtesh Gadol, southern Israel. Newes Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paldontologie, Monatshefte, 1989, 474-486.
131. e Cycle Theisi, Université de Paris.
132. _ 1990a. Cenozoic, In: SAID, R. (ed.) The Geology of Egypt. Balkema, Rotterdam, 451-486.
133. _ 1990b. Cretaceous paleogeographic maps. In: SAID, R. (ed.) The Geology of Egypt. Balkema, Rotterdam, 439-449.
134. _& KENAWY, A. 1956. Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary forminifera from nothern Sinai, Egypt. Micropaleontology, 2, 105-173.
135. SAINT-MARC, P. 1993. Biogeographic and bathymetric distribution of benthic foraminifera in Paleocene El Haria Formation of Tunisia, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 15, 473-487.
136. _ & BERGGREN, W. A. 1988. A quantitative analysis of Paleocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages in central Tunisia. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 18, 97-113.
137. SALAJ, J. 1978. Contribution a ̀ la microbiostratigraphie des hypostratotypes tunisiens du Crétacé supérieur du Danien et du Paléocéne. Annales des Mines et de Géologie, 28, 119-145.
138. _ 1980. Microbiostratigraphie du Crétacé et du Paléogène de la Tunisie Septentrionale et Orientale (Hypostratotupes Tunisiens). Institut Géologique de Dionyz Stúr, Bratislava, Slovakia.
139. _ POZARYSKA, K. & SZCZECHURA, J. 1976. Foraminiferida, zonation and subzonation of the Paleocene of Tunisia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 21, 127-190.
140. SANDIDGE, J. R. 1932. Foraminifera from the Ripley formation of western Alabama. Journal of Paleontology, 6, 265-287.
141. SARKAR, A., BHATTACHARYA, S. K., SHUKLA, P. N., BHANDARI, N. & NAIDIN, D. P. 1992. High-resolution profile of stable isotopes and iridium across a K/T boundary section from Koshak Hill, Mangyshlak, Kazakhstan. Terra Nowa, 4, 585-591.
142. SCHMITZ, B. 1988. Origin of microlayering in worldwide distributed Ir-rich marine Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary clays. Geology, 16, 1068-1072.
143. _, KELLER, G. & STENVALL, O. 1992. Stable isotope and foraminiferal changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Stevns Klint, Denmark: arguments for long-term oceanic stability before and after bolide-impact event. Palaeogeography. Palaeoclimatologly, Palaeoecology, 96, 233-260.
144. SCHWAGER, C. 1883. Die Foraminiferen aus dem Eocänablagerungen der libyschen Wüste und Ägyptens. Palaeontographica, 30, 81-153.
145. SEN GUPTA, B. K. & MACHAIN-CASTILLO, M. L. 1993. Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats. In: LANGER, M. R. (ed.) Foraminiferal Microhabitants. Marine Micropaleontology, 20, 183-201.
146. SHAHIN, A. 1992. Contribution to foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleobathymetry of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary in the western central Sinai, Egypt. Revue de Micropléontologie, 35, 157-175.
147. SHARPTON, V. L. & WARD, P. D. 1990. Global Catstrophes in Earth History. An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 247.
148. SHEEHAN, P. M. & FASTOVSKY, D. E. 1992. Major extinctions of land-dwelling vertebrates at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, eastern Montana. Geology, 20, 556-560.
149. SJOERDSMAN, P. G. & VAN DER ZWAAN, G. J. 1992. Simulating the effect of changing organic flux and oxygen content on the distribution of benthic foraminifers. In: VAN DER ZWAAN, G. J., JORISSEN, F. J. & ZACHARIASSE, W. J. (eds) Approaches to Paleoprodctivity Reconstructions. Marine Micropaleontology, 19, 163-180.
150. SLITER, W. V. 1968. Upper Cretaceous foraminifera from southera California and northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Kansas University Paleontological Contributions, 49.
151. _ 1977a. Cretaceous benthic foraminifers from the western South Atlantic Leg 39, Deep Sea Drilling Project. In: SUPKO, P. R., PERCHNIELSEN, K. et al. (eds) Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. 39, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 657-697.
152. _ 1977b. Cretaceous foraminifers from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Leg 36, Deep Sea Drilling Project. In: BARKER, P., DALZIEL, I. W. D. et at. (eds) Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. 36, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 519-573.
153. _ & BAKER, R. A. 1972. Cretaceous bathymetric distribution of benthic foraminifers. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 2, 167-181.
154. SMIT, J. 1982. Extinction and evolution of planktonic foraminifera after a major impact at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. In: SILVER, L. T. & SCHULTZ, P. H. (eds) Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 190, 329-352.
155. _ 1990. Meteorite impact, extinctions and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 69, 187-204.
156. SOUTHAM, J. R., PETERSON, W. H. & BRASS, G. W. 1982. Dynamics of anoxia. In: BARRON, E. J. (ed.) Paleogeography and Climate Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 40, 183-198.
157. SPEIJER, R. P. 1992. Benthic foramininiferal response to environmental changes following the K/T boundary. In: SARNTHEIN, M., THIEDE, J. & ZAHN, R. (eds) Fourth International Conference on Paleoceanography. ICP IV; Short- and Long-Term Global Change: Records and Modelling. 21-25 September 1992. Kiel/Germany, Abstracts and Programs. GEOMAR Report 15, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, 267-268.
158. _ 1994. Extinction and Recovery Patterns in Benthic Foraminiferal Paleocommunities across the Cretaceous/Paleogene and Paleocene/Eccene Boundaries. Geologica Ultraciectina, 124.
159. _ 1995. The late Paleocene benthic foraminiferal extinction event as observed in the Middle East. In: LAGA, P. (ed.) Paleocene-Eocene Boundary Events. Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie, 103 for 1994, 267-280.
160. _ & VANDER ZWAAN, G. J. 1994. The differential effect of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary event: extinction and survivorship in shallow to deep water Egyptian benthic foraminiferal assemblages. In: SPEIJER, R. P. (ed.) Extinction and Recovery Patterns in Benthic Foraminiferal Palcocommunities across the Cretaceous/Paleogene and Paleocene/Eocene Boundaries. Geologica Ultraiectina, 124, 121-168.
161. _, _, & SCHMITZ, B. 1996. The impact of Paleocene/Eocene boundary events on middle neritic benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Egypt. Marine Micropaleontology, in press.
162. STOTT, L. D. & KENNETT, J. P. 1989. New constraints on early Tertiary palaeoproductivity from carbon isotopes in foramanifera. Nature, 342, 526-529.
163. SUTHERLAND, F. L. 1994. Volcanism around K/T boundary time - its role in an impact scenario for the K/T extinction events. Earth Science Reviews, 36, 1-26.
164. THOMAS, E. 1990a. Late Cretaceous-early Eocene mass extinctions in the deep sea. In: SHARPTON, V. L. & WARD, P. D. (eds) Global Catastrophes in Earth History. An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality. GSA Special Paper, 247, 481-496.
165. _ 1990b. Late Cretaceous through Neogene deep-sea benthic foraminifers (Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctica). In: BARKER, P. F., KENNETT, J. P. et al. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. 113, OPD, College Station, TX, 571-594.
166. _ 1992. Cenozoic deep-sea circulation: evidence from deep-sea benthic foraminifera. AGU Antarctic Research Series, 56, 141-165.
167. TUAKSNA, R. C. & LOHMANN, G. P. 1983. Paleocene-Eocene bathyal and abyxsal benthic framinifera from the Atlantic Ocean. Micropaleontology, Special Publication, 4.
168. TOULMIN, L. D. JR. 1941. Eocene smaller Foraminifera from the Salt Mountain limiestone of Alabama. Journal of Paleontology, 15, 567-611.
169. VAIL, P. R., MITCHUM, R. M. & THOMPSON, S. III 1977. Global cycles of relative changes of sea level. In: PAYTON, C. E. (ed.) Seismic Stratigraphy - Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 26, 83-97.
170. VAN DER ZWAAN, G. J. 1982. Paleoecology of late Miocene Mediterranean foraminifera. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 25.
171. _, JORISSEN, F. J. & DE STIGTER, H. C. 1990. The depth dependency of planktonic/benthic foraminiferal ratios: Constraints and applications. Marine Geology, 95, 1-16.
172. _, _ & ZACHARIASSE, W. J. 1992. Approaches to Paleoproductivity Reconstructions. Marine Micropaleontology, 19. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
173. VAN MORKHOVEN, F. P. C. M., BERGGREN, W. A. & EDWARDS, A. S. 1986. Cenotoic cosmopolitan deep-water benthic foraminifera. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production Elf Aquitaine, Memoir, 11.
174. VASILENKO, V. P. 1950. Paleocene foraminifera of the central part of the Dnieper-Donets basin. In: Microfouna of the U.S.S.R. 4, Trudy, VNIGRI, Kavkaz, 177-224 [in Russian].
175. VERBEEK, J. W. 1977. Calcareous nannoplankton biostratigrahy of Middle and Upper Cretaceous deposits in Tunisia, southern Spain and France. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 16.
176. WHITE, M. P. 1928. Some index Foraminifera of the Tampico Embayment area of Mexico (part 1, 2). Journal of Paleontology, 2, 177-215, 280-316.
177. WICHER, C. A. 1956. Die Gosau-Schichten in Becken von Gams (Österreich) und die Foraminiferengliederung der hoheren Oberkreide in der Tethys. Paläontologisches Zeitschrift, Somderhefte, 30, 87-136.
178. WIDMARK, J. G. V. 1995. Multiple deep-water sources and trophic regimes in the latest Cretaceous deep sea: evidence from benthic foraminifera. Marine Micropaleontology, 26, 361-384.
179. _ & MALMGREN, B. A. 1992a. Benthic forminiferal changes across the cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the deep sea; DSDP sites 525, 527, and 465. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 22, 81-133.
180. _ 1992b. Biogeography of terminal Cretaceous deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In: MALMGREN, B. A. & BENGTSON, P. (eds) Biogeographic Patterns in the Cretaceous Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palacoclimatology, Palacoecology, 92, 375-405.
181. WIEDMANN, J. 1988. The Basque coastal sections of the K/T boundary; a key to understanding mass extinction in the fossil record. in: LAMOLDA, M. A., KAUFFMAN, E. G. & WALLISER, O. H. (eds) Palaeontology and Evolution; Extinction Events. Revista Espanola de Paleontologia, Numerao extraordinario, 127-140.
182. WONDERS, A. A. H. 1980. Middle and Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera of the western Mediterranean area. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 24.
183. ZACHOS, J. C., ARTHUR, M. A. & DEAN, W. E. 1989. Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature, 337, 61-64.