Implacing architecture into the practice of placemaking

Journal of Architectural Education

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 130-140

  Schneekloth, Lynda H ^a   Shibley, Robert G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0006445263     PISSN: 10464883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/104648800564527     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1966), p. 22
2. Lee D. Mitang, "Saving the Soul of Architectural Education: Four Critical Challenges Face Today's Architecture Schools," quoted in Joseph Press "Soul-Searching: Reflections from the Ivory Tower," JAE 51/4 (May 98): p. 233
3. Ernest L. Boyer and Lee D. Mitgang, Building Community: A New Future for Architecture Education and Practice (Princeton, NJ: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1996), p. xvi
4. Lynda H. Schneekloth and Robert G. Shibley, Placemaking: The Art and Practice of Building Communities (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995)
5. We use the word, dwelling, relationally, to denote people-in-place. The term is used extensively by phenomenologists such as M. Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought (New York: Harper & Row, 1971)
6. E. Casey, The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
7. and R. Mugerauer, Interpretations on Behalf of Place (New York: State University of New York Press, 1994)
8. I. Illich, I. K. Zola, J. McKnight, J. Caplan, and H. Shaiken, Disabling Professions (Boston: Marion Boyars, 1977)
9. Schneekloth and Shibley, Placemaking, p. 2
10. Henry A. Giroux, "Border Pedagogy and the Politics of Modernism/ Postmodernisn," JAE 44/2 (Feb. 1991): p. 72
11. Henry A. Giroux and R. Simon, "Critical Pedagogy and the Politics of Popular Culture," Cultural Studies 2 (1988): 294-320
12. See Henry A. Giroux, Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life (Minneapolis: MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988)
13. Henry A. Giroux, Disturbing Pleasure: Learning Popular Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994)
14. Pablo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Continuum, [1970] 1988)
15. and Pablo Freire, Education for Critical Consciousness (New York: Continuum [1973] 1987) for a broader discussion of critical pedagogy and its potential contributions to cultural production
16. Vitruvius, The Ten Books on Architecture, Morris Hicky Morgan, trans. (New York: Dover Publications, 1960), p. 10
17. Thomas Vonier, ed., In Search of Design Excellence (Washington, DC: The American Institute of Architects Services Press, 1989)
18. Dana Cuff, Architecture: The Story of Practice (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991)
19. Robert Gutman, Architectural Practice: A Critical View (New Jersey: Princeton Architectural Press, 1988)
20. Thomas A. Dutton and Lian Hurst Mann, eds., Reconstructing Architecture: Critical Discourses and Social Practices (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996)
21. Diane Ghirado, ed., Out of Site: A Social Criticism of Architecture (Seattle, WA: Bay Press, 1991)
22. Darrell Crilley, quoted in Thomas A. Dutton, "Cultural Studies and Critical Pedagogy: Cultural Pedagogy and Architecture," in Thomas A. Dutton and Lian Hurst Mann, eds., Reconstructing Architecture, p. 193
23. See Chris Argyris and Donald Schon, Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness (San Fransisco: Josey-Bass, 1974) for a discussion of espoused theory and theory-in-use
24. See also Judith Blau, Architects and Firms: A Sociological Perspective on Architectural Practice (Cambridge, MA MIT Press, 1984) in which she describes design as a "master value" that is set apart from the full spectrum of issues to be addressed in building
25. Boyer and Mitgang, Building Community, p. xv
26. Barry Lopez, "The Rediscovery of North America," The Amicus Journal, fall 1991, p. 15. Querencia comes from querer, meaning to desire, to wish, and to love. Specifically, the word refers to the spot where the bull retreats during a bull-fight, implying that although this space gives strength, it also contains challenge and sometimes threat
27. Schneekloth and Shibley, Placemaking, p. 1
28. Casey, The Fate of Place
29. Edward S. Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993), p. 23
30. Mitang, p. 233
31. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1927), p. 207
32. Sir John Summerson's essay on "The Mischievous Analogy" speaks of the modern architect as being "obsessed by a sense of inadequacy." He traces this back to a painful acknowledgment that architecture has been about "copying" and to the rise of engineering. "On the one hand, the architect is beginning to feel that more is expected of his [sic] works than nice definitions of the relation between building and life; on the other hand, he dreads relaxing into the old self, that first personality - the man concentrating on ART at the drawing board." Sir John Summerson, Heavenly Mansions and Other Essays on Architecture (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1963), p. 201
33. Donna J. Haraway, Modest-Witness@Second-Millennium (New York: Routledge, 1977), p. 8
34. See also the writings of James Hillman, The Blue Fire (New York: Harper Perennial, 1989), particularly Chapters 5 through 8
35. and Robert Sardello, Facing the World with Soul (New York: Harper Perennial, 1994)
36. See Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, Learning From Las Vegas: The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986)
37. and Michael Sorkin, ed., Variation on the Theme Park (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992)
38. See, however, Dolores Hayden, The Power of Place: Urban Landscape as Public History (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995)
39. and Randolph T. Hester, Jr., "Sacred Structures and Everyday Life: A Return to Manteo, North Carolina," in David Seamon, ed., Dwelling, Seeing, and Designing (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993)
40. David James Duncan, Orion 15(3) (summer 1996): back cover
41. Haraway, 1977; Sandra Harding, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992)
42. David Griffin, ed., The Reenchantment of Science (New York: State University of New York Press, 1988)
43. Donna Haraway, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspectives," Feminist Studies 14/3 (1988): 579
44. Lynda H. Schneekloth, "Partial Utopian Visions: Feminist Reflections on the Field," in I. Altman and A. Churchman, Women and the Environment (New York: Plenum Press, 1994)
45. Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology (New York: Basic Books, 1983), p. 167
46. See also N. Peirce and R. Guskind, Breakthroughs: Re-creating the American City (New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research and The Bruner Foundation, 1993)
47. Jack Gibb argues persuasively that there is no real communication without unrestrained vulnerability. If someone is holding "a big stick" and talks the talk of vulnerability it will be read as a lie and the communication will be significantly distorted. J. Gibb, "Climate for Trust Formation," in L. P. Bradford, J. R. Gibb, and K. D. Benne, eds., T-Group Theory and Laboratory Method (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964)
48. See also Habermas on distorted communication. J. Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, T. McCarthy, trans. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984)
49. [b]ell hooks argues further that to move beyond any discourse of domination - and expert cultures are a form of domination - we must engage in the practice of love. "Without love, our efforts to liberate ourselves and our world community from oppression and exploitation are doomed" (hooks, 243). She does not mean "love" in a romantic sense; rather, she suggests that love is an act of will, a decision to give subject standing to others, acknowledging not only their similarity to ourselves, but also our differences, even when painful. See bell hooks, "Love as the Practice of Freedom," Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representations (New York: Routledge, 1992)
50. Xenophanes, Fragment 16, sixth century B.C. in John Friedmann, The Good Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1979), p. 110
51. For a discussion of the frontier as home, see Lynda H. Schneekloth, "The Frontier Is Our Home," in JAE 49/4 (May 1996): 210-225
52. For an insightful reading of this phenomena see Michael Sorkin, ed., 1992. See also Shibley's critique of the New Urbanism as an example of "placeless" architecture in "The Complete New Urbanism and the Partial Practices of Placemaking," in Utopian Studies 9/1 (1998): 80-102
53. Giroux, Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life, p. 100
54. Cornel West offers thoughts on the potential importance of architectural criticism within the cultural debate of democracy and oppression - if critics would only expand their critique beyond the narrow range of concerns currently being debated. "The political legitimacy of architecture is not a question of whether or why buildings should be made. Rather it has to do with how authority warrants or does not warrant the way in which buildings are made." Cornel West, "A Note on Race and Architecture," Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 45
55. S. Morgan and A. Bookman, "Rethinking Women and Politics," in A. Bookman and S. Morgan, eds., Women and the Politics of Empowerment (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1988), p. 4
56. Haraway, 1997, p. 36