The murder of General Rokhlin

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 95-110

  Rogachevskii, Andrei ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0006361762     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668130098280     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. See K. Krasnopol'sky, 'General Rokhlin: Mesto v Dume mne ne nuzhno', Kommersant-Daily, 20 September 1995. A graduate of the Tashkent Higher All-Service Command School (1970), the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow (1977) and the prestigious Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (1993), Rokhlin went through all the usual stages of a late Soviet military career, including the Afghan war (on his actions in Afghanistan
2. see A. A. Lyakhovsky, Tragediya i doblest' Afgana (Moscow, GPI Iskona, 1995), pp. 286-287).
3. see Ya. Poptsov, 'L.Rokhlin v blindazhe i na tribune', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 27).
4. see A. Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala (Moscow, EKSMO, 1998), p. 220)
5. . Eventually he left Our Home is Russia and formed his own political movement. For an undeservedly brief obituary of Rokhlin see Krasnaya zvezda, 7 July 1998. For more on Rokhlin's biography see
6. P. Gazukin, Vooruzhennye sily Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Biograficheskii spravochnik (Moscow, Panorama, 1996), pp. 62-63;
7. and V. Pribylovsky, Rossiiskie politiki ot A do Ya: 471 biografiya, vol. 2 (Moscow, Panorama, 1996), p. 336.
8. Not in Naro-Fominsk, as Felix Corley's obituary in The Independent, 6 July 1998, states.
9. See the anonymous report 'Smert' generala: Bytovoi versiei rassledovanie ubiistva Rokhlina ne ogranichitsya', Kommersant-Daily, 4 July 1998,
10. and the unsigned note 'Sledstvie nastaivaet: eto bylo bytovoe ubiistvo', Komsomol'skaya pravda, 10 July 1998.
11. See Kommersant-Daily, 4 July 1998.
12. See L. Berres, 'Tamaru Rokhlinu obvinili v ubiistve muzha', Kommersant-Daily, 11 July 1998.
13. See Komsomol'skaya pravda, 10 July 1998.
14. See Kommersant-Daily, 11 July 1998.
15. See L. Berres & S. Dyupin, 'Zhena Rokhlina skazala vse, chto ot nee trebovali', Kommersant-Daily, 1 July 1998.
16. A. Evtushenko & I. Emel'yanov, 'Dochke ubitogo generala ne dayut svidaniya s mater'yu', Komsomol'skaya pravda, 9 July 1998.
17. See P. Sorokin, 'Advokat ne verit sledovatelyam', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 30.
18. See A. Evtushenko, 'Tamare Rokhlinoi pred''yavleno obvinenie', Komsomol'skaya pravda, 11 July 1998.
19. See V. Smolentsev, 'Kto ubiitsy?', Zavtra, 1998, 27;
20. and V. Smolentsev, 'Tamara Rokhlina ne ubivala muzha!', Zavtra, 1998, 28.
21. Cf., for instance: 'It appears that Tamara Rokhlina represents a female type which aspires to dominate in the family and to order the husband about. The General, however, was not one of those who would dance to somebody else's tune. Sources close to the Rokhlins assert that Rokhlina was often heard to be saying lately: "I made him a General and he does not listen to me. I'll kill him". According to such people's testimonies, Tamara Rokhlina was extremely unhappy about the General's decision to resign from Our Home Is Russia and his subsequent removal from the post of chairman of the Duma Defence Committee'. (A. Kondrashev & B. Muradov, 'Ubiistvo Rokhlina: Voprosy bez otvetov', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 28.)
22. See P. Nikitin, 'General'skaya doch' ', Ogonek, 1998, 37, pp. 13-16.
23. See E. Ermolenko, I. Zhuravlev & Yu. Snegirev, 'Ubiistvo v Klokovo: General Rokhlin zastrelen iz imennogo pistoleta', Izvestiya, 4 July 1998.
24. See Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, p. 42.
25. V. Ilyukhin, 'My ne stanem molcha nablyudat' ', Sovetskaya Rossiya, 23 July 1998.
26. See a short interview with Rokhlin's press-secretary, Aleksandr Volkov, in Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 July 1998.
27. See Kommersant-Daily, 4 July 1998.
28. Rokhlina's jealousy was mentioned among the possible motives for the crime; see
29. I. Petrovskaya, 'Khronika shiroko ob''yavlennoi smerti', Izvestiya, 11 July 1998.
30. See Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, p. 42.
31. See Ibid., p. 246.
32. See Kommersant-Daily, 4 July 1998.
33. A. Evtushenko, 'Kto zhe eto sdelal?', Komsomol'kaya pravda, 7 July 1998.
34. See Komsomol'skaya pravda, 10 July 1998.
35. Komsomol'skaya pravda, 9 July 1998.
36. See A. Evtushenko, 'Kto zhe ubil generala?', Komsomol'skaya pravda, 7 July 1998.
37. See Izvestiya, 4 July 1998; Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998; and Tom Whitehouse, 'Fog of Intrigue Shrouds Murder of Yeltsin Opponent', The Guardian, 4 July 1998.
38. See Izvestiya, 4 July 1998; Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998; and Tom Whitehouse, 'Fog of Intrigue Shrouds Murder of Yeltsin Opponent', The Guardian, 4 July 1998.
39. See Izvestiya, 4 July 1998; Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998; and Tom Whitehouse, 'Fog of Intrigue Shrouds Murder of Yeltsin Opponent', The Guardian, 4 July 1998.
40. See A. Evtushenko, 'Okhrannik Aleksandr Pleskachev: "V noch' pered ubiistvom suprugi Rokhliny ne ssorilis'"', Komsomol'skaya pravda, 10 July 1998.
41. See N. Troitsky & V. Yakobidze, 'Bred posle ubiistva Rokhlina', Megapolis-ekspress, 1998, 28.
42. This information comes from Rokhlina's lawyer, Burmistrov, as reported by an NTV news programme Segodnya on 13 January 1999.
43. See Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998.
44. See G. Shcherbinina & I. Vishnevsky, 'General Rokhlin: "V lyuboi moment menya mogut ubit' " ', Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 July 1998.
45. The Skandaly nedeli programme broadcast by the NTV channel on 22 July 1998.
46. See M. Ryb'yanov, 'Voprosy, na kotorye net otveta', Komsomol'skaya pravda, 10 July 1998.
47. See Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998.
48. See Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 28.
49. See Alan Philps, 'General's Wife "Is Innocent of Murder" ', The Daily Telegraph, 6 July 1998; and Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998.
50. See Alan Philps, 'General's Wife "Is Innocent of Murder" ', The Daily Telegraph, 6 July 1998; and Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998.
51. I am grateful to John Dunn (Department of Slavonic Languages and Literatures, University of Glasgow) for recording this programme, drawing my attention to it and letting me use his videotape. I would also like to thank Martin Dewhirst, of the same department, for his invaluable advice with regard to my research.
52. Cf. a question reportedly addressed to Rokhlin's bodyguard by an investigator: 'Why did Rokhlina wash the pistol?' (Komsomol'skaya pravda, 10 July 1998).
53. The situation where family members become hostages in attempts to blackmail politicians is not infrequent in Russia. The highest profile case is perhaps that of Grigorii Yavlinsky, the leader of the democratic Yabloko party, whose son's fingers were cut off and delivered to his father with the following note: 'Quit politics, or else your son will lose his head' (see the unsigned answer to a reader's question in Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 30, p. 16).
54. See Komsomol'skaya pravda, 7 July 1998 and Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998.
55. See Komsomol'skaya pravda, 7 July 1998 and Kommersant-Daily, 7 July 1998.
56. See S. Dyupin, L. Berres & M. Stepenin, 'Pokhoronnyi fars: Proshchayas's generalom, kazhdyi govoril o svoem', Kommersant-Daily, 8 July 1998.
57. A different figure (2000 people) was cited by Izvestiya, 8 July 1998.
58. See I. Otdel'nov, 'Na Teatral'noi proveli miting: V Moskve otmechali 40 dnei so dnya smerti generala Rokhlina', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 13 August 1998.
59. See S. Trusevich, 'Ubiistvo Rokhlina: Sledstvie prodolzhaetsya', Parlamentskaya gazeta, 24 September 1998.
60. See M. Smirensky, 'Viktor Ilyukhin: "Korruptsiya protsvetaet pri otsutstvii politicheskoi voli" ', Parlamentskaya gazeta, 4 November 1998. An assistant of the Procurator General of the Russian Federation, Emel'yanov was also criticised for the incompetent handling of the case of the former Acting Procurator General, Aleksei Il'yushenko, who had been imprisoned in 1996 for taking bribes (see V. Kraskova, Prestupleniya za kremlevskoi stenoi (Minsk, Literature, 1997), pp. 533-535). Nikolai Indyukov is a Senior Investigator on the Cases of Utmost Importance (starshii sledovatel' po osobo vazhnym delam) at the Office of the Procurator General of the Russian Federation. For his interpretation of the Rokhlin affair see A. Borin, 'Zakaza na ubiistvo L'va Rokhlina ne bylo', Literaturnaya gazeta, 13 January 1999.
61. See M. Smirensky, 'Viktor Ilyukhin: "Korruptsiya protsvetaet pri otsutstvii politicheskoi voli" ', Parlamentskaya gazeta, 4 November 1998. An assistant of the Procurator General of the Russian Federation, Emel'yanov was also criticised for the incompetent handling of the case of the former Acting Procurator General, Aleksei Il'yushenko, who had been imprisoned in 1996 for taking bribes (see V. Kraskova, Prestupleniya za kremlevskoi stenoi (Minsk, Literature, 1997), pp. 533-535). Nikolai Indyukov is a Senior Investigator on the Cases of Utmost Importance (starshii sledovatel' po osobo vazhnym delam) at the Office of the Procurator General of the Russian Federation. For his interpretation of the Rokhlin affair see A. Borin, 'Zakaza na ubiistvo L'va Rokhlina ne bylo', Literaturnaya gazeta, 13 January 1999.
62. See M. Smirensky, 'Viktor Ilyukhin: "Korruptsiya protsvetaet pri otsutstvii politicheskoi voli" ', Parlamentskaya gazeta, 4 November 1998. An assistant of the Procurator General of the Russian Federation, Emel'yanov was also criticised for the incompetent handling of the case of the former Acting Procurator General, Aleksei Il'yushenko, who had been imprisoned in 1996 for taking bribes (see V. Kraskova, Prestupleniya za kremlevskoi stenoi (Minsk, Literature, 1997), pp. 533-535). Nikolai Indyukov is a Senior Investigator on the Cases of Utmost Importance (starshii sledovatel' po osobo vazhnym delam) at the Office of the Procurator General of the Russian Federation. For his interpretation of the Rokhlin affair see A. Borin, 'Zakaza na ubiistvo L'va Rokhlina ne bylo', Literaturnaya gazeta, 13 January 1999.
63. Victor M. Sergeev, The Wild East: Crime and Lawlessness in Post-communist Russia (New York, Sharpe, 1998), p. 134.
64. See Izvestiya, 4 July 1998 and Komsomol'skaya pravda, 7 July 1998.
65. See Izvestiya, 4 July 1998 and Komsomol'skaya pravda, 7 July 1998.
66. See E. lonova, 'Igor' Rokhlin ne mog ubit' svoego ottsa, schitayut spetsialisty', Komsomol'skaya pravda, 8 July 1998.
67. Literally 'sharks with pens'; the title refers to the predatory nature of contemporary Russian journalism.
68. See the unsigned pieces 'Voennaya kar'eraGracheva' and 'Zachto "ukhodyat" glavkoma VVS?' in Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 21 and 51 respectively, as well as A. Aleksandrov, 'Za chto arestovan general Kobets', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 22; V. Ermakov & A. Kondrashev, 'Generaly perekhodyat v ataku', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 35; and V. Baranets, El'tsin i ego generaly: Zapiski polkovnika Genshtaba (Moscow, Sovershenno sekretno, 1998), pp. 72, 262-263, 364, 483-484.
69. See the unsigned pieces 'Voennaya kar'eraGracheva' and 'Zachto "ukhodyat" glavkoma VVS?' in Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 21 and 51 respectively, as well as A. Aleksandrov, 'Za chto arestovan general Kobets', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 22; V. Ermakov & A. Kondrashev, 'Generaly perekhodyat v ataku', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 35; and V. Baranets, El'tsin i ego generaly: Zapiski polkovnika Genshtaba (Moscow, Sovershenno sekretno, 1998), pp. 72, 262-263, 364, 483-484.
70. See the unsigned pieces 'Voennaya kar'eraGracheva' and 'Zachto "ukhodyat" glavkoma VVS?' in Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 21 and 51 respectively, as well as A. Aleksandrov, 'Za chto arestovan general Kobets', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 22; V. Ermakov & A. Kondrashev, 'Generaly perekhodyat v ataku', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 35; and V. Baranets, El'tsin i ego generaly: Zapiski polkovnika Genshtaba (Moscow, Sovershenno sekretno, 1998), pp. 72, 262-263, 364, 483-484.
71. See Baranets, El'tsin i ego generaly, pp. 188, 205, 229, 233, 254.
72. Poptsov, 'L. Rokhlin v blindazhe i na tribune'.
73. See Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, p. 177.
74. A. Plakhov (compiler), Zakaznye ubiistva v Rossii (Moscow, Priboi, 1998), p. 26.
75. See A. Kozhakov, 'Ne nuzhen nam atom kanadskii ...', Moskovskaya pravda, 3 October 1998.
76. See Zavtra, 1998, 28, and Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, pp. 259-260. In his above-mentioned interview on television, Morozov also stated that he was visited by an agent of the Federal Security Service who claimed that Rokhlin was most probably eliminated on the order of the so-called 'oligarchs', i.e. those who control Russia's vast natural resources.
77. See Phil Reeves, 'Grozny hero's mystery murder', The Independent, 6 July 1998.
78. See Kommersant-Daily, 4 July 1998 and Komsomol'skaya pravda, 7 July 1998.
79. See Kommersant-Daily, 4 July 1998 and Komsomol'skaya pravda, 7 July 1998.
80. See E. Godlevskaya, 'Polkovnika FAPSI ubili vystrelom v spinu', Kommersant-Daily, 1 July 1998.
81. Quoted in V.Ilyukhin's interview with Sovetskaya Rossiya, 23 July 1998.
82. See Morozov, 'Ubiitsy Rokhlina zametayut sledy'. For the text of the letter see Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, pp. 391-393.
83. Thus there are at least six hypotheses explaining the notorious 1994 murder of the Moscow journalist Dmitrii Kholodov, who was investigating corruption in the Ministry of Defence (
84. see V. Baranets, Poteryannaya armiya (Moscow, Sovershenno sekretno, 1998), pp. 390-412)
85. , but the case still remains unsolved. For more on the murder, see S. Rogozhkin, O. Ruban (compilers), Dmitrii Kholodov: Vzryv: Khronika ubiistva zhurnalista (Moscow, Eksim, 1998).
86. Kommersant-Daily, 4 July 1998. Yet another of Rokhlin's remarks about his future demise, alleging that his murder would be staged as a drunken brawl (see
87. S. Repov & M. Voldyrin, 'Politportret mordy litsa', Argumenty ifakty, 1997, 39) proved to be prophetic.
88. See Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, p. 257. On Savost'yanov's career see Pribylovsky, Rossiiskie politiki ot A do Ya: 471 biografiya, vol. 2, pp. 351-352.
89. See Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, p. 257. On Savost'yanov's career see Pribylovsky, Rossiiskie politiki ot A do Ya: 471 biografiya, vol. 2, pp. 351-352.
90. See I. Maksakov & S. Mulin, 'Lev Rokhlin ubit iz sobstvennogo pistoleta', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 4 July 1998.
91. Baranets, Poteryannaya armiya, p. 295.
92. An influentual member of the presidential administration, the economist Aleksandr Livshits, admitted that Rokhlin's estimates were correct; see A. Livshits, 'A l'goty ne trogat' !', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 30.
93. See Ermakov & Kondrashev, 'Generaly perekhodyat v ataku'.
94. See, for instance, A. Kondrashev, 'Yurii Baturin: "Al'ternativa voennoi reforme - katastrofa" ', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 22, and an interview with the Defence Minister, Army General Igor' Sergeev, Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 30.
95. See, for instance, A. Kondrashev, 'Yurii Baturin: "Al'ternativa voennoi reforme - katastrofa" ', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 22, and an interview with the Defence Minister, Army General Igor' Sergeev, Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 30.
96. See, for example, A. Kondrashev & V. Tseplyaev, 'Armiyu pridetsya raspustit'. Net deneg ...', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 32;
97. [A. Kondrashev], 'Rossiiskii flot ukhodit na igolki', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 37; the unsigned piece 'Kogda vernut dolgi voennym', Argumenty ifakty, 1997, 41; A. Makashov, 'Cherez 10 let my mozhem past' na koleni', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 47; and A. Kondrashev, 'Chem nedovol'ny voennye?', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 30.
98. [A. Kondrashev], 'Rossiiskii flot ukhodit na igolki', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 37; the unsigned piece 'Kogda vernut dolgi voennym', Argumenty ifakty, 1997, 41; A. Makashov, 'Cherez 10 let my mozhem past' na koleni', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 47; and A. Kondrashev, 'Chem nedovol'ny voennye?', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 30.
99. [A. Kondrashev], 'Rossiiskii flot ukhodit na igolki', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 37; the unsigned piece 'Kogda vernut dolgi voennym', Argumenty ifakty, 1997, 41; A. Makashov, 'Cherez 10 let my mozhem past' na koleni', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 47; and A. Kondrashev, 'Chem nedovol'ny voennye?', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 30.
100. [A. Kondrashev], 'Rossiiskii flot ukhodit na igolki', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 37; the unsigned piece 'Kogda vernut dolgi voennym', Argumenty ifakty, 1997, 41; A. Makashov, 'Cherez 10 let my mozhem past' na koleni', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 47; and A. Kondrashev, 'Chem nedovol'ny voennye?', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 30.
101. 'Ssoryatsya ...', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 31.
102. See A. Kakotkin, 'Lev Rokhlin: "Razval armii privedet k raspadu Rossii" ', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 3.
103. S. Repov & M. Voldyrin, 'Banya reforme ne pomekha', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 5.
104. See Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, p. 213.
105. See the unsigned note 'Rokhlina poka prostili', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 27.
106. See the unsigned notes 'Rokhlin kak razmennaya moneta', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 40; and ' Shokhin mutit vodu', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 5.
107. See the unsigned notes 'Rokhlin kak razmennaya moneta', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 40; and ' Shokhin mutit vodu', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 5.
108. S. Repov & M. Voldyrin, 'I v Kitae est' Gaidary', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 27. For a detailed account of Rokhlin's tenure as chairman of the Duma Defence Committee, see Robert V. Baryl'ski, The Soldier in Russian Politics: Duty, Dictatorship and Democracy Under Gorbachev and Yeltsin (New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998), pp. 357-359, 478-480, 483.
109. S. Repov & M. Voldyrin, 'I v Kitae est' Gaidary', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 27. For a detailed account of Rokhlin's tenure as chairman of the Duma Defence Committee, see Robert V. Baryl'ski, The Soldier in Russian Politics: Duty, Dictatorship and Democracy Under Gorbachev and Yeltsin (New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998), pp. 357-359, 478-480, 483.
110. 'Rokhlin kak razmennaya moneta'.
111. S. Repov & M. Voldyrin, 'Perekhodyashchii priz - Rokhlin', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 38.
112. Robin Lodge, 'Wife Says She Killed Chechnya War Hero', The Times, 4 July 1998. According to one informed opinion, Rokhlin's Jewish background helped to alienate some members of the notoriously anti-semitic 'Red and Brown' opposition (see Tom Whitehouse, 'Fog of Intrigue Shrouds Murder of Yeltsin Opponent', The Guardian, 4 July 1998).
113. Robin Lodge, 'Wife Says She Killed Chechnya War Hero', The Times, 4 July 1998. According to one informed opinion, Rokhlin's Jewish background helped to alienate some members of the notoriously anti-semitic 'Red and Brown' opposition (see Tom Whitehouse, 'Fog of Intrigue Shrouds Murder of Yeltsin Opponent', The Guardian, 4 July 1998).
114. Robin Lodge, 'Wife Says She Killed Chechnya War Hero', The Times, 4 July 1998. According to one informed opinion, Rokhlin's Jewish background helped to alienate some members of the notoriously anti-semitic 'Red and Brown' opposition (see Tom Whitehouse, 'Fog of Intrigue Shrouds Murder of Yeltsin Opponent', The Guardian, 4 July 1998).
115. See V. Toporov, 'A esli "krasnye" vernutsya?' Kul'tura, 6 November 1997.
116. Some defence business enterprises are still making large profits; see, for instance, A. Uglanov, 'Zachem prodavat' voennye tekhnologii?', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 21; V. Buldakov, ' "Oboronka" sebya prokormit', Argumenty ifakty, 1998, 30.
117. Some defence business enterprises are still making large profits; see, for instance, A. Uglanov, 'Zachem prodavat' voennye tekhnologii?', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 21; V. Buldakov, ' "Oboronka" sebya prokormit', Argumenty ifakty, 1998, 30.
118. Some defence business enterprises are still making large profits; see, for instance, A. Uglanov, 'Zachem prodavat' voennye tekhnologii?', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 21; V. Buldakov, ' "Oboronka" sebya prokormit', Argumenty ifakty, 1998, 30.
119. See S. Yushenkov, 'Shturmovye otryady Krasnoi gvardii KPRF', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 39.
120. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 4 July 1998.
121. See Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 39; and Izvestiya, 4 July 1998.
122. See Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 39; and Izvestiya, 4 July 1998.
123. See V. Nikonov, 'Armiyu - vne politiki!', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 29; for Rokhlin's August 1997 public appeal on behalf of the organisation committee of the Movement in Support of the Army, 'We Will Soon Lose the Right to Call Ourselves Citizens of Russia', see Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, pp. 379-391.
124. See V. Nikonov, 'Armiyu - vne politiki!', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 29; for Rokhlin's August 1997 public appeal on behalf of the organisation committee of the Movement in Support of the Army, 'We Will Soon Lose the Right to Call Ourselves Citizens of Russia', see Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, pp. 379-391.
125. Barylski, The Soldier in Russian Politics, p. 483. Perhaps this was a reference to Hitler.
126. See the answer to a reader's question in Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 20, p. 24.
127. Shcherbinina & Vishnevsky, 'General Rokhlin: "V lyuboi moment menya mogut ubit' " '.
128. See Antipov, Lev Rokhlin: Zhizn' i smert' generala, p. 381.
129. See the transcription of a video recording of Rokhlin's speech at his meeting with the miners near the 'White House' on the day before his death, 'Lev Rokhlin s shakhterami na Gorbatom mostu: "Vasha rol' kraine vazhna" ', Sovetskaya Rossiya, 11 July 1998 (the videotape was offered to all major Russian TV channels, but they were not interested).
130. See Kommersant-Daily, 8 July 1998.
131. See Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 28.
132. B. Khorev, 'Gibel' Rokhlina i ee posledstviya', Zavtra, 1998, 27.
133. See, for example, the poems 'Devyatoe maya' by V. Bushin, Zavtra, 1998, 27, and ' U derevni Klokovo' by V. Eliseev, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 23 July 1998.
134. See, for example, the poems 'Devyatoe maya' by V. Bushin, Zavtra, 1998, 27, and ' U derevni Klokovo' by V. Eliseev, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 23 July 1998.
135. See P. Aleshkin, 'Ubiistvo generala: Rasskaz', Zavtra, 1998, 27.
136. Broadcast by the NTV channel on 17 November 1998.
137. V. Trukhachev, 'Kto, gde, kogda', Megapolis-ekspress, 1998, 31. The quotation in the German original reads: 'Der Mohr hat seine Arbeit gethan, der Mohr kann gehen' (act 3, scene 3).
138. See I. Bulavinov, 'Kommentarii', Kommersant-Daily, 20 September 1995.
139. Baranets, El 'tsin i ego generaly, p. 461;
140. and H. Elletson, The General Against the Kremlin: Alexander Lebed: Power and Illusion (London, Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 285.
141. It is curious that on the rating list of the 100 Russian politicians most frequently seen in the Russian media, Rokhlin appears in 21st position and Lebed' in 22nd. The list was compiled by the Klimenko Centre of Information and Analysis and printed in January 1997;
142. see the unsigned publication 'Kogo my chashche vidim', Argumenty i fakty, 1997, 3.
143. See V. Polushin, General Lebed' - zagadka Rossii (Moscow, s.n., 1996).
144. See E. Limonov, Anatomiya geroya (Smolensk, Rusich, 1998), pp. 280-284.
145. See V. Kornev, I. Korol'kov & V. Litovkin, 'Vstrechnyi udar: Zainteresovan li general Rokhlin v tom, chtoby s nego snyali vse podozreniya?', Izvestiya, 30 July 1996.
146. Kommersant-Daily, 4 July 1998.
147. See Komsomol'skaya pravda, 10 July 1998; and E. Loriya, 'Delo Rokhlina: Versii mnogo, podozrevaemaya odna', Novye izvestiya, 16 January 1999.
148. See Komsomol'skaya pravda, 10 July 1998; and E. Loriya, 'Delo Rokhlina: Versii mnogo, podozrevaemaya odna', Novye izvestiya, 16 January 1999.
149. The Communist MP and former procurator Viktor Ilyukhin, described as careless with words but careful with actions, has replaced Rokhlin as the leader of the movement. Another Communist MP, the anti-semite General Al'bert Makashov (on his xenophobic tirades
150. see Owen Matthews, 'Russian Reformers' Unity Pact', The Scotsman, 28 November 1998 ) has been appointed his deputy (
151. see S. Aksenov, 'Viktor Iluykhin poshel po puti Rokhlina: On vozglavil Dvizhenie v podderzhku armii', Kommersant-Daily, 9 July 1998;
152. A. Zverev, 'Vooruzheny i ochen' opasny', Moskovskii komsomolets, 8 September 1998;
153. for a post-Rokhlin declaration of the movement see V. Ilyukhin, 'Volya armii', Zavtra, 1998, 36).
154. It is quite possible that the dead General suited his colleagues in the opposition more than the live one. They certainly tried to make the most of his departure, turning his funeral and the traditional Russian ceremony on the 40th day after his death into political demonstrations
155. (see Kommersant-Daily and Izvestiya, 8 July 1998 and Nezavisimaya gazeta, 13 August 1998).
156. (see Kommersant-Daily and Izvestiya, 8 July 1998 and Nezavisimaya gazeta, 13 August 1998).
157. Incidentally, it is curious that, according to some reports, on 3 July 1998 the TV crews got to the scene of the crime before the police
158. (see Novye izvestiya, 16 January 1999).
159. See A. N. Ivanov (compiler), Zakaznye prestupleniya: Ubiistva, krazhi, grabezhi (Minsk, Literatura, 1996), pp. 319, 321; Plakhov (compiler), Zakaznye ubiistva v Rossii, pp. 17, 26.
160. See A. N. Ivanov (compiler), Zakaznye prestupleniya: Ubiistva, krazhi, grabezhi (Minsk, Literatura, 1996), pp. 319, 321; Plakhov (compiler), Zakaznye ubiistva v Rossii, pp. 17, 26.
161. As the General's daughter puts it, 'he can't be a hero if he is slaughtered by his own wife' (Novye izvestiya, 16 January 1999).
162. See M. Balutenko & V. Pribylovsky, 'Khronika politicheskikh ubiistv v Rossii (1992-1998)', Russkaya mysl', 26 November-2 December 1998.
163. There is a theory which finds it possible to integrate both the 'political' and the 'domestic' versions. On the basis of reports that on 1 July 1998 a group of suspicious looking men setting up some electronic equipment were spotted outside Rokhlin's dacha, it has been suggested that these men installed a generator of waves which affected Tamara Rokhlina's brain and turned her into a murderer
164. (see A. Kondrashev, 'Tainy psikhotronnogo oruzhiya', Argumenty i fakty, 1998, 29).
165. See Plakhov (compiler), Zakaznye ubiistva v Rossii, p. 22.
166. This book states that 'it appears as though only the crimes [contract killings] which are sanctioned to be solved are solved' (p. 230). According to some sources, approximately 500 contract killings on average take place in post-Soviet Russia every year (
167. see S. Maksimov, 'Rossiiskaya organizovannaya prestupnost': Vzglyad iz-za rubezha', Chelovek i zakon, 1998, 6, p. 77).
168. One journalist claims that no more than 10% of them are solved (see A. Maksimov, Rossiiskaya prestupnost': Kto est' kto (Moscow, EKSMO, 1998, p. 93).
169. For the official data on the estimated contract murders in Russia in 1992-96
170. Maksimov, Rossiiskaya prestupnost';
171. T. Frisby, 'The Rise of Organised Crime in Russia: Its Roots and Social Significance', Europe-Asia Studies, 50, 1, 1998, pp. 46, 48;
172. R. W. Dellow, 'Russian Organised Crime', Conflict Studies Research Centre Papers, E97, March 1998, p. 7.
173. In its 1998 report the Ministry of the Interior informs us that 132 contract killings were solved in 1997, but it does not say how many contract killings altogether were registered that year (Militsiya, 1998, 4, p. 12).
174. As reported by the NTV channel on 18 December 1998.
175. As Tom Whitehouse prophetically noted on the day after Rokhlin's murder, 'with a confession from Gen Rokhlin's wife and more than 90% of criminal cases ending in conviction of the accused, the investigation looks complete' (The Guardian, 4 July 1998).
176. See A. Golovenko, 'Otpechatki pal'tsev smyli poroshkom?', Parlamentskaya gazeta, 24 December 1998.
177. See Novye izvestiya, 16 January 1999.
178. The fact that the General was murdered in his sleep has allowed Rokhlina's investigators to alter the original indictment. Now they are charging her with premeditated murder in accordance with Article 105 (part 2) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (homicide 'of a person known by the guilty person to be in a helpless state'). If found guilty, Rokhlina could be jailed for life (
179. see E. Sazhneva, 'Sledstvie nakonets uznalo, chto general Rokhlin umer vo sne', Moskovskii komsomolets, 26 March 1999).