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Volumn 55, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 270-296

Tashkent 1917: Muslim politics in revolutionary Turkestan

(1)  Khalid, Adeeb a  

a NONE

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Indexed keywords


EID: 0006252528     PISSN: 00376779     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2501913     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (149)
  • 1
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    • "The Fall of the Czarist Empire," and "Civil War and Governments,"
    • both in Edward Allworth, ed., New York: Columbia University Press
    • Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, "The Fall of the Czarist Empire," and "Civil War and Governments," both in Edward Allworth, ed., Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 213-53;
    • (1967) Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule , pp. 213-253
    • Carrère D'Encausse, H.1
  • 4
    • 84925894584 scopus 로고
    • Toward Soviet Power in Tashkent, February-October 1917
    • Richard A. Pierce, "Toward Soviet Power in Tashkent, February-October 1917," Canadian Slavonic Papers 17 (1975): 261-69.
    • (1975) Canadian Slavonic Papers , vol.17 , pp. 261-269
    • Pierce, R.A.1
  • 5
    • 53349103018 scopus 로고
    • 2 vols. reprint, Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • William Henry Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921, 2 vols. (1935; reprint, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), 1:341;
    • (1935) The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 , vol.1 , pp. 341
    • Chamberlin, W.H.1
  • 7
    • 53349168921 scopus 로고
    • Tashkent: Fan
    • The standard Soviet account of the revolution, as it emerged in the post-Stalin period, centered around the Bolsheviks' triumph over all opposition (including that of local bourgeois nationalists). This triumph, it insisted, embodied the friendship of peoples and the proper solution to the nationalities question in Central Asia. See, e.g., Pobeda sovetskoi vlasti v Srednei Azii i Kazakhstane (Tashkent: Fan, 1967).
    • (1967) Pobeda Sovetskoi Vlasti v Srednei Azii i Kazakhstane
  • 8
    • 0942294199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moscow, reprint, Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies
    • Early Soviet accounts, although free of such post facto justifications, nevertheless adopted the triumphalist tone of victors and were, moreover, marred by grave errors of fact stemming from their authors' complete ignorance of Central Asian languages or politics. The best example of this literature is Georgii Safarov, Kolonial'naia revoliutsiia: Opyt Turkestana (Moscow, 1922; reprint, Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985).
    • (1922) Kolonial'naia Revoliutsiia: Opyt Turkestana
    • Safarov, G.1
  • 9
    • 53349177771 scopus 로고
    • Turkiston 1917 yilda
    • 2 vols. Tashkent: Fan
    • The post-Soviet period has been marked by a severe economic crisis for Central Asian academe which has drastically reduced its output. Although much has been written about the early Soviet period and the individuals involved, the year 1917 itself has been largely ignored: see Hamid Ismoil, "Turkiston 1917 yilda," in Fitna san'' ati, 2 vols. (Tashkent: Fan, 1993), 1:5-18;
    • (1993) Fitna San'' Ati , vol.1 , pp. 5-18
    • Ismoil, H.1
  • 11
    • 53349177768 scopus 로고
    • Iz istorii natsional'nogo dvizheniia v Turkestane posle fevralia 1917 goda
    • R. M. Abdullaev, "Iz istorii natsional'nogo dvizheniia v Turkestane posle fevralia 1917 goda," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistan, 1993, no. 4: 49-53; as well as works on the Kokand Autonomy cited below.
    • (1993) Obshchestvennye Nauki v Uzbekistan , Issue.4 , pp. 49-53
    • Abdullaev, R.M.1
  • 13
    • 0004280828 scopus 로고
    • trans. Richard Nice Stanford: Stanford University Press
    • On "cultural capital," see Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 108-12.
    • (1990) The Logic of Practice , pp. 108-112
    • Bourdieu, P.1
  • 14
    • 33748874996 scopus 로고
    • St. Petersburg: Izd. A. F. Devriena
    • V. I. Masal'skii, Turkestanskii krai (St. Petersburg: Izd. A. F. Devriena, 1913), 362.
    • (1913) Turkestanskii Krai , pp. 362
    • Masal'skii, V.I.1
  • 16
    • 53349177769 scopus 로고
    • Moscow: SSSR Khalqlarining Markazi Nashriyati
    • Largely because of the existence of a small number of extremely valuable memoirs by Bukharan revolutionaries, the revolution in Bukhara has received far more scholarly attention than the events in Turkestan. See S. Ayni, Bukhara inqilabi tarikhi uchun materiallar (Moscow: SSSR Khalqlarining Markazi Nashriyati, 1922);
    • (1922) Bukhara Inqilabi Tarikhi Uchun Materiallar
    • Ayni, S.1
  • 21
    • 0006194419 scopus 로고
    • Bukhara v 1917 godu
    • Reinhard Eisener, "Bukhara v 1917 godu," Vostok, 1994, no. 4: 131-44;
    • (1994) Vostok , Issue.4 , pp. 131-144
    • Eisener, R.1
  • 22
    • 85033035688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reinhard Eisener, Vostok, no. 5: 75-92.
    • Vostok , Issue.5 , pp. 75-92
    • Eisener, R.1
  • 24
    • 84972003151 scopus 로고
    • Printing, Publishing, and Reform in Tsarist Central Asia
    • Adeeb Khalid, "Printing, Publishing, and Reform in Tsarist Central Asia," International Journal of Middle East Studies 26 (1994): 187-200.
    • (1994) International Journal of middle East Studies , vol.26 , pp. 187-200
    • Khalid, A.1
  • 25
    • 0002257903 scopus 로고
    • Some Thoughts on the Making of the Uzbek Nation
    • I have consistently translated millat as "community," not "nation," because the term lacked an overt ethnic connotation in Turkestan in 1917. Nevertheless, it is not correct to argue (as many have, following the influential opinion of Alexandre Bennigsen) that Turkestani Muslims lacked any group identity beyond the tribal or the religious. For more detailed attention to this point, see Ingeborg Baldauf, "Some Thoughts on the Making of the Uzbek Nation," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 32 (1991): 79-96;
    • (1991) Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique , vol.32 , pp. 79-96
    • Baldauf, I.1
  • 27
    • 84928465449 scopus 로고
    • Russian Regionalism in Turkestan
    • On the evolution of Russian attitudes in Turkestan, see Dov B. Yaroshevsky, "Russian Regionalism in Turkestan," Slavonic and East European Review 65 (1987): 77-100.
    • (1987) Slavonic and East European Review , vol.65 , pp. 77-100
    • Yaroshevsky, D.B.1
  • 28
    • 0025626566 scopus 로고
    • Study of the Economic Crisis and Depopulation in Turkestan, 1917-1920
    • in a series of remarkable articles; see his
    • The Russian settler response to the revolution has been analyzed by Marco Buttino in a series of remarkable articles; see his "Study of the Economic Crisis and Depopulation in Turkestan, 1917-1920," Central Asian Survey 9, no. 4 (1990): 59-74;
    • (1990) Central Asian Survey , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 59-74
    • Buttino, M.1
  • 29
    • 79954636415 scopus 로고
    • 'La terra a chi la lavora': La politica coloniale russa in Turkestan tra la crisi dello Zarismo e le rivoluzioni del 1917
    • Alberto Masoero and Antonello Venturi, eds., Milan: Franco Angeli
    • Buttino, "'La terra a chi la lavora': La politica coloniale russa in Turkestan tra la crisi dello Zarismo e le rivoluzioni del 1917," in Alberto Masoero and Antonello Venturi, eds., Russica: Studi e ricerche sulla Russia contemporanea (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1990), 277-332;
    • (1990) Russica: Studi e Ricerche Sulla Russia Contemporanea , pp. 277-332
    • Buttino1
  • 30
    • 53349177767 scopus 로고
    • Turkestan 1917, la révolution des Russes
    • Buttino, "Turkestan 1917, la révolution des Russes," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 32 (1991): 61-77;
    • (1991) Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique , vol.32 , pp. 61-77
    • Buttino1
  • 31
    • 53349168919 scopus 로고
    • Politics and Social Conflict during a Famine: Turkestan Immediately after the Revolution
    • Buttino, ed., Milan: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
    • Buttino, "Politics and Social Conflict during a Famine: Turkestan Immediately after the Revolution," in Buttino, ed., In a Collapsing Empire: Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflicts and Nationalisms in the Soviet Union (Milan: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, 1993), 257-77.
    • (1993) In a Collapsing Empire: Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflicts and Nationalisms in the Soviet Union , pp. 257-277
    • Buttino1
  • 33
    • 0004000288 scopus 로고
    • Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University
    • on Russian settlement in the Kazakh lands, see George J. Demko, The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan, 1896-1916 (Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, 1969);
    • (1969) The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan, 1896-1916
    • Demko, G.J.1
  • 34
    • 0004029854 scopus 로고
    • Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, chaps. 4-6
    • also Martha Brill Olcott, The Kazakhs (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1987), chaps. 4-6.
    • (1987) The Kazakhs
    • Olcott, M.B.1
  • 36
    • 53349166986 scopus 로고
    • Basmachestvo v Fergane
    • Moscow: Nauchnaia Assotsiatsiia Vostokovedeniia pri TsIK SSSR
    • For a similarly harsh appraisal of the Russian labor movement and the early Soviet regime in Turkestan, see the opening pages of S. Ginzburg, "Basmachestvo v Fergane," in Ocherki revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Srednei Azii: Sbornik statei (Moscow: Nauchnaia Assotsiatsiia Vostokovedeniia pri TsIK SSSR, 1926). Such critical evaluations of early communists were out of vogue by the 1930s.
    • (1926) Ocherki Revoliutsionnogo Dvizheniia v Srednei Azii: Sbornik Statei
    • Ginzburg, S.1
  • 38
    • 85033068233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All dates in this article are old style
    • All dates in this article are old style.
  • 40
    • 53349167258 scopus 로고
    • Tashkent: Rawnaq Kutubkhānasi
    • Nor was the print run of 10,000 indicative of a speculative instinct on the part of the publisher: a few weeks later, the same poet published a narrative poem giving an account of the revolution in Petrograd with a print run of 25,000. Here again, the fundamental theme was liberty: the events in Petrograd, which Sidqi recounts in considerable detail, represented the culmination of a long struggle for liberty that dated back to Pugachev. The verse format of the pamphlet bridged the gap in intelligibility by translating the episode into a form accessible to the local population. Cf. Sidqi, Buyuk Rusya inqilābi (Tashkent: Rawnaq Kutubkhānasi, 1917), 48 pp. The February revolution gave rise to a small literary explosion in Turkestan, of which the works of Sidqi are only one example. For obvious reasons, this corpus has received no scholarly attention.
    • (1917) Buyuk Rusya Inqilābi
    • Sidqi1
  • 41
    • 53349102998 scopus 로고
    • (Kokand), no date April
    • Rawnaq ul-Islām (Kokand), no. 5, no date (April 1917).
    • (1917) Rawnaq Ul-Islām , Issue.5
  • 43
    • 85033040213 scopus 로고
    • 23 March
    • Najāt, 23 March 1917.
    • (1917) Najāt
  • 44
    • 85033071738 scopus 로고
    • 19 March
    • Najāt, 19 March 1917.
    • (1917) Najāt
  • 45
    • 53349168393 scopus 로고
    • Najāt, 1917. Ibid.
    • (1917) Najāt
  • 46
    • 85033035837 scopus 로고
    • 26 March
    • Najāt, 26 March 1917;
    • (1917) Najāt
  • 47
    • 53349102983 scopus 로고
    • 25 April
    • Ulugh Turkistān, 25 April 1917, 2;
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān , pp. 2
  • 48
    • 53349177766 scopus 로고
    • (Kokand), 2 April
    • Tirik soz (Kokand), 2 April 1917. All periodicals cited here were published in Tashkent unless otherwise stated.
    • (1917) Tirik Soz
  • 49
  • 50
    • 53349163283 scopus 로고
    • Very similar aims were expressed by the Muslim Education Society in Samarkand (Samarqand anjuman-i maārif-i islāmiya jamiyatining mukhtasar proghrāmasi [Samarkand: Samarqand anjuman-i maārif-i islāmiya jamiyati, 1917], 2-7).
    • (1917) Samarkand: Samarqand Anjuman-i Maārif-i Islāmiya Jamiyati , pp. 2-7
  • 51
    • 53349177766 scopus 로고
    • (Kokand), 2 April
    • Tirik soz (Kokand), 2 April 1917.
    • (1917) Tirik Soz
  • 52
    • 85033040803 scopus 로고
    • Turkistānda tashkilāt masalasi
    • 11 July
    • "Turkistānda tashkilāt masalasi," Kengash, 11 July 1917.
    • (1917) Kengash
  • 53
    • 85033059491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsentral'nyi Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Respubliki Uzbckistana (TsGARUz), Tashkent, f. 1, op. 8, d. 528, ll. 16-16ob
    • Tsentral'nyi Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Respubliki Uzbckistana (TsGARUz), Tashkent, f. 1, op. 8, d. 528, ll. 16-16ob.
  • 54
    • 85033062531 scopus 로고
    • Soveshchanie po reorganizatsii 'Turkestanskoi Tuzemnoi Gazety,'
    • 16 March
    • Gr. Andreev, "Soveshchanie po reorganizatsii 'Turkestanskoi Tuzemnoi Gazety,'" Turkestanskie vedomosti, 16 March 1917;
    • (1917) Turkestanskie Vedomosti
    • Andreev, Gr.1
  • 55
    • 85033038412 scopus 로고
    • Tarikhi majlis
    • 19 March
    • "Tarikhi majlis," Najāt, 19 March 1917. There was delicious irony in the newspaper being taken over by Munawwar Qari at a meeting held at the Teachers' Seminary. Ostroumov, editor of TWG and director of the Teachers' Seminary since its establishment in 1879, had come to Turkestan in 1877 and held a number of high-ranking official positions. His competence as an orientalist made him the confidant and consultant of successive governors-general, and by 1917 his name was synonymous with the conservative, paternalistic side of Russian power in the region. Ostroumov cultivated friendly relations with some local literati while keeping a wary eye on those, such as the Jadids (with special animus directed at Munawwar Qāri), who he feared worked against the "general state interests" of Russia.
    • (1917) Najāt
  • 56
    • 85033062244 scopus 로고
    • Robert Paul Browder and Alexander F. Kerensky, eds., 3 vols. Stanford: Stanford University Press
    • The zemstvo was introduced to Turkestan by a decree of the Provisional Government of 1 July 1917: Robert Paul Browder and Alexander F. Kerensky, eds., The Russian Provisional Government 1917: Documents, 3 vols. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961), 1:305.
    • (1961) The Russian Provisional Government 1917: Documents , vol.1 , pp. 305
  • 58
    • 53349102983 scopus 로고
    • 25 April
    • Ulugh Turkistān, 25 April 1917. The possession of formal mandates does not seem to have been a crucial prerequisite for participating in the proceedings.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 62
    • 85033070764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Browder and Kerensky, eds.
    • see also Browder and Kerensky, eds., Russian Provisional Government, 1:420-21.
    • Russian Provisional Government , vol.1 , pp. 420-421
  • 63
    • 85033037770 scopus 로고
    • 23 April
    • Najāt, 23 April 1917;
    • (1917) Najāt
  • 64
    • 85033038700 scopus 로고
    • Turkistanda birinchi 'qurultay,'
    • (Orenburg), 15 July
    • Ahlullah Khayrullah oghli, "Turkistanda birinchi 'qurultay,'" Shura (Orenburg), 15 July 1917, 323-24;
    • (1917) Shura , pp. 323-324
    • Oghli, A.K.1
  • 66
    • 85033043299 scopus 로고
    • 31 August
    • Kengash, 31 August 1917.
    • (1917) Kengash
  • 67
    • 85033058504 scopus 로고
    • E'tizārga e'tizār
    • (Kokand), 15 April
    • Muallim Hakimjān Mirzākhānzāda, "E'tizārga e'tizār," Kengash (Kokand), 15 April 1917, 14.
    • (1917) Kengash , pp. 14
    • Mirzakhanzada, M.H.1
  • 68
    • 53349102997 scopus 로고
    • Maktab wa madrasalar islāhi
    • 5 May
    • Ibrāhim Tāhir, "Maktab wa madrasalar islāhi," Ulugh Turkistān, 5 May 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
    • Tahir, I.1
  • 70
    • 85033045649 scopus 로고
    • 26 March
    • Najāt, 26 March 1917.
    • (1917) Najāt
  • 71
    • 85033060843 scopus 로고
    • Turkistān Protopopovlari
    • 14 June
    • I have encountered several indirect references to this incident in contemporary accounts; e.g., TsGARUz, f. 1044, d. 1, l. 36; or a letter signed by representatives of two Andijan organizations expressing dismay at the actions of "the Protopopovs of Turkestan": "Turkistān Protopopovlari," Ulugh Turkistan, 14 June 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistan
  • 72
    • 85033043609 scopus 로고
    • Shāyān-i ta'assuf wāqealar
    • 31 May
    • "Shāyān-i ta'assuf wāqealar," Ulugh Turkistān, 31 May 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 73
    • 85033065910 scopus 로고
    • (Orenburg), 15 June
    • This incident caused comment in the Tatar press as well; see Shura (Orenburg), 15 June 1917, 286-87.
    • (1917) Shura , pp. 286-287
  • 75
    • 85033042714 scopus 로고
    • 16 June
    • al-Izāh, 16 June 1917, 1-5.
    • (1917) Al-Izāh , pp. 1-5
  • 76
    • 84906467724 scopus 로고
    • Ankara: Yaş Türkistan Neşriyati
    • TsGARUz, f. 47, d. 2769; Mustafa Çokay, 1917 Yilt Hatira Parçalari (Ankara: Yaş Türkistan Neşriyati, 1988), 18-19.
    • (1988) 1917 Yilt Hatira Parçalari , pp. 18-19
    • Çokay, M.1
  • 78
    • 53349164234 scopus 로고
    • Song harakat, yakhshi muwaffaqiyat
    • 9 April
    • Sh. R., "Song harakat, yakhshi muwaffaqiyat," Najāt, 9 April 1917.
    • (1917) Najāt
    • R., Sh.1
  • 79
    • 85033066265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minutes of the meetings of the committee are in TsGARUz, f. 1044, d. l
    • Minutes of the meetings of the committee are in TsGARUz, f. 1044, d. l.
  • 80
    • 85033049937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TsGARUz, f. 1044, d. 1, ll. 173-173ob; cf. PORvU, 1:85, 95-98
    • TsGARUz, f. 1044, d. 1, ll. 173-173ob; cf. PORvU, 1:85, 95-98.
  • 81
    • 53349102983 scopus 로고
    • 13 May
    • Ulugh Turkistān, 13 May 1917, 3.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān , pp. 3
  • 82
    • 53349177764 scopus 로고
    • Istanbul: Güven
    • The malaise was mutual; Abdullah Battal Taymas, one of the Kazan representatives, looked back on his visit as a waste of time: Rus Ihtilâlinden Hâtiralar (Istanbul: Güven, 1947), 39.
    • (1947) Rus Ihtilâlinden Hâtiralar , pp. 39
  • 83
    • 53349164232 scopus 로고
    • Qāzān hay'atining isti'fasi
    • 7 June
    • "Qāzān hay'atining isti'fasi," Ulugh Turkistān, 7 June 1917, 4.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān , pp. 4
  • 84
    • 85033038529 scopus 로고
    • Qāzān hay'ati
    • 27 August
    • "Qāzān hay'ati," Ulugh Turkistān, 27 August 1917, 4.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān , pp. 4
  • 85
    • 85033056873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Browder and Kerensky, eds.
    • Browder and Kerensky, eds., Russian Provisional Government, 1: 409.
    • Russian Provisional Government , vol.1 , pp. 409
  • 88
    • 0039746660 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press
    • On the Türk Adäm-i Märkäziyāt Firqäsi, see Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 86, 90. (Adam-i markaziyat is literally "decentralization," but the party's own publications used the designation Tiurkskaia federativnaia partiia, which I have followed in translating the name into English.)
    • (1985) Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community , pp. 86
    • Swietochowski, T.1
  • 89
    • 85033042711 scopus 로고
    • 28 July
    • Members of a delegation from Baku had attended the meeting of the Central Council on 26 June and been coopted into it: Kengash, 28 July 1917.
    • (1917) Kengash
  • 90
    • 53349164116 scopus 로고
    • 6 September
    • The first issue of its newspaper, Turān, published an article that lavished praise on the ulamā: "A number of complaints have arisen since the beginning of Freedom because of discord between the ulamā and the youth [yāshlar]. Gentlemen, even a little prudent reflection would force us to admit that today the ulamā are our spiritual fathers and the supporters of our faith. If we youth deny their existence, we will be guilty [gunāhgār] for all time." ("Jahālat yuzindan i'tilāfsizlik," Turān, 1 September 1917.) The next issue of the newspaper published a similarly laudatory article about the ulamā: "al-Ulamā warsat ul-anbiyā," Turān, 6 September 1917.
    • (1917) Turān
  • 91
    • 85033045448 scopus 로고
    • Turkistonda khalq jumhuriyati
    • Ahmadjon Madaminov and Said Murod, eds.
    • This document has recently been published in modern Uzbek by Ahmadjon Madaminov and Said Murod, eds., "Turkistonda khalq jumhuriyati," Fan wa Turmush, 1990, no. 7: 6-8;
    • (1990) Fan wa Turmush , Issue.7 , pp. 6-8
  • 92
    • 53349102851 scopus 로고
    • The Program of the Turkic Federalist Party in Turkistan (1917)
    • H. B. Paksoy, ed., Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe
    • for an English translation and commentary, see Hisao Komatsu, "The Program of the Turkic Federalist Party in Turkistan (1917)," in H. B. Paksoy, ed., Central Asia Reader: The Rediscovery of History (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 117-26.
    • (1994) Central Asia Reader: The Rediscovery of History , pp. 117-126
    • Komatsu, H.1
  • 94
    • 85033044712 scopus 로고
    • 23 April
    • Najāt, 23 April 1917;
    • (1917) Najāt
  • 95
    • 85033064027 scopus 로고
    • 25 July
    • Kengash, 25 July 1917.
    • (1917) Kengash
  • 96
    • 53349161895 scopus 로고
    • Tashkent: Tāshkand Shurā-i Islāmiyasi
    • Tāshkand Shurā-i Islāmiyasi, Khitābnāma (Tashkent: Tāshkand Shurā-i Islāmiyasi, 1917), 2.
    • (1917) Khitābnāma , pp. 2
    • Islamiyasi, T.S.-I.1
  • 99
    • 53349161897 scopus 로고
    • V obshchestve mull
    • 2 July PORvU
    • "V obshchestve mull," Turkestanskii kur'er, 2 July 1917, in PORvU, 1:153.
    • (1917) Turkestanskii Kur'er , vol.1 , pp. 153
  • 100
    • 85033051465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This expression was used in three places in the sixteen pages of the first issue of their organ, al-Izāh (16 June 1917). Muslim tradition holds that God sent a succession of prophets to bear his message to humanity. Although this succession came to an end with Muhammad, the "Seal of the Prophets," the ulamā claimed to "inherit" its authority.
  • 101
    • 53349102983 scopus 로고
    • 27 August
    • Ulugh Turkistān, 27 August 1917, 3.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān , pp. 3
  • 102
    • 85033060276 scopus 로고
    • Duma jivilishi
    • 23 August
    • "Duma jivilishi," Ulugh Turkistān, 23 August 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 103
    • 53349102984 scopus 로고
    • Maktab kāmisiyasi
    • 8 September
    • In a few weeks, the commission decided to co-opt four experts to help it in its work and elected Munawwar Qāri as one of the four. But the ulamā still managed to elect two teachers of old-method schools. "Maktab kāmisiyasi," Kengash, 8 September 1917.
    • (1917) Kengash
  • 104
    • 85033072485 scopus 로고
    • 31 August
    • See Kengash, 31 August 1917, for the agenda of the congress.
    • (1917) Kengash
  • 105
    • 85033039447 scopus 로고
    • 12 September
    • Kengash, 12 September 1917.
    • (1917) Kengash
  • 106
    • 53349102983 scopus 로고
    • 7 and 10 September
    • The text of the draft resolution is in Ulugh Turkistān, 7 and 10 September 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 107
    • 85033072277 scopus 로고
    • 13 September
    • Kengash, 13 September 1917.
    • (1917) Kengash
  • 108
    • 85033065121 scopus 로고
    • Ulamā isyazdining qarārlari
    • 30 September
    • "Ulamā isyazdining qarārlari," Ulugh Turkistān, 30 September 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 109
    • 85033061872 scopus 로고
    • Tāshkandda ulamā siyazdi
    • 30 September
    • "Tāshkandda ulamā siyazdi," Ulugh Turkistān, 30 September 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 110
    • 85033045461 scopus 로고
    • Musulmānlar!
    • 15 October
    • "Musulmānlar!" Turk Eli, 15 October 1917.
    • (1917) Turk Eli
  • 111
    • 85033070053 scopus 로고
    • Yedisu Musulmānlari haqqinda buyuk nimāyish
    • 23 August
    • "Yedisu Musulmānlari haqqinda buyuk nimāyish," Ulugh Turkistān, 23 August 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 114
    • 85033060372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Browder and Kerensky, eds.
    • The incident was reported prominently in the Provisional Government's Vestnik, where the connection with food riots is made explictly (see Browder and Kerensky, eds., Russian Provisional Government, 1:422-24).
    • Russian Provisional Government , vol.1 , pp. 422-424
  • 115
    • 85033050893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PORvU, 1: 328-30.
    • PORvU , vol.1 , pp. 328-330
  • 116
    • 85033048172 scopus 로고
    • 21 September
    • Turān, 21 September 1917;
    • (1917) Turān
  • 117
    • 53349102983 scopus 로고
    • 30 September
    • see also Ulugh Turkistān, 30 September 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 118
    • 85033043422 scopus 로고
    • 15 December
    • Defensist Mensheviks and Right SRs had dominated the Turkestan soviet in the spring and summer; the Second Congress shifted the balance toward more radical parties, a combination of Menshevik-Internationalists, Left SRs, and Bolsheviks: Zhizn' natsional'nostei, 15 December 1918, 8. One should, however, be wary of setting great store by party labels in Turkestan where, as Buttino has pursuasively argued, issues of food supply and maintaining the privileged political position of the settler population were of far greater significance.
    • (1918) Zhizn' natsional'nostei , pp. 8
  • 119
    • 85033071043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carrère d'Encausse, "Civil War and New Governments," 225, asserts that the "refusal [of the soviet to share power] welded the unity of all the Muslim political groups," which united around the Shurā.
    • Civil War and New Governments , pp. 225
    • Carrère D'Encausse1
  • 120
    • 85033038592 scopus 로고
    • Musulmān krāevai siyazdining bātafsil qarāri
    • 28 November
    • "Musulmān krāevai siyazdining bātafsil qarāri," al-Izāh, 28 November 1917, 269.
    • (1917) Al-Izāh , pp. 269
  • 121
    • 53349166980 scopus 로고
    • 15nchi noyābirda Tāshkandda bolghān musulman krāevai siyazdining qarāri
    • 28 November
    • "15nchi noyābirda Tāshkandda bolghān musulman krāevai siyazdining qarāri," al-Izāh, 28 November 1917, 266-67.
    • (1917) Al-Izāh , pp. 266-267
  • 122
    • 53349166980 scopus 로고
    • 15nchi noyābirda Tāshkandda bolghān musulman krāevai siyazdining qarāri
    • "15nchi noyābirda Tāshkandda bolghān musulman krāevai siyazdining qarāri," al-Izāh, 1917, 266-67. Ibid.;
    • (1917) Al-Izāh , pp. 266-267
  • 123
    • 85033036165 scopus 로고
    • Siyazdning qarāri
    • 18 November
    • "Siyazdning qarāri," Ulugh Turkistān, 18 November 1917.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 124
    • 53349168900 scopus 로고
    • Moscow: Iuridicheskaia literatura
    • The text of this resolution is in A. A. Gordienko, Obrazovanie Turkestanskoi ASSR (Moscow: Iuridicheskaia literatura, 1968), 309-10.
    • (1968) Obrazovanie Turkestanskoi ASSR , pp. 309-310
    • Gordienko, A.A.1
  • 125
    • 53349164515 scopus 로고
    • Moscow: Izd. Politicheskoi Literatury
    • Dekrety sovetskoi vlasti (Moscow: Izd. Politicheskoi Literatury, 1957), 1:113-15.
    • (1957) Dekrety Sovetskoi Vlasti , vol.1 , pp. 113-115
  • 126
    • 84897291775 scopus 로고
    • Le Turkestan depuis la révolution russe
    • J. Castagné, "Le Turkestan depuis la révolution russe," Revue du monde musulman 50 (1922): 47. Castagné was a French archeologist who spent several years in Turkestan before and during the revolution.
    • (1922) Revue du Monde Musulman , vol.50 , pp. 47
    • Castagné, J.1
  • 127
    • 85033066425 scopus 로고
    • (Kokand), 28 November
    • El bayrāghi (Kokand), 28 November 1917;
    • (1917) El Bayrāghi
  • 128
    • 85033063429 scopus 로고
    • (Orenburg), 13 December
    • Vaqït (Orenburg), 13 December 1917.
    • (1917) Vaqït
  • 129
    • 85033050023 scopus 로고
    • Muwaqqat Turkistān hukumatining a'zalari
    • 13 December
    • The ministers and their portfolios were as follows: Muhamedjan Tïnïshpaev, prime minister, internal affairs; Islam Shahiahmedov, deputy prime minister, Mustafa Choqāy, external affairs; Ubaydullah Khojaev, people's militia; Yur Ali Āghāev, land and water, Ābidjān Mahmudov, food supply; Abdurrahmān-bek Urazaev, deputy minister for internal affairs; and Solomon Gertsfel'd, finance. Cf. "Muwaqqat Turkistān hukumatining a'zalari," Ulugh Turkistan, 13 December 1917, 1.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistan , pp. 1
  • 130
    • 53349102983 scopus 로고
    • 8 December
    • Ulugh Turkistān, 8 December 1917, 2.
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān , pp. 2
  • 131
    • 85033038849 scopus 로고
    • 17 December
    • Vaqït, 17 December 1917.
    • (1917) Vaqït
  • 132
    • 53349165537 scopus 로고
    • Vaqït, 1917. Ibid.
    • (1917) Vaqït
  • 134
    • 85033067594 scopus 로고
    • Katta mitingh
    • 10 December
    • "Katta mitingh," Ulugh Turkistān, 10 December 1917;
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 135
    • 85033055609 scopus 로고
    • Fājiali wāqea
    • 16 December
    • "Fājiali wāqea," Ulugh Turkistān, 16 December 1917;
    • (1917) Ulugh Turkistān
  • 136
    • 85033067256 scopus 로고
    • Tāshkandda mukhtāriyat nimāyishi
    • 25 December
    • "Tāshkandda mukhtāriyat nimāyishi," al-Izāh, 25 December 1917, 277;
    • (1917) Al-Izāh , pp. 277
  • 138
    • 85033067256 scopus 로고
    • Tāshkandda mukhtāriyat nimāyishi
    • 25 December
    • "Tāshkandda mukhtāriyat nimāyishi," al-Izāh, 25 December 1917, 277.
    • (1917) Al-Izāh , pp. 277
  • 139
    • 85033038050 scopus 로고
    • 21 January
    • al-Izāh, 21 January 1918, 315.
    • (1918) Al-Izāh , pp. 315
  • 140
    • 85033050521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • al-Izāh, Ibid., 316.
    • Al-Izāh , pp. 316
  • 141
    • 0942294199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "Kokand Autonomy" became a taboo subject very early on and remains a little-known episode of the revolution. For early Soviet treatments, already contentious, see Safarov, Kolonial'naia revoliutsiia, 111-25;
    • Kolonial'naia Revoliutsiia , pp. 111-125
    • Safarov1
  • 143
    • 53349161894 scopus 로고
    • 'Kokandskaia avtonomiia' i nekotorye ee uroki
    • More recent views are in M. Khasanov, "'Kokandskaia avtonomiia' i nekotorye ee uroki," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistan, 1990, no. 2: 41-52;
    • (1990) Obshchestvennye Nauki v Uzbekistan , Issue.2 , pp. 41-52
    • Khasanov, M.1
  • 144
    • 53349162054 scopus 로고
    • Al'ternativa: Iz istorii kokandskoi avtonomii
    • Khasanov, "Al'ternativa: Iz istorii kokandskoi avtonomii," Zvezda Vostoka, 1990, no. 7: 105-20;
    • (1990) Zvezda Vostoka , Issue.7 , pp. 105-120
    • Khasanov1
  • 145
    • 53349168899 scopus 로고
    • Mukhtoriyat qismati
    • Shoniyoz Doniyorov, "Mukhtoriyat qismati," Sharq yulduzi, 1991, no. 12: 159-73.
    • (1991) Sharq Yulduzi , Issue.12 , pp. 159-173
    • Doniyorov, S.1
  • 146
    • 85033068881 scopus 로고
    • Kim aybli
    • 15 March
    • The attitude of the ulamā to the tragedy in Kokand is murkily visible in an editorial attacking it in "Kim aybli," Ishchilar dunyasi, 15 March 1918, 66-68.
    • (1918) Ishchilar Dunyasi , pp. 66-68
  • 147
    • 53349164513 scopus 로고
    • The Contested Terrain: Muslim Political Participation in Soviet Turkestan, 1917-19
    • Stephen Blank, "The Contested Terrain: Muslim Political Participation in Soviet Turkestan, 1917-19," Central Asian Survey 6, no. 4 (1987): 47-48.
    • (1987) Central Asian Survey , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 47-48
    • Blank, S.1
  • 148
    • 53349164513 scopus 로고
    • The Contested Terrain: Muslim Political Participation in Soviet Turkestan, 1917-19
    • On the confrontation between Moscow and Tashkent on this issue, see Stephen Blank, "The Contested Terrain: Muslim Political Participation in Soviet Turkestan, 1917-19," Central Asian Survey 6, no. 4 (1987): 47-48. ibid.
    • (1987) Central Asian Survey , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 47-48
    • Blank, S.1
  • 149


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.