-
1
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-
84914356925
-
-
104 S. Ct. 774, 782 (1984).
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
84914356924
-
-
487F.2d 1345 (Ct. Cl. 1973), affirmed by an equally divided court, 420U.S. 376 (1975) (per curiam).
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
0006196459
-
Fair Use as Market Failure: A Structural and Economic Analysis of the Betamax Case and its Predecessors
-
See, for example, Gordon's essay predates the Supreme Court's decision in Sony, but her discussion of the lower court opinions in that case strongly suggests that she would endorse at least the framework for analysis adopted by the Supreme Court. We discuss these cases in Section III, infra.
-
(1982)
Col. L.R.
, vol.82
, Issue.1600
, pp. 1615-1616
-
-
Gordon1
-
15
-
-
84914356918
-
-
By this we mean both the technology of production, the technical means and organizational forms which combine to transform primary resources into finished products which can be reliably directed to purchasers, and the less often discussed technology of consumption, those means by which consumers extract personal satisfaction or welfare from the various material objects which purchase or opportunity place in their possession in the stream of commerce. Both these technologies figure prominently in the analysis which follows.
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
0001394870
-
Toward a Theory of Property Rights
-
Papers and Proceedings
-
(1967)
Am. Econ. Rev.
, vol.57
, Issue.347
-
-
Demsetz1
-
17
-
-
0001394870
-
Toward a Theory of Property Rights
-
Papers and Proceedings
-
(1967)
Am. Econ. Rev.
, vol.57
, Issue.347
, pp. 350
-
-
Demsetz1
-
19
-
-
84914356916
-
-
Engineering students, for example, occasionally test their skills by constructing devices from readily available components which allow free long-distance calls to be made from pay telephones, a practice which telephone companies understandably seek to stop.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
84914356915
-
-
See, generally, Adelstein, supra, note 18.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
0018665499
-
Informational Paradox and the Pricing of Crime: Capital Sentencing Standards in Economic Perspective
-
(1979)
J. Crim. L. & Crimin.
, vol.70
, Issue.281
-
-
Adelstein1
-
25
-
-
84914356914
-
-
See, generally, Adelstein, supra, note 18.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
84914356913
-
About the Notions of Communication and Structure: A Perspective
-
L. Thayer, We borrow this term from the communications theorist Masanao TodaCompare the discussion in the House and Senate Reports of the ‘reproduction right’ established by § 106(1) of the Copyright Revision Act of 1976, § 101 et seq. (1982 ed.): [T]he right ‘to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords’ means the right to produce a material object in which the work is duplicated, transcribed, imitated, or simulated in a fixed form from which it can be ‘perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of machine or device’.
-
(1967)
Communication: Concepts and Perspectives
, pp. 25-52
-
-
Toda1
-
29
-
-
84914356912
-
-
See Adelstein, supra, note 18, pp. 80–99.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
84914356911
-
-
Cf. Cordon, supra, note 4, pp. 1610–1612.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
0039346296
-
-
A complete discussion of the history of copyright is, of course, beyond the scope of this essay. In addition to those works cited in the text, an excellent survey of this historical development is
-
(1968)
Copyright in Historical Perspective
-
-
Patterson1
-
39
-
-
84914356908
-
-
Compare K. Arrow, supra, note 21, p. 40: ‘[T]here tends to be a cycle in which an innovation in artistic vision first occurs and is diffused; then, as it becomes more familiar, the value of repetition of similar signals decreases... ’.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
84914356907
-
-
Cf. Demsetz, supra, note 16, p. 350.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
84914356906
-
-
[1774] 4 Burrow's Reports 2408. An analogous result was reached sixty years later by the United States Supreme Court in Wheaton v. Peters, 33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 591 (1834).
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
84914356905
-
-
Stat. 1075, § 1.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
84914356904
-
-
Shortly after the Lords' decision in Donaldson, the Company again sought relief from the House of Commons, claiming that large sums had been invested in reliance upon their own construction of the statute. This time, however, their pleas were denied, prompting one scholar to remark of the entire episode that ‘The Statute of Anne suggests that it was not the Australians who discovered the boomerang’. Pforzheimer, supra, note 30, p. 272.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
84914356903
-
-
Cf. Sony Corp v. Universal City Studios, 104 S.Ct. 774, 792 (1984).
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
84914356902
-
-
9 Fed. Cas. 342 (C.C.D. Mass. 1841).
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
84914356901
-
-
9 Fed. Cas. 342 (C.C.D. Mass. 1841), p. 348. The decision to grant fair use, wrote Justice Story, should consider ‘the nature and objects of the selections made, the quantity and value of the materials used, and the degree in which the use may prejudice the sale, or diminish the profits, or supersede the objects of the original work’. 9 Fed. Cas. 342 (C.C.D. Mass. 1841), p. 348.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
84914356900
-
-
Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, 104 S.Ct. 774,806 (1984)(opinion of Blackmun J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
84914356899
-
-
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 66 (1976). See also S. Rep. No. 94-473, p. 62 (1975).
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
84914356898
-
-
Copyright Revision Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. §107 (1982 ed.): 'In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for and value of the copyrighted work’.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
84914356897
-
-
17 U.S.C. §108 (1982 ed.).
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
84914356895
-
-
Dellar v. Samuel Coldwin, Inc., 104 F. 2nd 661, 662 (2nd Cir. 1939).
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
84914356894
-
-
Compare Demsetz, supra, note 16, pp. 348–350; 'What converts a harmful or beneficial effect into an externality is that the cost of bringing the effect to bear on the decisions of one or more of the interacting persons is too high to make it worthwhile...... [Property rights develop to internalize externalities when the gains of internalization become larger than the cost of internalization'.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
84914356893
-
-
Compare our earlier quotation of Gordon on this point, supra, note 8.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
84914402746
-
New Technology and the Law of Copyright: Reprography and Computers
-
UCLA Project
-
(1968)
U.C.L.A. L. Rev.
, vol.15
, pp. 939
-
-
-
60
-
-
84914402746
-
New Technology and the Law of Copyright: Reprography and Computers
-
UCLA Project
-
(1968)
U.C.L.A. L. Rev.
, vol.15
, pp. 959
-
-
-
61
-
-
84914356892
-
Reprographic Technology: Present and Future
-
4th ed., National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, ‘Library Photocopying in the United States: With Implications for the Development of a Copyright Royalty Payment Mechanism’ (1977) p. 3. As one commentator has noted, this is 'a far cry indeed from the day when only a fairly large library with adequate funds could consider the purchase, installation, and operation of a several thousand dollar photostat camera'. Hawken
-
(1964)
Reprography and Copyright Law
, pp. 45
-
-
Bush1
Mattery2
-
62
-
-
84914356891
-
-
Saunders, supra, note 44, p. 317.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
84914356890
-
-
Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States, 487 F.2d 1345, 1347-8 (Ct.Cl. 1973).
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
84914356889
-
-
So limited were the potential markets for their journals, and so razor thin the profit margins, that in 1965 one Williams & Wilkins journal saw its profits cut in half when just thirty-seven subscriptions were cancelled. See UCLA Project, supra, note 50, at 944.
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
84914356888
-
-
Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States, 487 F.2d 1345 (Ct.Cl. 1973), affirmed by an equally divided court. 420 U.S. 376 (1975) (per curiam).
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
84914356887
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1358.
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
84914356886
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1366 (Cowen C.J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
84914356885
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1366. See also M. Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright (1973-ed.). §145, p. 650.
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
84914356884
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1351.
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
84914356883
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1356.
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
84914356882
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1356.
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
84914356881
-
-
Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, 104S.Ct.774, 809(1984) (Blackmun J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
84914356880
-
-
See text accompanying notes 3-15, supra.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
84914356879
-
-
487 F.2d, pp. 1354–1360.
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
84914356878
-
-
Cf. Gordon, supra, note 4, pp. 1648–1650.
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
84914356877
-
-
See Macneil, supra, note 20, pp. 886–901.
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
84914356876
-
-
See, for example, the discussions in Nimmer,supra, note 47, pp. 1525–1534.
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
84914356875
-
-
Quoted in J. Marke, supra, note 66, p. 72., This dilemma was well put by Arthur Rosenthal, counsel for Williams & Wilkins, before a Senate Committee: And here is the rub, as far as publishers of specialized journals are concerned. For as the cost of printing and publishing inexorably rises, and the charges for photo reproduction increasingly become cheaper, the journal publisher finds himself unable to pass on the higher costs to the consumer who at some point on the scale will prefer photocopying to subscribing. The final result, if carried to its logical conclusion, of course is self-defeating; the erosion of the journal's subscription list will sooner or later compel the publisher to cease publication of the journal altogether-and then the scholar will have nothing to copy. The publisher, the scholar, the rest of us will be poorer as a result.Hearings before the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyright of the Senate Committee on the [[Truncated]]
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
84914356874
-
-
Remedies of this kind are discussed in Nimmer, supra, note 47, pp. 1525–1533., Note, Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp: “Fair Use” Looks Different on Videotape (1980) 66 Virg. L.-R. 1005, 1025.Note, ‘The Betamax Case: Accommodating Public Access and Economic Incentive in Copyright Law’, (1979) 31 Stan. L.R. 243.
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
84914356873
-
-
See Macneil, supra, note 20, pp. 886–901.
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
84914356872
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1360.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
84914356871
-
-
Universal City Studios v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F.Supp. 429 (C.D. Cal. 1979).
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
84914356870
-
-
Universal City Studios v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F.2d 963 (9th Cir. 1982).
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
84914356869
-
-
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, 104 S.Ct. 774 (1984). The majority consisted of Justices Stevens, Brennan, White, O'Connor, and Chief Justice Burger, while Justices Marshall, Powell, and Rehnquist joined Justice Blackmun's dissent.
-
-
-
-
91
-
-
84914356868
-
-
104 S.Ct., pp. 806–815 (Blackmun J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
92
-
-
84914356867
-
-
104 S.Ct., pp. 785–789, 789.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
84914356866
-
-
104 S.Ct., pp. 791–796.
-
-
-
-
94
-
-
84914356865
-
-
104 S.Ct., p. 810, 810 n.35 (Blackmun, J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
84914356864
-
-
222 U.S. 55 (1911).
-
-
-
-
96
-
-
84914356863
-
-
104 S.Ct., p. 786.
-
-
-
-
97
-
-
84914356862
-
-
104 S.Ct., p.786.
-
-
-
-
98
-
-
84914356861
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1362.
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
84914356860
-
-
104 S.Ct., pp. 792–795.
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
84914356859
-
-
487 F.2d, p. 1362.
-
-
-
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