Challenges in securing access to care for children

Health Affairs

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 48-63

  Halfon, Neal ^a   Inkelas, Moira ^a   DuPlessis, Helen ^a   Newacheck, Paul W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH CARE; ECONOMICS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; INSURANCE; LEGAL ASPECT; PATIENT; SOCIAL SECURITY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

CHILD; CHILD HEALTH SERVICES; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; INSURANCE COVERAGE; MEDICALLY UNINSURED; OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PROGRAM EVALUATION; SOCIAL SECURITY; STATE HEALTH PLANS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0006059272     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.18.2.48     Document Type: Article

References (55)

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3. st sess. (1997).
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6. N. Halfon, M. Inkelas, and D. Wood, "Non-Financial Barriers to Care for Children and Youth," Annual Review of Public Health 16 (1995): 447-472; J.P. Newhouse and the Insurance Experiment Group, Free for All? Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); and T. Rice and K.R. Morrison, "Patient Cost Sharing for Medical Services: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Health Care Reform," Medical Care Review 51, no. 3 (1994): 235-287.
7. N. Halfon, M. Inkelas, and D. Wood, "Non-Financial Barriers to Care for Children and Youth," Annual Review of Public Health 16 (1995): 447-472; J.P. Newhouse and the Insurance Experiment Group, Free for All? Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); and T. Rice and K.R. Morrison, "Patient Cost Sharing for Medical Services: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Health Care Reform," Medical Care Review 51, no. 3 (1994): 235-287.
8. T.M. Selden, J.S. Banthin, and J.W. Cohen, "Medicaid's Problem Children: Eligible but Not Enrolled," Health Affairs (May/June 1998): 192-200.
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10. R.B. Valdez et al., "Consequences of Cost Sharing for Children's Health," Pediatrics 75, no. 5 (1985): 952-961; B. Starfield and D. Dutton, "Care, Costs, and Health," Pediatrics 76, no. 4 (1986): 614-621; and P.J. Fischer, D.M. Strobino, and C.A. Pinckey, "Utilization of Child Health Clinics following Introduction of Copayment," American Journal of Public Health 741, no. 12 (1984): 1401-1403.
11. R.B. Valdez et al., "Consequences of Cost Sharing for Children's Health," Pediatrics 75, no. 5 (1985): 952-961; B. Starfield and D. Dutton, "Care, Costs, and Health," Pediatrics 76, no. 4 (1986): 614-621; and P.J. Fischer, D.M. Strobino, and C.A. Pinckey, "Utilization of Child Health Clinics following Introduction of Copayment," American Journal of Public Health 741, no. 12 (1984): 1401-1403.
12. N. Halfon et al., "Measuring Access to Coverage and Health Care in CHIP" (Presented at Learning from CHIP II, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., 11 May 1998); and N. Halfon, M. Inkeles, and P.W. Newacheck, "Enrollment in State Child Health Insurance Program: Strategies for Evaluation and Continuous Quality Improvement," Milbank Quarterly (forthcoming).
13. N. Halfon et al., "Measuring Access to Coverage and Health Care in CHIP" (Presented at Learning from CHIP II, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., 11 May 1998); and N. Halfon, M. Inkeles, and P.W. Newacheck, "Enrollment in State Child Health Insurance Program: Strategies for Evaluation and Continuous Quality Improvement," Milbank Quarterly (forthcoming).
14. "1996 Medicaid Participation Rates for Not Privately Insured, Non-Cash-Assistance, Income-Eligible Children" (Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997).
15. A. Milstein and P. Kamani, Purchasing Higher Quality Care for Children: A Clinical Quality Accountability Framework California's Healthy Families Program (San Francisco: William M. Mercer, 1998).
16. M.L Berk and C.L Schur, "Measuring Access to Care: Improving Information for Policymakers," Health Affairs (January/February 1998): 180-186; and P. Kemper et al., "The Design of the Community Tracking Study: A Longitudinal Study of Health System Change and Its Effects on People," Inquiry 33, no. 2 (1996): 195-206.
17. M.L Berk and C.L Schur, "Measuring Access to Care: Improving Information for Policymakers," Health Affairs (January/February 1998): 180-186; and P. Kemper et al., "The Design of the Community Tracking Study: A Longitudinal Study of Health System Change and Its Effects on People," Inquiry 33, no. 2 (1996): 195-206.
18. N. Halfon et al., "Health Care Reform for Children and Families: Refinancing and Restructuring the U.S. Child Health System," in Changing the U.S. Health Care System, ed. R. Andersen, T. Rice, and G. Kominski (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), 227-254; and P.W. Newacheck et al., "Monitoring and Evaluating Managed Care for Children with Chronic Illnesses and Disabilities," Pediatrics 98, no. 5 (1996): 952-958.
19. N. Halfon et al., "Health Care Reform for Children and Families: Refinancing and Restructuring the U.S. Child Health System," in Changing the U.S. Health Care System, ed. R. Andersen, T. Rice, and G. Kominski (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), 227-254; and P.W. Newacheck et al., "Monitoring and Evaluating Managed Care for Children with Chronic Illnesses and Disabilities," Pediatrics 98, no. 5 (1996): 952-958.
20. L. A. Aday et al., Evaluating the Medical Care System: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1993); L.A. Aday, At Risk in America: The Health and Health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993); B.A. Starfield, "Effects of Poverty on Health Status," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 68, no. 1 (1992): 17-24; R.M. Andersen et al., "Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 18, no. 1 (1983): 49-74; R.M. Andersen, Behavioral Model of Families' Use of Health Services, Research Series no. 25 (Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago, 1968); R.M. Andersen, "Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 1 (1995): 1-10; and LA. Aday and R.M. Andersen, "A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 9, no. 3 (1974): 208-220.
21. L. A. Aday et al., Evaluating the Medical Care System: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1993); L.A. Aday, At Risk in America: The Health and Health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993); B.A. Starfield, "Effects of Poverty on Health Status," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 68, no. 1 (1992): 17-24; R.M. Andersen et al., "Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 18, no. 1 (1983): 49-74; R.M. Andersen, Behavioral Model of Families' Use of Health Services, Research Series no. 25 (Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago, 1968); R.M. Andersen, "Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 1 (1995): 1-10; and LA. Aday and R.M. Andersen, "A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 9, no. 3 (1974): 208-220.
22. L. A. Aday et al., Evaluating the Medical Care System: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1993); L.A. Aday, At Risk in America: The Health and Health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993); B.A. Starfield, "Effects of Poverty on Health Status," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 68, no. 1 (1992): 17-24; R.M. Andersen et al., "Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 18, no. 1 (1983): 49-74; R.M. Andersen, Behavioral Model of Families' Use of Health Services, Research Series no. 25 (Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago, 1968); R.M. Andersen, "Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 1 (1995): 1-10; and LA. Aday and R.M. Andersen, "A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 9, no. 3 (1974): 208-220.
23. L. A. Aday et al., Evaluating the Medical Care System: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1993); L.A. Aday, At Risk in America: The Health and Health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993); B.A. Starfield, "Effects of Poverty on Health Status," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 68, no. 1 (1992): 17-24; R.M. Andersen et al., "Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 18, no. 1 (1983): 49-74; R.M. Andersen, Behavioral Model of Families' Use of Health Services, Research Series no. 25 (Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago, 1968); R.M. Andersen, "Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 1 (1995): 1-10; and LA. Aday and R.M. Andersen, "A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 9, no. 3 (1974): 208-220.
24. L. A. Aday et al., Evaluating the Medical Care System: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1993); L.A. Aday, At Risk in America: The Health and Health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993); B.A. Starfield, "Effects of Poverty on Health Status," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 68, no. 1 (1992): 17-24; R.M. Andersen et al., "Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 18, no. 1 (1983): 49-74; R.M. Andersen, Behavioral Model of Families' Use of Health Services, Research Series no. 25 (Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago, 1968); R.M. Andersen, "Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 1 (1995): 1-10; and LA. Aday and R.M. Andersen, "A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 9, no. 3 (1974): 208-220.
25. L. A. Aday et al., Evaluating the Medical Care System: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1993); L.A. Aday, At Risk in America: The Health and Health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993); B.A. Starfield, "Effects of Poverty on Health Status," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 68, no. 1 (1992): 17-24; R.M. Andersen et al., "Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 18, no. 1 (1983): 49-74; R.M. Andersen, Behavioral Model of Families' Use of Health Services, Research Series no. 25 (Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago, 1968); R.M. Andersen, "Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 1 (1995): 1-10; and LA. Aday and R.M. Andersen, "A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 9, no. 3 (1974): 208-220.
26. L. A. Aday et al., Evaluating the Medical Care System: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1993); L.A. Aday, At Risk in America: The Health and Health Care Needs of Vulnerable Populations in the United States (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993); B.A. Starfield, "Effects of Poverty on Health Status," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 68, no. 1 (1992): 17-24; R.M. Andersen et al., "Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 18, no. 1 (1983): 49-74; R.M. Andersen, Behavioral Model of Families' Use of Health Services, Research Series no. 25 (Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago, 1968); R.M. Andersen, "Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 1 (1995): 1-10; and LA. Aday and R.M. Andersen, "A Framework for the Study of Access to Medical Care," Health Services Research 9, no. 3 (1974): 208-220.
27. Halfon et al, "Non-Financial Barriers to Care for Children and Youth;" Aday et al., Evaluating the Medical Care System; and Aday, At Risk in America.
28. A fuller description and more elaborate version of this model is presented in Halfon et al., "Measuring Access to Coverage and Health Care in CHIP."
29. A. Sardell and K. Johnson, "The Politics of EPSDT Policy in the 1990s: Policy Entrepreneurs, Political Streams, and Children's Health Benefits," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 2 (1998): 175-206; and N.J. Garin et al., "The Use of EPSDT and Other Health Care Sendees by Children Enrolled in Medicaid: The Impact of OBRA '89," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 2 (1998): 207-250.
30. A. Sardell and K. Johnson, "The Politics of EPSDT Policy in the 1990s: Policy Entrepreneurs, Political Streams, and Children's Health Benefits," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 2 (1998): 175-206; and N.J. Garin et al., "The Use of EPSDT and Other Health Care Sendees by Children Enrolled in Medicaid: The Impact of OBRA '89," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 2 (1998): 207-250.
31. U.S. General Accounting Office, Health Insurance for Children: Private Insurance Coverage Continues to Deteriorate, GAO/HEHS-96-129 (Washington: GAO,June 1996); and P.F. Cooper and B.S. Schone, "More Offers, Fewer Takers for Employment-Based Health Insurance: 1987 and 1996," Health Affairs (November/December 1997): 142-149.
32. U.S. General Accounting Office, Health Insurance for Children: Private Insurance Coverage Continues to Deteriorate, GAO/HEHS-96-129 (Washington: GAO,June 1996); and P.F. Cooper and B.S. Schone, "More Offers, Fewer Takers for Employment-Based Health Insurance: 1987 and 1996," Health Affairs (November/December 1997): 142-149.
33. Milstein and Kamani, Purchasing Higher Quality Care for Children.
34. Berk and Schur, "Measuring Access to Care;" R.M. Andersen and P.L. Davidson, "Measuring Access and Trends," in Changing the U.S. Health Care System, 13-40; and P.W. Newacheck and B. Starfield, "Monitoring Health Care Reform for Children and Families," in Integrating Federal Statistics on Children -Report of a Workshop (Washington: National Academy Press, 1995), 156-191.
35. Berk and Schur, "Measuring Access to Care;" R.M. Andersen and P.L. Davidson, "Measuring Access and Trends," in Changing the U.S. Health Care System, 13-40; and P.W. Newacheck and B. Starfield, "Monitoring Health Care Reform for Children and Families," in Integrating Federal Statistics on Children -Report of a Workshop (Washington: National Academy Press, 1995), 156-191.
36. National Committee for Quality Assurance, Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) 3.0; and M. Millman, Access to Health Care in America (Washington: National Academy Press, 1993).
37. National Committee for Quality Assurance, Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) 3.0; and M. Millman, Access to Health Care in America (Washington: National Academy Press, 1993).
38. J.C. Kleinman, M. Gold, and D. Makuc, "Use of Ambulatory Medical Care by the Poor: Another Look at Equity," Medical Care (October 1981): 1011-1029; A.B. Bindman et al., "Preventable Hospitalizations and Access to Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 4 (1995): 305-311; and M. Gold, "Beyond Coverage and Supply: Measuring Access to Healthcare in Today's Market," Health Services Research 33, no. 3 (1998): 625-652.
39. J.C. Kleinman, M. Gold, and D. Makuc, "Use of Ambulatory Medical Care by the Poor: Another Look at Equity," Medical Care (October 1981): 1011-1029; A.B. Bindman et al., "Preventable Hospitalizations and Access to Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 4 (1995): 305-311; and M. Gold, "Beyond Coverage and Supply: Measuring Access to Healthcare in Today's Market," Health Services Research 33, no. 3 (1998): 625-652.
40. J.C. Kleinman, M. Gold, and D. Makuc, "Use of Ambulatory Medical Care by the Poor: Another Look at Equity," Medical Care (October 1981): 1011-1029; A.B. Bindman et al., "Preventable Hospitalizations and Access to Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 4 (1995): 305-311; and M. Gold, "Beyond Coverage and Supply: Measuring Access to Healthcare in Today's Market," Health Services Research 33, no. 3 (1998): 625-652.
41. Newacheck and Starfield, "Monitoring Health Care Reform for Children and Families;" Berk and Schur, "Measuring Access to Care;" Halfon et al., "Measuring Access to Coverage and Health Care in CHIP;" and Halfon et al., "Non-Financial Barriers to Care for Children and Youth."
42. Newacheck and Starfield, "Monitoring Health Care Reform for Children and Families;" Berk and Schur, "Measuring Access to Care;" Halfon et al., "Measuring Access to Coverage and Health Care in CHIP;" and Halfon et al., "Non-Financial Barriers to Care for Children and Youth."
43. Newacheck and Starfield, "Monitoring Health Care Reform for Children and Families;" Berk and Schur, "Measuring Access to Care;" Halfon et al., "Measuring Access to Coverage and Health Care in CHIP;" and Halfon et al., "Non-Financial Barriers to Care for Children and Youth."
44. Newacheck and Starfield, "Monitoring Health Care Reform for Children and Families;" Berk and Schur, "Measuring Access to Care;" Halfon et al., "Measuring Access to Coverage and Health Care in CHIP;" and Halfon et al., "Non-Financial Barriers to Care for Children and Youth."
45. Newacheck et al., "Monitoring and Evaluating Managed Care."
46. These include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (G. Simpson et al., Access to Health Care, Part 1: Children, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10: Data from the National Health Interview Survey [Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 1996], 1-46); Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (AHCPR, Center for Cost and Financing Studies, Introduction to the MEPS HC Rounds 1-3 Data Collection Instrument [Rockville, Md.: AHCPR, 1997]); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) (U.S. Census Bureau, SIPP Topical Modules [2 August 1997, www.census.gov/sipp/chap3-4.htm]); Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) (U.S. Census Bureau, Survey o/Program Dynamics Adult Questionnaire [Working draft, October 1997]; and D.H. Weinberg et al, "A Survey of Program Dynamics for Evaluating Welfare Reform" [Paper prepared for Statistics Canada Symposium XIV, "New Directions in Surveys and Censuses," Ottawa, November 1997]); Current Population Survey (CPS) (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P60-Z01, "Poverty in the United States: 1997" [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998]); Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Community Tracking study (Kemper et al., "The Design of the Community Tracking Study"); and the Urban Institute's National Survey of American Families (S.H. Bell, "Major Social Policy Study, Data Collection at the Urban Institute," Poverty Research News [Summer 1997]: 7-8).
47. These include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (G. Simpson et al., Access to Health Care, Part 1: Children, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10: Data from the National Health Interview Survey [Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 1996], 1-46); Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (AHCPR, Center for Cost and Financing Studies, Introduction to the MEPS HC Rounds 1-3 Data Collection Instrument [Rockville, Md.: AHCPR, 1997]); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) (U.S. Census Bureau, SIPP Topical Modules [2 August 1997, www.census.gov/sipp/chap3-4.htm]); Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) (U.S. Census Bureau, Survey o/Program Dynamics Adult Questionnaire [Working draft, October 1997]; and D.H. Weinberg et al, "A Survey of Program Dynamics for Evaluating Welfare Reform" [Paper prepared for Statistics Canada Symposium XIV, "New Directions in Surveys and Censuses," Ottawa, November 1997]); Current Population Survey (CPS) (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P60-Z01, "Poverty in the United States: 1997" [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998]); Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Community Tracking study (Kemper et al., "The Design of the Community Tracking Study"); and the Urban Institute's National Survey of American Families (S.H. Bell, "Major Social Policy Study, Data Collection at the Urban Institute," Poverty Research News [Summer 1997]: 7-8).
48. These include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (G. Simpson et al., Access to Health Care, Part 1: Children, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10: Data from the National Health Interview Survey [Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 1996], 1-46); Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (AHCPR, Center for Cost and Financing Studies, Introduction to the MEPS HC Rounds 1-3 Data Collection Instrument [Rockville, Md.: AHCPR, 1997]); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) (U.S. Census Bureau, SIPP Topical Modules [2 August 1997, www.census.gov/sipp/chap3-4.htm]); Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) (U.S. Census Bureau, Survey o/Program Dynamics Adult Questionnaire [Working draft, October 1997]; and D.H. Weinberg et al, "A Survey of Program Dynamics for Evaluating Welfare Reform" [Paper prepared for Statistics Canada Symposium XIV, "New Directions in Surveys and Censuses," Ottawa, November 1997]); Current Population Survey (CPS) (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P60-Z01, "Poverty in the United States: 1997" [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998]); Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Community Tracking study (Kemper et al., "The Design of the Community Tracking Study"); and the Urban Institute's National Survey of American Families (S.H. Bell, "Major Social Policy Study, Data Collection at the Urban Institute," Poverty Research News [Summer 1997]: 7-8).
49. These include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (G. Simpson et al., Access to Health Care, Part 1: Children, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10: Data from the National Health Interview Survey [Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 1996], 1-46); Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (AHCPR, Center for Cost and Financing Studies, Introduction to the MEPS HC Rounds 1-3 Data Collection Instrument [Rockville, Md.: AHCPR, 1997]); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) (U.S. Census Bureau, SIPP Topical Modules [2 August 1997, www.census.gov/sipp/chap3-4.htm]); Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) (U.S. Census Bureau, Survey o/Program Dynamics Adult Questionnaire [Working draft, October 1997]; and D.H. Weinberg et al, "A Survey of Program Dynamics for Evaluating Welfare Reform" [Paper prepared for Statistics Canada Symposium XIV, "New Directions in Surveys and Censuses," Ottawa, November 1997]); Current Population Survey (CPS) (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P60-Z01, "Poverty in the United States: 1997" [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998]); Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Community Tracking study (Kemper et al., "The Design of the Community Tracking Study"); and the Urban Institute's National Survey of American Families (S.H. Bell, "Major Social Policy Study, Data Collection at the Urban Institute," Poverty Research News [Summer 1997]: 7-8).
50. These include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (G. Simpson et al., Access to Health Care, Part 1: Children, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10: Data from the National Health Interview Survey [Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 1996], 1-46); Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (AHCPR, Center for Cost and Financing Studies, Introduction to the MEPS HC Rounds 1-3 Data Collection Instrument [Rockville, Md.: AHCPR, 1997]); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) (U.S. Census Bureau, SIPP Topical Modules [2 August 1997, www.census.gov/sipp/chap3-4.htm]); Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) (U.S. Census Bureau, Survey o/Program Dynamics Adult Questionnaire [Working draft, October 1997]; and D.H. Weinberg et al, "A Survey of Program Dynamics for Evaluating Welfare Reform" [Paper prepared for Statistics Canada Symposium XIV, "New Directions in Surveys and Censuses," Ottawa, November 1997]); Current Population Survey (CPS) (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P60-Z01, "Poverty in the United States: 1997" [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998]); Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Community Tracking study (Kemper et al., "The Design of the Community Tracking Study"); and the Urban Institute's National Survey of American Families (S.H. Bell, "Major Social Policy Study, Data Collection at the Urban Institute," Poverty Research News [Summer 1997]: 7-8).
51. Simpson et al., Access to Health Care; and AHCPR, Introduction to the MEPS HC Rounds 1-3 Data Collection Instrument.
52. M.R. Ellwood and L. Ku, "Welfare and Immigration Reforms: Unintended Side Effects for Medicaid," Health Affairs (May/June 1998): 137-151.
53. Berk and Schur, "Measuring Access to Care."
54. st sess. (1998).
55. Health Care Financing Administration, "Guidance on Reporting for Purposes of Program Monitoring and Evaluation, including Submission of Quarterly and Federal Fiscal Year 1998 Annual Reporting," Letter to State Officials, 4 December 1998 (www.hcfa.gov/init/cheval.htm).