Precipitation of hydrothermal sediments on the active TAG mound: Implications for ochre formation

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 148, Issue , 1998, Pages 201-216

  Goulding, H C ^a,b   Mills, R A ^b   Nesbitt, R W ^b  

^a Department of Trade and Industry ^*  (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0005881908     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.148.01.11     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. ALT, J. C. 1988a. Hydrothermal oxide and nontronite deposits on seamounts in the eastern Pacific. Marine Geology, 81, 227-239.
2. _ 1988b. The chemistry and sulfur isotope composition of massive sulfide and associated deposits on Green Seamount, Eastern Pacific. Economic Geology, 83, 1026-1033.
3. _ & JIANG, W. T. 1991. Hydrothermally precipitated mixed-layer illite-smectite in recent massive sulfide deposits from the seafloor. Geology, 19, 570-573.
4. BARRAT, J. A. & NESBITT R. W. 1996. Geochemistry of the Tertiary volcanism of Northern Ireland. Chemical Geology, 129, 15-38.
5. _, KELLER, F., AMOSSE, J., TAYLOR, R. N., NESBITT, R. W. & HIRATA, T. 1996. Determination of rare earth elements in sixteen silicate reference samples by ICP-MS after Tm addition and ion-exchange separation. Geostandards Newsletter, 20, 133-139
6. BARRETT, T. J. & FRIEDRICHSEN, H. 1982. Elemental and isotopic compositions of some metalliferous and pelagic sediments from the Galapagos Mounds area, DSDP leg 70. Chemical Geology, 36, 275-298.
7. _, JARVIS, I. & JARVIS, K. E. 1990. Rare earth element geochemistry of massive sulfides-sulfates and gossans on the Southern Explorer Ridge. Geology, 18, 583-586.
8. _, TAYLOR, P. N. & LUGOWSKI, J. 1987. Metalliferous sediments from DSDP Leg 92: the EPR transect. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 2241-2253.
9. BENCE, A. E. 1983. Volcanogenic massive sulphides: rock-water interactions in basaltic systems and their effects on the distribution of rare earth elements and selected first series transition elements. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interactions, 48-49.
10. BOSTROM, K. & PETERSON, M. N. A. 1966. Precipitates from the hydrothermal exhalations on the East Pacific Rise. Economic Geology, 61, 1258-1265.
11. _ & _ 1969. The origin of aluminum-poor ferromanganoan sediments in areas of high heat flow on the East Pacific Rise. Marine Geology, 7, 427-447.
12. BOYLE, J. F. 1990. The composition and origin of oxide metalliferous sediments from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. In: MALPAS J., MOORES, E. M., PANAYIOTOU, A. & XENOPHONTOS, C. (eds) Ophiolites-oceanic crustal analogues, Proceedings of the Symposium, Troodos 1987, Geological Survey of Cyprus, 705-717.
13. CAMPBELL, A. C., PALMER, M. R., KLINKHAMMER, G. P., BOWERS, T. S., EDMOND, J. M., LAWRENCE, J. R., CASEY, J. F., THOMPSON, G., HUMPHRIS, S., RONA, P. & KARSON, J. A. 1988. Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature, 335, 514-519.
14. COCHERIE, A., CALVEZ, J. Y. & OUDIN-DUNLOP, E. 1994. Hydrothermal activity as recorded by Red Sea sediments: Sr-Nd isotopes and REE signatures. Marine Geology, 118, 291-302.
15. CONSTANTINOU, G. & GOVETT, G. J. S. 1972. Genesis of sulphide deposits, ochre and umber of Cyprus. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 81, 34-46.
16. DILL, H. G., SIEGFANZ, G. & MARCHIG, V. 1994. Mineralogy and chemistry of metalliferous muds forming the topstratum of a massive sulfide-metalliferous sediment sequence from East Pacific Rise 18°S: its origin and implications concerning the formation of ochrous sediments in Cyprus-type deposits. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 12, 159-180.
17. DYMOND, J. 1981. Geochemistry of Nazca plate surface sediments: an evaluation of hydrothermal, biogenica, detrital and hydrogenous sources. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 154, 133-173.
18. _ & ROTH, S. 1988. Plume dispersed hydrothermal particles: A time-series record of settling flux from the Endeavour Ridge using moored sensors. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 2525-2536.
19. EDMONDS, H. N., GERMAN, C. R., GREEN, D. R. H., HUH, Y., GAMO, T. & EDMOND, J. M. 1996. Continuation of the hydrothermal fluid chemistry time series at TAG, and the effects of ODP drilling. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 3487-3490.
20. EDMOND, J. M., CAMPBELL, A. C., PALMER, M. R. et al. 1995. Time series studies of vent fluids from the TAG and MARK sites (1986, 1990) Mid-Atlantic Ridge: a new solution chemistry model and a mechanism for Cu/Zn zonation in massive sulphide orebodies. In: PARSON, L. M., WALKER, C. L. & DIXON, D. R. (eds) Hydrothermal Vents and Processes. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 87, 77-86.
21. ELDERFIELD, H. 1988. The oceanic chemistry of the rare-earth elements. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 325, 105-126.
22. EVENSEN, N. M., HAMILTON, P. J. & O'NIONS, R. K. 1978. Rare earth abundances in chondritic meteorites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 1199-1212.
23. FEELY, R. A., TREFRY, J. H., MASSOTH, G. J. & METZ, S. 1991. A comparison of the scavenging of phosphorus and arsenic from seawater by hydrothermal iron oxyhydroxides in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Deep-Sea Research, 38, 617-623.
24. FLEET, A. J. & ROBERTSON, A. H. F. 1980. Ocean ridge metalliferous and pelagic sediments of the Semail Nappe, Oman. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 137, 403-422.
25. FRANKLIN, M. M., SANGSTER, D. M. & LYDON, J. W. 1981. Volcanic-associated massive sulphide-deposits. In: SKINNER, B. J. (ed) Economic Geology 75th Anniversary Volume, 485-627.
26. GAMO, T., CHIBA, H., MASUDA, H., EDMONDS, H. N., FUJIOKA, K., KODAMA, Y., NANBA, H. & SANO, Y. 1996. Chemical characteristics of hydrothermal fluids from the TAG mound of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in August 1994: Implications for spatial and temporal variability of hydrothermal activity. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 3483-3486.
27. GASS, I. G. 1968. Is the Troodos massif of Cyprus a fragment of Mesozoic ocean floor? Nature, 220, 39-42.
28. GERMAN, C. R., CAMPBELL, A. C. & EDMOND, J. M. 1991. Hydrothermal scavenging at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: modification of trace element dissolved fluxes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 107, 101-114.
29. _, HIGGS, N. C., THOMSON, J., MILLS, R., ELDERFIELD, H., BLUSZTAJN, J., FLEER, A. P. & BACON, M. P. 1993. A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG hydrothermal mound, 26°08′N, MAR. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 9683-9692.
30. _, KLINKHAMMER, G. P., EDMOND, J. M., MITRA, A. & ELDERFIELD, H. 1990. Hydrothermal scavenging of rare earth elements in the ocean. Nature, 345, 516-518.
31. GOULDING, H. C. 1998. Genesis and Preservation of Metalliferous Sediments. PhD thesis, University of Southampton.
32. HANNINGTON, M. D. 1993. The formation of atacamite during weathering of sulfides on the modern seafloor. The Canadian Mineralogist, 31, 945-956.
33. _, THOMPSON, G., RONA, P. A. & SCOTT, S. D. 1988. Gold and native copper in supergene sulphides from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature, 333, 64-66.
34. HEATH, G. R. & DYMOND, J. 1977. Genesis and transformation of metalliferous sediments from the East Pacific Rise, Bauer Deep, and Central Basin. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 88, 723-733.
35. HERZIG, P. M., HANNINGTON, M. D., SCOTT, S. D., MALIOTIS, G., RONA, P. A. & THOMPSON, G. 1991. Gold-rich sea-floor gossans in the Troodos ophiolite and on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Economic Geology, 86, 1747-1755.
36. HONNOREZ, J., ALT, J. C. & HUMPHRIS, S. E. 1998. Vivisection and autopsy of active and fossil hydrothermal alterations of basalt beneath and within the TAG hydrothermal mound. In: HUMPHRIS, S. E., HERZIG, P., MILLER, D. J., ZIERENBERG, R. (eds) Proceedings of ODP, Scientific Results, 158, 231-254.
37. HUMPHRIS, S. E., HERZIG, P. M., Miller, D. J. ET AL. 1995. The internal structure of an active seafloor massive sulphide deposit. Nature, 377, 713-716.
38. _ 1998. Rare earth element composition of anhydrite: implications for deposition and mobility within the active TAG hydrothermal mound. In: HUMPHRIS, S. E., HERZIG, P., MILLER, D. J., ZIERENBERG, R. (eds) Proceedings of ODP, Scientific Results, 158, 143-162.
39. JACKSON, M. L. 1969 Soil Chemical Analysis-Advanced Course. 2nd Ed. pp. 49-51.
40. JAMES, R. H. & ELDERFIELD, H. 1996. The chemistry of ore-forming fluids and mineral precipitation rates in an active hydrothermal sulphide deposit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geology, 24, 1147-1150.
41. KARPOFF, A. M., WALTER, A.-V. & PFLUMIO, C. 1988. Metalliferous sediments within lava sequences of the Sumail ophiolite (Oman): Mineralogical and geochemical characterization, origin and evolution. Tectonophysics, 151, 223-245.
42. KLINKHAMMER, G. P., ELDERFIELD, H., EDMOND, J. M. & MITRA, A. 1994. Geochemical implicatons of rare earth element patterns in hydrothermal fluids from mid-ocean ridges. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 5105-5113.
43. KOEPPENKASTROP, D. & DE CARLO, E. H. 1992. Sorption of rare-earth elements from sea water onto synthetic mineral particles: an experimental approach. Chemical Geology, 95, 251-263.
44. MCMURTRY, G. M., WANG, C.-H. & YEH, H.-W. 1983. Chemical and isotopic investigations into the origin of clay minerals from the Galapagos hydrothermal mounds field. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47, 475-489.
45. METZ, S., TREFRY, J. H. & NELSEN, T. 1988. History and geochemistry of a metalliferous sediment core from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 47-62.
46. MILLS, R. A. & ELDERFIELD, H. 1995a Hydrothermal activity and metalliferous sediments. In: HUMPHRIS, S. E., ZIERENBERG, R., MULLINEAUX, L. & THOMSON, R. (eds) Physical, Chemical, Biological and Geological Interactions within Hydrothermal Systems, AGU Monograph, 91, 3511-3524.
47. _ & _ 1995b. Rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the active TAG mound, 26°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 3511-3524.
48. _ & TIVEY, M. K. In press. Seawater entrainment and anhydrite precipitation within the TAG hydrothermal mound. In: CANN, J., ELDERFIELD, H. & LAUGHTON, A. (eds). Mid-Ocean Ridges: Dynamics of Processes Associated with Creation of New Ocean Crust. Cambridge: CUP.
49. _, ALT, J. C. & CLAYTON, T. 1996. Low-temperature fluid flow through sulfidic sediments from TAG: modification of fluid chemistry and alteration of mineral deposits. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 3495-3498.
50. _, ELDERFIELD, H. & THOMSON, J. 1993. A dual origin for the hydrothermal component in a metalliferous sediment core from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 9671-9681.
51. _, THOMSON, J., Elderfield, H., HINTON, R. W. & J. W. & WANDLESS, G. A. 1980. Rare Earth Element distribution in some hydrothermal minerals: evidence for crystallographic control. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 973-980.
52. MITRA, A., ELDERFIELD, H. & GREAVES, M. 1994. Rare earth elements in submarine hydrothermal fluids and plumes from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Chemistry, 46, 217-236.
53. MORGAN, J. W. & WANDLESS, G. A. 1980. Rare Earth Element distribution in some hydrothermal minerals: evidence for cystallographic control. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 973-980.
54. OLIVAREZ, A. M. & OWEN, R. M. 1989. REE/Fe variations in hydrothermal sediments: Implications for the REE content of seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 757-762.
55. PEARCE, J. A. & CANN, J. R. 1973. Tectonic setting of basic rocks determined using trace element analysis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19, 290-300.
56. _, LIPPARD, S. J. & ROBERTS, S. 1985. Characteristics and tectonic significance of supra-subduction zone ophiolites. In: KOKELAAR, B. P. & HOWELLS, M. F. (eds) Marginal Basin Geology. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16, 77-94.
57. PUTEANUS, D., GLASBY, G. P., STOFFERS, P. & KUNZENDORF, H. 1991. Hydrothermal iron rich deposits from Teahitia-Mehitia and Macdonald hotspot areas, southwest Pacific. Marine Geology, 98, 389-409.
58. ROBERTSON, A. & DEGNAN, P. 1998. Significance of modern and ancient oceanic Mn-rich hydrothermal sediments, exemplified by Jurassic Mn-cherts from S. Greece. This volume.
59. ROBERTSON, A. H. F. 1976. Origins of ochres and umbers: Evidence from Skouriotissa, Troodos massif, Cyprus. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Transactions, Section B. 85, 245-251.
60. _ & FLEET, A. J. 1976. The origins of rare earths in metalliferous sediments of the Troodos Massif, Cyprus. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 28, 385-394.
61. _ & _ 1986. Geochemistry and palaeoceanography of the metalliferous and pelagic sediments from the Late Cretaceous Oman ophiolite. Marine Petrology and Geology, 3, 315-337.
62. _ & VARNAVAS, S. P. 1993. The origin of hydrothermal metalliferous sediments associated with the Early Mesozoic Othris and Pindos ophiolites, mainland Greece. Sedimentary Geology, 83, 87-113.
63. RONA, P. A., HANNINGTON, M. D., RAMAN, C. V., THOMPSON, G., TIVEY, M. K., HUMPHRIS, S. E., LALOU, C. & PETERSON, S. 1993. Active and relict sea-floor hydrothermal mineralization at the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Economic Geology, 88, 1989-2017.
64. RUHLIN, D. E. & OWEN, R. M. 1986. The rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal sediments from the East Pacific Rise: examination of seawater scavenging mechanism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 393-400.
65. SCOTT, M. R., SCOTT, R. B., MORSE, J. W., BETZER, P. R., BUTLER, L. W. & RONA, P. A. 1978. Metal-enriched sediments from the TAG hydrothermal field. Nature, 276, 811-813.
66. SHEARME, S., CRONAN, D. S. & RONA, P. A. 1983. Geochemistry of sediments from the TAG hydrothermal field, MAR at latitude 26°N. Marine Geology, 51, 269-291.
67. SVERJENSKY, D. A. 1984. Europium redox equilibria in aqueous solution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67, 70-78.
68. THOMSON, J., HIGGS, N. C., CROUDACE, I. W., COLLEY, S. & HYDES, D. J. 1993. Redox zonation of elements at an oxic/anoxic boundary in deps-sea sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 579-595.
69. THOMPSON, G., HUMPHRIS, S. E., SCHROEDER, B., SULANOWSKA, M. & RONA, P. A. 1988. Active vents and massive sulfides at 26°N (TAG) and 23°N (Snakepit) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Canadian Mineralogist, 26, 697-711.
70. _, MOTTL, M. J. & RONA, P. A. 1985. Morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the TAG area. Chemical Geology, 49, 243-257.
71. TIVEY, M. K., HUMPHRIS, S. E., THOMPSON, G., HANNINGTON, M. D. & RONA, P. A. 1995. Deducing patterns of fluid flow and mixing within the active TAG mound using mineralogical and geochemical data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 12527-12555.
72. TOTH, J. R. 1980. Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 91, 44-54.
73. TREFRY, J. H. & METZ, S. 1989. Role of hydrothermal precipitates in the geochemical cycling of vanadium. Nature. 342, 531-533.
74. TURNER, D. R. & WHITFIELD, M. 1979. Control of seawater composition. Nature, 281, 468-469.
75. WOOD, S. A. 1990. The aqueous geochemistry of the rare-earth elements and yttrium. 2. theoretical predictions of speciation in hydrothermal solutions to 350°C at saturation water vapor pressure. Chemical Geology, 88, 99-125.