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1
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61049144132
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I identify these as tendencies -nothing more. In no case should I be taken to mean that these are somehow invariable qualities of Islamic ethical activity. All of the characteristics I will outline admit significant exceptions; many of these I will note.
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I identify these as tendencies -nothing more. In no case should I be taken to mean that these are somehow invariable qualities of Islamic ethical activity. All of the characteristics I will outline admit significant exceptions; many of these I will note.
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2
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0004143533
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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
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William K. Frankena, Ethics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973), 28-29. Ethical voluntarism is sometimes also called theological subjectivism.
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(1973)
Ethics
, pp. 28-29
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Frankena, W.K.1
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3
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80054639438
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trans. B. Jowett Garden City, NY: Anchor Books
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Plato, Euthyphro in The Republic and Other Works, trans. B. Jowett (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1973), 435.
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(1973)
Euthyphro in the Republic and Other Works
, pp. 435
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Plato1
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4
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0003746531
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London: Penguin
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For a brief summary of this theory in its most coherent form, see J. L. Mackie, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (London: Penguin, 1977), 229-32.
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(1977)
Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
, pp. 229-232
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MacKie, J.L.1
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5
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84870139164
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Ethical presuppositions of the Qurān
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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George Hourani, "Ethical presuppositions of the Qurān" in Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 23-48.
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(1985)
Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics
, pp. 23-48
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Hourani, G.1
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8
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62649135224
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Ethics in Islamic Traditionalist Doctrine
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ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Malibu, CA: Undena)
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Cited in George Makdisi, "Ethics in Islamic Traditionalist Doctrine," in Ethics in Islam, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Malibu, CA: Undena, 1985), 57.
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(1985)
Ethics in Islam
, pp. 57
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Makdisi, G.1
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10
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60950642915
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New York: Scribner
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While voluntarism was not unknown among Christian theologians it never gained the predominance that it held in Islam. Peter Damian (1007-1072), Duns Scotus (1266-1308) and William of Ockham (1300- ca. 1350) were voluntarists. Thomas Aquinas, however, represented the majority Christian position when he declared the position blasphemous. See Jacques Maritain, Moral Philosophy (New York: Scribner, 1964), 91.
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(1964)
Moral Philosophy
, pp. 91
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Maritain, J.1
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12
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33646136849
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London: Frank Cass & Co
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Cited in A.J. Wensinck, Muslim Creed (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1965), 126.
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(1965)
Muslim Creed
, pp. 126
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Wensinck, A.J.1
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16
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84870083487
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Wasīyat Abī Hanīfa, art. 12
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Wasīyat Abī Hanīfa, art. 12, in Wensinck, Muslim Creed, 126.
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Wensinck, Muslim Creed
, pp. 126
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18
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84870119219
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2 vols. ed. A.M. Shakir (Cairo, A.H. 1346-7)
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Ibn Hazm, Ihkām fī usūl al-ahkām, 2 vols. ed. A.M. Shakir (Cairo, A.H. 1346-7), I:29.
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Ihkām Fī Usūl Al-ahkām
, vol.1
, pp. 29
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Hazm, I.1
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19
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34648880228
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ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Malibu, California: Undena
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Fazlur Rahman, "Law and Ethics in Islam," in Ethics in Islam, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Malibu, California: Undena, 1985), 3-15.
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(1985)
Law and Ethics in Islam, in Ethics in Islam
, pp. 3-15
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Rahman, F.1
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21
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0004201176
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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Basim Musallam, Sex and Society in Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 57.
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(1983)
Sex and Society in Islam
, pp. 57
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Musallam, B.1
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23
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77954039359
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The Religious Foundations of War, Peace and Statecraft in Islam
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eds. John Kelsay and James Turner Johnson New York: Greenwood Press
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Richard Martin, "The Religious Foundations of War, Peace and Statecraft in Islam' in Just War and Jihad, eds. John Kelsay and James Turner Johnson (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 96-97.
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(1991)
Just War and Jihad
, pp. 96-97
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Martin, R.1
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24
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80054627497
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Faced with the fact of attack on the innocent, the presumption that we do no harm, even to our enemy, yielded to the command of love understood as the need to restrain an enemy who would injure the innocent.
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Washington, DC, May 3
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E.g. "Faced with the fact of attack on the innocent, the presumption that we do no harm, even to our enemy, yielded to the command of love understood as the need to restrain an enemy who would injure the innocent." National Conference of Catholic Bishops. The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response (Washington, DC, May 3, 1983), 37.
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(1983)
National Conference of Catholic Bishops. The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response
, pp. 37
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