"Fuel for the Good Dragon": The United States and Industrial Policy in Taiwan, 1950-1965

Diplomatic History

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-26

  Cullather, Nick ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0005690592     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00250.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (152)

1. Max Frankel, "U.S. Economic Aid to Taiwan Ended; 'Graduation' Hailed," New York Times, 1 July 1965; Congressional Record, 89th Cong., 1st sess., 14 July 1965, A3759; David E. Bell, "The Challenge to the Developing Countries," Department of State Bulletin 53 (26 July 1965): 175; Keyes Beach and Clarence W. Hall, "Formosa: Asia's Heartening Success Story," Reader's Digest, February 1966, 142.
2. Max Frankel, "U.S. Economic Aid to Taiwan Ended; 'Graduation' Hailed," New York Times, 1 July 1965; Congressional Record, 89th Cong., 1st sess., 14 July 1965, A3759; David E. Bell, "The Challenge to the Developing Countries," Department of State Bulletin 53 (26 July 1965): 175; Keyes Beach and Clarence W. Hall, "Formosa: Asia's Heartening Success Story," Reader's Digest, February 1966, 142.
3. Max Frankel, "U.S. Economic Aid to Taiwan Ended; 'Graduation' Hailed," New York Times, 1 July 1965; Congressional Record, 89th Cong., 1st sess., 14 July 1965, A3759; David E. Bell, "The Challenge to the Developing Countries," Department of State Bulletin 53 (26 July 1965): 175; Keyes Beach and Clarence W. Hall, "Formosa: Asia's Heartening Success Story," Reader's Digest, February 1966, 142.
4. Max Frankel, "U.S. Economic Aid to Taiwan Ended; 'Graduation' Hailed," New York Times, 1 July 1965; Congressional Record, 89th Cong., 1st sess., 14 July 1965, A3759; David E. Bell, "The Challenge to the Developing Countries," Department of State Bulletin 53 (26 July 1965): 175; Keyes Beach and Clarence W. Hall, "Formosa: Asia's Heartening Success Story," Reader's Digest, February 1966, 142.
5. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York, 1993), 354-55, 366. For other neoclassical views see David Aikman, The Pacific Rim: Area of Change, Area of Opportunity (Boston, 1986), 22; Leonard Unger, "Chiang Kai-shek's Second Chance," Policy Review 50 (Fall 1989): 98-99; and Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement (New York, 1980), 57.
6. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York, 1993), 354-55, 366. For other neoclassical views see David Aikman, The Pacific Rim: Area of Change, Area of Opportunity (Boston, 1986), 22; Leonard Unger, "Chiang Kai-shek's Second Chance," Policy Review 50 (Fall 1989): 98-99; and Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement (New York, 1980), 57.
7. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York, 1993), 354-55, 366. For other neoclassical views see David Aikman, The Pacific Rim: Area of Change, Area of Opportunity (Boston, 1986), 22; Leonard Unger, "Chiang Kai-shek's Second Chance," Policy Review 50 (Fall 1989): 98-99; and Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement (New York, 1980), 57.
8. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York, 1993), 354-55, 366. For other neoclassical views see David Aikman, The Pacific Rim: Area of Change, Area of Opportunity (Boston, 1986), 22; Leonard Unger, "Chiang Kai-shek's Second Chance," Policy Review 50 (Fall 1989): 98-99; and Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement (New York, 1980), 57.
9. Quoted in James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York, 1994), 6; Alice H. Amsden, "Taiwan's Economic History: A Case of Etatisme and a Challenge to Dependency Theory," Modern China 5 (July 1979): 341-80; idem, "The State and Taiwan's Economic Development," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York, 1985), 78-106; Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan," in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca, 1987), 136-64; Johnson quoted by Gregory W. Noble, "Between Competition and Cooperation: Collective Action in the Industrial Policy of Japan and Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988), 3; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, 1990); Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, 1990).
10. Quoted in James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York, 1994), 6; Alice H. Amsden, "Taiwan's Economic History: A Case of Etatisme and a Challenge to Dependency Theory," Modern China 5 (July 1979): 341-80; idem, "The State and Taiwan's Economic Development," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York, 1985), 78-106; Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan," in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca, 1987), 136-64; Johnson quoted by Gregory W. Noble, "Between Competition and Cooperation: Collective Action in the Industrial Policy of Japan and Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988), 3; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, 1990); Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, 1990).
11. Quoted in James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York, 1994), 6; Alice H. Amsden, "Taiwan's Economic History: A Case of Etatisme and a Challenge to Dependency Theory," Modern China 5 (July 1979): 341-80; idem, "The State and Taiwan's Economic Development," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York, 1985), 78-106; Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan," in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca, 1987), 136-64; Johnson quoted by Gregory W. Noble, "Between Competition and Cooperation: Collective Action in the Industrial Policy of Japan and Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988), 3; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, 1990); Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, 1990).
12. Quoted in James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York, 1994), 6; Alice H. Amsden, "Taiwan's Economic History: A Case of Etatisme and a Challenge to Dependency Theory," Modern China 5 (July 1979): 341-80; idem, "The State and Taiwan's Economic Development," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York, 1985), 78-106; Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan," in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca, 1987), 136-64; Johnson quoted by Gregory W. Noble, "Between Competition and Cooperation: Collective Action in the Industrial Policy of Japan and Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988), 3; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, 1990); Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, 1990).
13. Quoted in James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York, 1994), 6; Alice H. Amsden, "Taiwan's Economic History: A Case of Etatisme and a Challenge to Dependency Theory," Modern China 5 (July 1979): 341-80; idem, "The State and Taiwan's Economic Development," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York, 1985), 78-106; Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan," in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca, 1987), 136-64; Johnson quoted by Gregory W. Noble, "Between Competition and Cooperation: Collective Action in the Industrial Policy of Japan and Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988), 3; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, 1990); Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, 1990).
14. Quoted in James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York, 1994), 6; Alice H. Amsden, "Taiwan's Economic History: A Case of Etatisme and a Challenge to Dependency Theory," Modern China 5 (July 1979): 341-80; idem, "The State and Taiwan's Economic Development," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York, 1985), 78-106; Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan," in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca, 1987), 136-64; Johnson quoted by Gregory W. Noble, "Between Competition and Cooperation: Collective Action in the Industrial Policy of Japan and Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988), 3; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, 1990); Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, 1990).
15. Quoted in James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York, 1994), 6; Alice H. Amsden, "Taiwan's Economic History: A Case of Etatisme and a Challenge to Dependency Theory," Modern China 5 (July 1979): 341-80; idem, "The State and Taiwan's Economic Development," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York, 1985), 78-106; Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan," in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca, 1987), 136-64; Johnson quoted by Gregory W. Noble, "Between Competition and Cooperation: Collective Action in the Industrial Policy of Japan and Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988), 3; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, 1990); Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, 1990).
16. Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance," 137; Fallows, Looking at the Sun, 203.
17. Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance," 137; Fallows, Looking at the Sun, 203.
18. Amsden, "The State and Taiwan's Economic Development," 91.
19. Neil H. Jacoby, U.S. Aid to Taiwan: A Study of Foreign Aid, Self-Help, and Development (New York, 1996), 138. Nancy Bernkopf Tucker "depends heavily on the outstanding work of Neil H. Jacoby." Her account also employs the work of the state-oriented theorists, particularly Wade, Gold, and Haggard. She concludes that the United States was partly successful in imposing market-oriented reforms, and that this partial success accounts for Taiwan's growth. Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 1945-1992 (New York, 1994), 56-72.
20. Neil H. Jacoby, U.S. Aid to Taiwan: A Study of Foreign Aid, Self-Help, and Development (New York, 1996), 138. Nancy Bernkopf Tucker "depends heavily on the outstanding work of Neil H. Jacoby." Her account also employs the work of the state-oriented theorists, particularly Wade, Gold, and Haggard. She concludes that the United States was partly successful in imposing market-oriented reforms, and that this partial success accounts for Taiwan's growth. Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 1945-1992 (New York, 1994), 56-72.
21. Committee to Strengthen the Security of the Free World, The Scope and Distribution of United States Military and Economic Assistance Programs (Washington, 1963), 5, 12-13. Headed by Lucius Clay, the committee was appointed by President Kennedy in December 1962 to review foreign military and economic aid programs. It amplified the criticisms of William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick's The Ugly American (New York, 1958), which attacked aid officials' preference for colossal state-controlled projects over small, private ones.
22. Committee to Strengthen the Security of the Free World, The Scope and Distribution of United States Military and Economic Assistance Programs (Washington, 1963), 5, 12-13. Headed by Lucius Clay, the committee was appointed by President Kennedy in December 1962 to review foreign military and economic aid programs. It amplified the criticisms of William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick's The Ugly American (New York, 1958), which attacked aid officials' preference for colossal state-controlled projects over small, private ones.
23. Emily Rosenberg notes that after World War II, "policymakers tended to apply their liberal canons selectively," allowing actual policy to diverge from developmentalist dogmas; Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982), 231; Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990), 161-67. Linda Wills Qaimmaqami, "The Catalyst of Nationalization: Max Thornburg and the Failure of Private Sector Developmentalism in Iran, 1947-1951," Diplomatic History 19 (Winter 1995): 1-31; Sylvia Maxfield and James H. Nolt, "Protectionism and the Internationalization of Capital: U.S. Sponsorship of Import Substitution Industrialization in the Philippines, Turkey, and Argentina," International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1990): 49-81; Roger D, Lapham to Paul Hoffman, 30 June 1949, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949 (Washington, 1974), 9:666-67 (hereafter FRUS). On the emerging Confucian Bloc see Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 28.
24. Emily Rosenberg notes that after World War II, "policymakers tended to apply their liberal canons selectively," allowing actual policy to diverge from developmentalist dogmas; Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982), 231; Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990), 161-67. Linda Wills Qaimmaqami, "The Catalyst of Nationalization: Max Thornburg and the Failure of Private Sector Developmentalism in Iran, 1947-1951," Diplomatic History 19 (Winter 1995): 1-31; Sylvia Maxfield and James H. Nolt, "Protectionism and the Internationalization of Capital: U.S. Sponsorship of Import Substitution Industrialization in the Philippines, Turkey, and Argentina," International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1990): 49-81; Roger D, Lapham to Paul Hoffman, 30 June 1949, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949 (Washington, 1974), 9:666-67 (hereafter FRUS). On the emerging Confucian Bloc see Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 28.
25. Emily Rosenberg notes that after World War II, "policymakers tended to apply their liberal canons selectively," allowing actual policy to diverge from developmentalist dogmas; Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982), 231; Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990), 161-67. Linda Wills Qaimmaqami, "The Catalyst of Nationalization: Max Thornburg and the Failure of Private Sector Developmentalism in Iran, 1947-1951," Diplomatic History 19 (Winter 1995): 1-31; Sylvia Maxfield and James H. Nolt, "Protectionism and the Internationalization of Capital: U.S. Sponsorship of Import Substitution Industrialization in the Philippines, Turkey, and Argentina," International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1990): 49-81; Roger D, Lapham to Paul Hoffman, 30 June 1949, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949 (Washington, 1974), 9:666-67 (hereafter FRUS). On the emerging Confucian Bloc see Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 28.
26. Emily Rosenberg notes that after World War II, "policymakers tended to apply their liberal canons selectively," allowing actual policy to diverge from developmentalist dogmas; Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982), 231; Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990), 161-67. Linda Wills Qaimmaqami, "The Catalyst of Nationalization: Max Thornburg and the Failure of Private Sector Developmentalism in Iran, 1947-1951," Diplomatic History 19 (Winter 1995): 1-31; Sylvia Maxfield and James H. Nolt, "Protectionism and the Internationalization of Capital: U.S. Sponsorship of Import Substitution Industrialization in the Philippines, Turkey, and Argentina," International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1990): 49-81; Roger D, Lapham to Paul Hoffman, 30 June 1949, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949 (Washington, 1974), 9:666-67 (hereafter FRUS). On the emerging Confucian Bloc see Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 28.
27. Emily Rosenberg notes that after World War II, "policymakers tended to apply their liberal canons selectively," allowing actual policy to diverge from developmentalist dogmas; Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982), 231; Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990), 161-67. Linda Wills Qaimmaqami, "The Catalyst of Nationalization: Max Thornburg and the Failure of Private Sector Developmentalism in Iran, 1947-1951," Diplomatic History 19 (Winter 1995): 1-31; Sylvia Maxfield and James H. Nolt, "Protectionism and the Internationalization of Capital: U.S. Sponsorship of Import Substitution Industrialization in the Philippines, Turkey, and Argentina," International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1990): 49-81; Roger D, Lapham to Paul Hoffman, 30 June 1949, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949 (Washington, 1974), 9:666-67 (hereafter FRUS). On the emerging Confucian Bloc see Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 28.
28. Emily Rosenberg notes that after World War II, "policymakers tended to apply their liberal canons selectively," allowing actual policy to diverge from developmentalist dogmas; Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982), 231; Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990), 161-67. Linda Wills Qaimmaqami, "The Catalyst of Nationalization: Max Thornburg and the Failure of Private Sector Developmentalism in Iran, 1947-1951," Diplomatic History 19 (Winter 1995): 1-31; Sylvia Maxfield and James H. Nolt, "Protectionism and the Internationalization of Capital: U.S. Sponsorship of Import Substitution Industrialization in the Philippines, Turkey, and Argentina," International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1990): 49-81; Roger D, Lapham to Paul Hoffman, 30 June 1949, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949 (Washington, 1974), 9:666-67 (hereafter FRUS). On the emerging Confucian Bloc see Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 28.
29. Harry B. Price, quoted in Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World (Princeton, 1973), 39; A. B. Hersey to J. Burke Knapp, "Summary of Discussion at IPR Dinner Meeting, Brookings Institution, April 20, 1948," 22 April 1948, Records of the Board of Governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve, Country Files: Asia, Australia, and New Zealand-general, U.S. Federal Reserve, Washington, DC.
30. The ECA took over aid operations in June 1948. Roger Lapham to Paul Hoffman, 30 June 1949, FRUS, 1949 9:656-67; "Statement by Secretary Marshall," Department of State Bulletin 18 (29 February 1948): 270-71; Robert Allen Griffin to Harlan Cleveland, 14 April 1949, Records of the U.S Foreign Assistance Agencies, Office of the Administrator, Country Subject Files, 1948-50, Record Group 286, box 1, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland (hereafter RG 286, with filing information)
31. One of the nation's leading civil engineering firms since World War I, J. G. White had constructed naval bases, airfields, and the Muscle Shoals steam generating plant for the U.S. government as well as hydroelectric dams in Chile and irrigation projects in the Sudan. Its president, Gano Dunn, defined an engineer as someone "who can do with one dollar what any fool can do with two." "Gano Dunn is Dead," New York Times, 11 April 1953; Harlan Cleveland to Paul G. Hoffman, "China Aid Program," 22 July 1949, RG 286, box 1; Harlan Cleveland to Paul G. Hoffman, "Taiwan," 27 January 1949, RG 286, box 1. State Department officials were less enthusiastic about Taiwan's economic prospects in 1948 but thought the island could be made viable as a sort of agricultural hinterland for Japan. State Department, Office of Intelligence and Research [OIR], "Prospects in Formosa, November 1948," 22 November 1948, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, R&A Report No. 4807, National Archives, Washington, DC.
32. George H. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed (Boston, 1965), 248, 257-315; Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 28; Lai Tse-Han, Ramon. H. Myers, Wei Wou, A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947 (Stanford, 1991), particularly chap. 3, reveals how the mainlanders' heavy-handed economic policies provoked the uprising.
33. George H. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed (Boston, 1965), 248, 257-315; Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 28; Lai Tse-Han, Ramon. H. Myers, Wei Wou, A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947 (Stanford, 1991), particularly chap. 3, reveals how the mainlanders' heavy-handed economic policies provoked the uprising.
34. George H. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed (Boston, 1965), 248, 257-315; Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 28; Lai Tse-Han, Ramon. H. Myers, Wei Wou, A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947 (Stanford, 1991), particularly chap. 3, reveals how the mainlanders' heavy-handed economic policies provoked the uprising.
35. Hsu Chen-kuo, "The Political Base of Changing Strategy Toward Private Enterprise in Taiwan, 1945-1955" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1987), 134; Cleveland to Hoffman, "China Aid Program," 22 July 1949, RG 286, box 1. The debates on Taiwan's predicament are described in Ronald L. McGlothlen, Controlling the Waves: Dean Acheson and U.S. foreign Policy in Asia (New York, 1993), 86-154; Acheson to Edgar, 30 March 1949, FRUS, 1949 9:305-6; "United States Policy Toward Formosa," Department of State Bulletin 22 (16 January 1950): 79-81; de Beausset diary, 15 February 1950, Val de Beausset Papers, Westcroft Farm, Grosse Ile, Michigan.
36. Hsu Chen-kuo, "The Political Base of Changing Strategy Toward Private Enterprise in Taiwan, 1945-1955" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1987), 134; Cleveland to Hoffman, "China Aid Program," 22 July 1949, RG 286, box 1. The debates on Taiwan's predicament are described in Ronald L. McGlothlen, Controlling the Waves: Dean Acheson and U.S. foreign Policy in Asia (New York, 1993), 86-154; Acheson to Edgar, 30 March 1949, FRUS, 1949 9:305-6; "United States Policy Toward Formosa," Department of State Bulletin 22 (16 January 1950): 79-81; de Beausset diary, 15 February 1950, Val de Beausset Papers, Westcroft Farm, Grosse Ile, Michigan.
37. Hsu Chen-kuo, "The Political Base of Changing Strategy Toward Private Enterprise in Taiwan, 1945-1955" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1987), 134; Cleveland to Hoffman, "China Aid Program," 22 July 1949, RG 286, box 1. The debates on Taiwan's predicament are described in Ronald L. McGlothlen, Controlling the Waves: Dean Acheson and U.S. foreign Policy in Asia (New York, 1993), 86-154; Acheson to Edgar, 30 March 1949, FRUS, 1949 9:305-6; "United States Policy Toward Formosa," Department of State Bulletin 22 (16 January 1950): 79-81; de Beausset diary, 15 February 1950, Val de Beausset Papers, Westcroft Farm, Grosse Ile, Michigan.
38. Hsu Chen-kuo, "The Political Base of Changing Strategy Toward Private Enterprise in Taiwan, 1945-1955" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1987), 134; Cleveland to Hoffman, "China Aid Program," 22 July 1949, RG 286, box 1. The debates on Taiwan's predicament are described in Ronald L. McGlothlen, Controlling the Waves: Dean Acheson and U.S. foreign Policy in Asia (New York, 1993), 86-154; Acheson to Edgar, 30 March 1949, FRUS, 1949 9:305-6; "United States Policy Toward Formosa," Department of State Bulletin 22 (16 January 1950): 79-81; de Beausset diary, 15 February 1950, Val de Beausset Papers, Westcroft Farm, Grosse Ile, Michigan.
39. Bruce J. Dickson, "The Lessons of Defeat: The Reorganization of the Kuomintang on Taiwan, 1950-52," China Quarterly 133 (March 1993): 56-84. For biographies of Chinese officials see Chien-kuo Pang, "The State and Economic Transformation: The Taiwan Case" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1988), 317.
40. Bruce J. Dickson, "The Lessons of Defeat: The Reorganization of the Kuomintang on Taiwan, 1950-52," China Quarterly 133 (March 1993): 56-84. For biographies of Chinese officials see Chien-kuo Pang, "The State and Economic Transformation: The Taiwan Case" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1988), 317.
41. Thomas B. Gold, State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle (Armonk, NY, 1986), 65; K. C. Wu, "Your Money Has Built a Police State in Formosa," Look, 29 June 1954, 39-45.
42. Thomas B. Gold, State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle (Armonk, NY, 1986), 65; K. C. Wu, "Your Money Has Built a Police State in Formosa," Look, 29 June 1954, 39-45.
43. Yin visited Japan at the height of the reverse course in 1950 and came to regard its mix of state guidance and export-oriented conglomerates as the model for Asian development. Hsu Chen-kuo, "The Political Base of Changing Strategy," 185-84, 250-56. Min-Sheng, the third of Sun Yat-sen's principles, is sometimes translated as "people's livelihood" and other times as "socialism." For Chiang's interpretation with respect to economic planning see Taiwan Provincial Government, Department of Information, Taiwan: A Model Province of the Republic of China Based on the Three Principles of the People (Taipei, June 1971), 56.
44. Yin visited Japan at the height of the reverse course in 1950 and came to regard its mix of state guidance and export-oriented conglomerates as the model for Asian development. Hsu Chen-kuo, "The Political Base of Changing Strategy," 185-84, 250-56. Min-Sheng, the third of Sun Yat-sen's principles, is sometimes translated as "people's livelihood" and other times as "socialism." For Chiang's interpretation with respect to economic planning see Taiwan Provincial Government, Department of Information, Taiwan: A Model Province of the Republic of China Based on the Three Principles of the People (Taipei, June 1971), 56.
45. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 416-26; OIR, "Graphic Summary of the Formosa Situation," 21 August 1950, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5520; Haggard, Pathways, 88. Each of the reforms increased the economic power of the mainlander-dominated state while reducing the power and wealth of potential rivals. Farm rent reduction, for instance, was followed by increases in taxes and the price of fertilizer supplied by a state monopoly. The income of Formosan landholders was thus simply transferred to the state.
46. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 416-26; OIR, "Graphic Summary of the Formosa Situation," 21 August 1950, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5520; Haggard, Pathways, 88. Each of the reforms increased the economic power of the mainlander-dominated state while reducing the power and wealth of potential rivals. Farm rent reduction, for instance, was followed by increases in taxes and the price of fertilizer supplied by a state monopoly. The income of Formosan landholders was thus simply transferred to the state.
47. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 416-26; OIR, "Graphic Summary of the Formosa Situation," 21 August 1950, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5520; Haggard, Pathways, 88. Each of the reforms increased the economic power of the mainlander-dominated state while reducing the power and wealth of potential rivals. Farm rent reduction, for instance, was followed by increases in taxes and the price of fertilizer supplied by a state monopoly. The income of Formosan landholders was thus simply transferred to the state.
48. U.S. Statutes at Large 64 (1950-51): 205.
49. Textiles remain Taiwan's most important industry, generating more jobs, exchange, and production value than any other enterprise. Thomas B. Gold, "Dependent Development in Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1981), 97-106, provides a detailed account of the industry's origins. See also Hsu, "Political Base," 166; and Alan P. L. Liu, Phoenix and the Lame Lion: Modernization in Taiwan and Mainland China, 1950-1980 (Stanford, 1987), 52-54, 123.
50. Textiles remain Taiwan's most important industry, generating more jobs, exchange, and production value than any other enterprise. Thomas B. Gold, "Dependent Development in Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1981), 97-106, provides a detailed account of the industry's origins. See also Hsu, "Political Base," 166; and Alan P. L. Liu, Phoenix and the Lame Lion: Modernization in Taiwan and Mainland China, 1950-1980 (Stanford, 1987), 52-54, 123.
51. Textiles remain Taiwan's most important industry, generating more jobs, exchange, and production value than any other enterprise. Thomas B. Gold, "Dependent Development in Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1981), 97-106, provides a detailed account of the industry's origins. See also Hsu, "Political Base," 166; and Alan P. L. Liu, Phoenix and the Lame Lion: Modernization in Taiwan and Mainland China, 1950-1980 (Stanford, 1987), 52-54, 123.
52. Strong to Acheson, 21 January 1950, RG 59, 894A.00R/1-250; Moyer to Cleveland, 12 July 1950, RG 59, 894A.00R/7-2650; Rusk to Cleveland, 11 August 1950, RG 59, 894A.00R/ 8-1150. Rusk's position softened slightly after the National Security Council approved NSC-37/10, "Immediate United States Courses of Action with Respect to Formosa" (3 August 1950, FRUS, 1950 [Washington, 1976], 6:413-14), which ordered a military survey to determine the usefulness of the armies on Taiwan. Memorandum of conversation, "Policy Guidance for ECA Mission Taipei," 8 September 1950, RG 59, 894A.00R/9-850. Rusk allowed that while avoiding "very long range projects, ECA on Formosa need not keep looking over its shoulder" and could think about suggesting projects for approval.
53. Karl Rankin to Clubb, 24 January 1951, FRUS, 1951 (Washington, 1983), 7:1523-27; memorandum of conversation, Department of State-Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting, 6 February 1951, ibid., 1566-68; JCS, "Courses of Action Relative to Communist China and Korea," 14 March 1951, ibid., 1598-1605; Hsu, "Political Base," 146; Rusk to Griffin, 19 March 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1596-97.
54. Karl Rankin to Clubb, 24 January 1951, FRUS, 1951 (Washington, 1983), 7:1523-27; memorandum of conversation, Department of State-Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting, 6 February 1951, ibid., 1566-68; JCS, "Courses of Action Relative to Communist China and Korea," 14 March 1951, ibid., 1598-1605; Hsu, "Political Base," 146; Rusk to Griffin, 19 March 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1596-97.
55. Karl Rankin to Clubb, 24 January 1951, FRUS, 1951 (Washington, 1983), 7:1523-27; memorandum of conversation, Department of State-Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting, 6 February 1951, ibid., 1566-68; JCS, "Courses of Action Relative to Communist China and Korea," 14 March 1951, ibid., 1598-1605; Hsu, "Political Base," 146; Rusk to Griffin, 19 March 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1596-97.
56. Karl Rankin to Clubb, 24 January 1951, FRUS, 1951 (Washington, 1983), 7:1523-27; memorandum of conversation, Department of State-Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting, 6 February 1951, ibid., 1566-68; JCS, "Courses of Action Relative to Communist China and Korea," 14 March 1951, ibid., 1598-1605; Hsu, "Political Base," 146; Rusk to Griffin, 19 March 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1596-97.
57. Karl Rankin to Clubb, 24 January 1951, FRUS, 1951 (Washington, 1983), 7:1523-27; memorandum of conversation, Department of State-Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting, 6 February 1951, ibid., 1566-68; JCS, "Courses of Action Relative to Communist China and Korea," 14 March 1951, ibid., 1598-1605; Hsu, "Political Base," 146; Rusk to Griffin, 19 March 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1596-97.
58. OIR, "The Current Situation on Taiwan," 4 May 1951, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5529; Yen Chia-kan to William Foster, 23 January 1951, Records of the U.S. Federal Reserve, Country Files, Taiwan-general; Rusk to Griffin, 19 March 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1596-97; minutes of the second meeting of the Economic Stabilization Board, 22 March 1951, RG 59, 894A.131/4-1051; minutes of the third meeting of the Economic Stabilization Board, 28 March 1951, RG 59, 894A.131/4-1051.
59. OIR, "The Current Situation on Taiwan," 4 May 1951, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5529; Yen Chia-kan to William Foster, 23 January 1951, Records of the U.S. Federal Reserve, Country Files, Taiwan-general; Rusk to Griffin, 19 March 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1596-97; minutes of the second meeting of the Economic Stabilization Board, 22 March 1951, RG 59, 894A.131/4-1051; minutes of the third meeting of the Economic Stabilization Board, 28 March 1951, RG 59, 894A.131/4-1051.
60. Memorandum of conversation, "Projected Assignment of Mr. Morrill to Formosa," 14 May 1951, RG 59, 894A.10A/5-1451; Rusk to Griffin, 9 May 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1664-65.
61. Senate Appropriations Committee, Special Subcommittee on Foreign Economic Cooperation, United States Aid to Formosa, Aid Cong., 1st sess., August 1951, 4-6. Morrill recommended a "European type" central bank that could steer investment into socially desirable industries. "One of the weaknesses of [U.S.] central banking in the past," he explained, "has been that the monetary authority has just gone along with economic changes instead of anticipating and formulating ideas on how they might be dealt with before they arise." Twenty-seventh meeting of the Economic Stabilization Board, 6 September 1951, RG 59, 894A.14/9-1551. The Bank of Taiwan did not make a single loan to a private firm until 1955, and until 1965 its lending to the private sector remained insignificant. Chi Huang, "The State and Foreign Capital: A Case Study of Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1986), 123.
62. Senate Appropriations Committee, Special Subcommittee on Foreign Economic Cooperation, United States Aid to Formosa, Aid Cong., 1st sess., August 1951, 4-6. Morrill recommended a "European type" central bank that could steer investment into socially desirable industries. "One of the weaknesses of [U.S.] central banking in the past," he explained, "has been that the monetary authority has just gone along with economic changes instead of anticipating and formulating ideas on how they might be dealt with before they arise." Twenty-seventh meeting of the Economic Stabilization Board, 6 September 1951, RG 59, 894A.14/9-1551. The Bank of Taiwan did not make a single loan to a private firm until 1955, and until 1965 its lending to the private sector remained insignificant. Chi Huang, "The State and Foreign Capital: A Case Study of Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1986), 123.
63. Senate Appropriations Committee, Special Subcommittee on Foreign Economic Cooperation, United States Aid to Formosa, Aid Cong., 1st sess., August 1951, 4-6. Morrill recommended a "European type" central bank that could steer investment into socially desirable industries. "One of the weaknesses of [U.S.] central banking in the past," he explained, "has been that the monetary authority has just gone along with economic changes instead of anticipating and formulating ideas on how they might be dealt with before they arise." Twenty-seventh meeting of the Economic Stabilization Board, 6 September 1951, RG 59, 894A.14/9-1551. The Bank of Taiwan did not make a single loan to a private firm until 1955, and until 1965 its lending to the private sector remained insignificant. Chi Huang, "The State and Foreign Capital: A Case Study of Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1986), 123.
64. Acheson to Rankin, 22 June 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1715-16. Rankin became ambassador in April 1953; U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Mutual Security Act of 1951, 82d Cong., 1st sess., 1951, 536.
65. Acheson to Rankin, 22 June 1951, FRUS, 1951 7:1715-16. Rankin became ambassador in April 1953; U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Mutual Security Act of 1951, 82d Cong., 1st sess., 1951, 536.
66. Senate Appropriations Committee, United States Aid to Formosa, 6.
67. Laura Hughes to Fred Hunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, microfilm (Wilmington, DE, 1989), reel 16; memorandum of conversation, "Conference with Maj. Gen. William H. Chase. Chief of Military Assistance Advisory Group, Formosa," 20 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1985), 14:10; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions Between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, Declassified Documents Reference System, 1990, 0443 (hereafter DDRS); Hughes to Bunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; National Security Council, "U.S. Economic Assistance to Formosa," 28 May 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:58.
68. Laura Hughes to Fred Hunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, microfilm (Wilmington, DE, 1989), reel 16; memorandum of conversation, "Conference with Maj. Gen. William H. Chase. Chief of Military Assistance Advisory Group, Formosa," 20 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1985), 14:10; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions Between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, Declassified Documents Reference System, 1990, 0443 (hereafter DDRS); Hughes to Bunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; National Security Council, "U.S. Economic Assistance to Formosa," 28 May 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:58.
69. Laura Hughes to Fred Hunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, microfilm (Wilmington, DE, 1989), reel 16; memorandum of conversation, "Conference with Maj. Gen. William H. Chase. Chief of Military Assistance Advisory Group, Formosa," 20 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1985), 14:10; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions Between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, Declassified Documents Reference System, 1990, 0443 (hereafter DDRS); Hughes to Bunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; National Security Council, "U.S. Economic Assistance to Formosa," 28 May 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:58.
70. Laura Hughes to Fred Hunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, microfilm (Wilmington, DE, 1989), reel 16; memorandum of conversation, "Conference with Maj. Gen. William H. Chase. Chief of Military Assistance Advisory Group, Formosa," 20 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1985), 14:10; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions Between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, Declassified Documents Reference System, 1990, 0443 (hereafter DDRS); Hughes to Bunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; National Security Council, "U.S. Economic Assistance to Formosa," 28 May 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:58.
71. Laura Hughes to Fred Hunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, microfilm (Wilmington, DE, 1989), reel 16; memorandum of conversation, "Conference with Maj. Gen. William H. Chase. Chief of Military Assistance Advisory Group, Formosa," 20 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1985), 14:10; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions Between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, Declassified Documents Reference System, 1990, 0443 (hereafter DDRS); Hughes to Bunting, "Activities of the China Mission in the Economic Field," 12 May 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; National Security Council, "U.S. Economic Assistance to Formosa," 28 May 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:58.
72. L. B. Pearson to Department of State, 16 June 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Rankin to Schenck, 14 January 1952, ibid.; OIR, "Private U.S. Investments As Sources of Friction in Selected Countries: The Far East," 31 December 1952, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5985.2; Burton Crane, "Formosa Changing Form of Economy," New York Times, 8 February 1950.
73. L. B. Pearson to Department of State, 16 June 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Rankin to Schenck, 14 January 1952, ibid.; OIR, "Private U.S. Investments As Sources of Friction in Selected Countries: The Far East," 31 December 1952, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5985.2; Burton Crane, "Formosa Changing Form of Economy," New York Times, 8 February 1950.
74. L. B. Pearson to Department of State, 16 June 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Rankin to Schenck, 14 January 1952, ibid.; OIR, "Private U.S. Investments As Sources of Friction in Selected Countries: The Far East," 31 December 1952, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5985.2; Burton Crane, "Formosa Changing Form of Economy," New York Times, 8 February 1950.
75. L. B. Pearson to Department of State, 16 June 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Rankin to Schenck, 14 January 1952, ibid.; OIR, "Private U.S. Investments As Sources of Friction in Selected Countries: The Far East," 31 December 1952, RG 59, State Department R&A Report No. 5985.2; Burton Crane, "Formosa Changing Form of Economy," New York Times, 8 February 1950.
76. Ching-yuan Lin, Industrialization in Taiwan, 1946-72: Trade and Import Substitution Policies for Developing Countries (New York, 1973), 70-72; U.S. Department of Commerce, "Licensing and Exchange Controls, Taiwan," World Trade Information Service Operations Report No. 56-10 (Washington, January 1956); H. K. Kao, "Foreign Exchange and Trade Control in Free China," Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 January 1955; Igor Oganesoff, "Formosa Invasion Peril Spotlights U.S. Aid to Army, Economy," Wall Street Journal, 27 August 1958.
77. Ching-yuan Lin, Industrialization in Taiwan, 1946-72: Trade and Import Substitution Policies for Developing Countries (New York, 1973), 70-72; U.S. Department of Commerce, "Licensing and Exchange Controls, Taiwan," World Trade Information Service Operations Report No. 56-10 (Washington, January 1956); H. K. Kao, "Foreign Exchange and Trade Control in Free China," Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 January 1955; Igor Oganesoff, "Formosa Invasion Peril Spotlights U.S. Aid to Army, Economy," Wall Street Journal, 27 August 1958.
78. Ching-yuan Lin, Industrialization in Taiwan, 1946-72: Trade and Import Substitution Policies for Developing Countries (New York, 1973), 70-72; U.S. Department of Commerce, "Licensing and Exchange Controls, Taiwan," World Trade Information Service Operations Report No. 56-10 (Washington, January 1956); H. K. Kao, "Foreign Exchange and Trade Control in Free China," Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 January 1955; Igor Oganesoff, "Formosa Invasion Peril Spotlights U.S. Aid to Army, Economy," Wall Street Journal, 27 August 1958.
79. Ching-yuan Lin, Industrialization in Taiwan, 1946-72: Trade and Import Substitution Policies for Developing Countries (New York, 1973), 70-72; U.S. Department of Commerce, "Licensing and Exchange Controls, Taiwan," World Trade Information Service Operations Report No. 56-10 (Washington, January 1956); H. K. Kao, "Foreign Exchange and Trade Control in Free China," Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 January 1955; Igor Oganesoff, "Formosa Invasion Peril Spotlights U.S. Aid to Army, Economy," Wall Street Journal, 27 August 1958.
80. Memorandum of conversation, Department of State-JCS Meeting, 9 April 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:39.
81. Walter P. McConaughy to Allison, "Program Analysis: MSA Formosa," 22 August 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16. Taiwan had six four-year plans between 1953 and 1975, a six-year plan (1976-81) and a ten-year plan (1980-89). Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance," 142. The first four-year plan remains secret in Taiwan but has been released in the Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs. De Beausset chose a four-year cycle to coincide with the term of J. G. White's contract. C. L. Terrell to MSA, "Economic Aid to China," 30 September 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Hope to McConauthy, "Request for Clearance on Press Release Regarding Chinese Four-Year Plan," 3 December 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; interview with Val de Beausset, 31 May 1995; memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong, 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5; Gold, "Dependent Development," 250.
82. Walter P. McConaughy to Allison, "Program Analysis: MSA Formosa," 22 August 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16. Taiwan had six four-year plans between 1953 and 1975, a six-year plan (1976-81) and a ten-year plan (1980-89). Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance," 142. The first four-year plan remains secret in Taiwan but has been released in the Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs. De Beausset chose a four-year cycle to coincide with the term of J. G. White's contract. C. L. Terrell to MSA, "Economic Aid to China," 30 September 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Hope to McConauthy, "Request for Clearance on Press Release Regarding Chinese Four-Year Plan," 3 December 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; interview with Val de Beausset, 31 May 1995; memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong, 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5; Gold, "Dependent Development," 250.
83. Walter P. McConaughy to Allison, "Program Analysis: MSA Formosa," 22 August 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16. Taiwan had six four-year plans between 1953 and 1975, a six-year plan (1976-81) and a ten-year plan (1980-89). Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance," 142. The first four-year plan remains secret in Taiwan but has been released in the Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs. De Beausset chose a four-year cycle to coincide with the term of J. G. White's contract. C. L. Terrell to MSA, "Economic Aid to China," 30 September 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Hope to McConauthy, "Request for Clearance on Press Release Regarding Chinese Four-Year Plan," 3 December 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; interview with Val de Beausset, 31 May 1995; memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong, 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5; Gold, "Dependent Development," 250.
84. Walter P. McConaughy to Allison, "Program Analysis: MSA Formosa," 22 August 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16. Taiwan had six four-year plans between 1953 and 1975, a six-year plan (1976-81) and a ten-year plan (1980-89). Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance," 142. The first four-year plan remains secret in Taiwan but has been released in the Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs. De Beausset chose a four-year cycle to coincide with the term of J. G. White's contract. C. L. Terrell to MSA, "Economic Aid to China," 30 September 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Hope to McConauthy, "Request for Clearance on Press Release Regarding Chinese Four-Year Plan," 3 December 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; interview with Val de Beausset, 31 May 1995; memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong, 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5; Gold, "Dependent Development," 250.
85. Walter P. McConaughy to Allison, "Program Analysis: MSA Formosa," 22 August 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16. Taiwan had six four-year plans between 1953 and 1975, a six-year plan (1976-81) and a ten-year plan (1980-89). Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance," 142. The first four-year plan remains secret in Taiwan but has been released in the Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs. De Beausset chose a four-year cycle to coincide with the term of J. G. White's contract. C. L. Terrell to MSA, "Economic Aid to China," 30 September 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Hope to McConauthy, "Request for Clearance on Press Release Regarding Chinese Four-Year Plan," 3 December 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; interview with Val de Beausset, 31 May 1995; memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong, 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5; Gold, "Dependent Development," 250.
86. Walter P. McConaughy to Allison, "Program Analysis: MSA Formosa," 22 August 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16. Taiwan had six four-year plans between 1953 and 1975, a six-year plan (1976-81) and a ten-year plan (1980-89). Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance," 142. The first four-year plan remains secret in Taiwan but has been released in the Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs. De Beausset chose a four-year cycle to coincide with the term of J. G. White's contract. C. L. Terrell to MSA, "Economic Aid to China," 30 September 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; Hope to McConauthy, "Request for Clearance on Press Release Regarding Chinese Four-Year Plan," 3 December 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16; interview with Val de Beausset, 31 May 1995; memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong, 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5; Gold, "Dependent Development," 250.
87. K. Y. Yin, "A Discussion of Industrial Policy for Taiwan," Industry of Free China 1 (May 1954): 1-14;
88. "Road to Taiwan's Industrial Reconstruction," ibid., 29-36.
89. Karl Rankin to Walter P. McConaughy, 10 April 1953, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:184; memorandum of conversation, "Chinese Government Budgetary Problems and Interest in IBRD Loan," 21 September 1953, FRUS: Secretary of State's Memoranda of Conversation, November 1952-December 1954 (Microfiche Supplement) (Washington, 1992); memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong (secretary general, Council for U.S. Aid), 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5.
90. Karl Rankin to Walter P. McConaughy, 10 April 1953, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:184; memorandum of conversation, "Chinese Government Budgetary Problems and Interest in IBRD Loan," 21 September 1953, FRUS: Secretary of State's Memoranda of Conversation, November 1952-December 1954 (Microfiche Supplement) (Washington, 1992); memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong (secretary general, Council for U.S. Aid), 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5.
91. Karl Rankin to Walter P. McConaughy, 10 April 1953, FRUS, 1952-1954 14:184; memorandum of conversation, "Chinese Government Budgetary Problems and Interest in IBRD Loan," 21 September 1953, FRUS: Secretary of State's Memoranda of Conversation, November 1952-December 1954 (Microfiche Supplement) (Washington, 1992); memorandum of conversation with Martin Wong (secretary general, Council for U.S. Aid), 9 December 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5.
92. Minutes of the 266th meeting of the NSC, 15 November 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957 (Washington, 1989), 10:29-30; minutes of the 273d meeting of the NSC, 18 January 1956, ibid., 64-66.
93. Minutes of the 266th meeting of the NSC, 15 November 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957 (Washington, 1989), 10:29-30; minutes of the 273d meeting of the NSC, 18 January 1956, ibid., 64-66.
94. Joseph Schumpeter and Max Weber are largely responsible for the market/planning dualism; see Chalmers Johnson, MIT1 and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (Stanford, 1982), 18; and Nathan Godfried, Bridging the Gap between Rich and Poor: American Economic Development Policy toward the Arab East, 1942-1949 (New York, 1987), 12-13. Foreign Operations Administration (FOA), Conclusions and Recommendations of the International Development Advisory Board (Washington, 1953), 18; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, DDRS, 1990, 0443; FOA, Conclusions, 18; A. Guy Hope to Rankin, 14 January 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 4.
95. Joseph Schumpeter and Max Weber are largely responsible for the market/planning dualism; see Chalmers Johnson, MIT1 and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (Stanford, 1982), 18; and Nathan Godfried, Bridging the Gap between Rich and Poor: American Economic Development Policy toward the Arab East, 1942-1949 (New York, 1987), 12-13. Foreign Operations Administration (FOA), Conclusions and Recommendations of the International Development Advisory Board (Washington, 1953), 18; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, DDRS, 1990, 0443; FOA, Conclusions, 18; A. Guy Hope to Rankin, 14 January 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 4.
96. Joseph Schumpeter and Max Weber are largely responsible for the market/planning dualism; see Chalmers Johnson, MIT1 and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (Stanford, 1982), 18; and Nathan Godfried, Bridging the Gap between Rich and Poor: American Economic Development Policy toward the Arab East, 1942-1949 (New York, 1987), 12-13. Foreign Operations Administration (FOA), Conclusions and Recommendations of the International Development Advisory Board (Washington, 1953), 18; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, DDRS, 1990, 0443; FOA, Conclusions, 18; A. Guy Hope to Rankin, 14 January 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 4.
97. Joseph Schumpeter and Max Weber are largely responsible for the market/planning dualism; see Chalmers Johnson, MIT1 and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (Stanford, 1982), 18; and Nathan Godfried, Bridging the Gap between Rich and Poor: American Economic Development Policy toward the Arab East, 1942-1949 (New York, 1987), 12-13. Foreign Operations Administration (FOA), Conclusions and Recommendations of the International Development Advisory Board (Washington, 1953), 18; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, DDRS, 1990, 0443; FOA, Conclusions, 18; A. Guy Hope to Rankin, 14 January 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 4.
98. Joseph Schumpeter and Max Weber are largely responsible for the market/planning dualism; see Chalmers Johnson, MIT1 and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (Stanford, 1982), 18; and Nathan Godfried, Bridging the Gap between Rich and Poor: American Economic Development Policy toward the Arab East, 1942-1949 (New York, 1987), 12-13. Foreign Operations Administration (FOA), Conclusions and Recommendations of the International Development Advisory Board (Washington, 1953), 18; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, DDRS, 1990, 0443; FOA, Conclusions, 18; A. Guy Hope to Rankin, 14 January 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 4.
99. Joseph Schumpeter and Max Weber are largely responsible for the market/planning dualism; see Chalmers Johnson, MIT1 and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (Stanford, 1982), 18; and Nathan Godfried, Bridging the Gap between Rich and Poor: American Economic Development Policy toward the Arab East, 1942-1949 (New York, 1987), 12-13. Foreign Operations Administration (FOA), Conclusions and Recommendations of the International Development Advisory Board (Washington, 1953), 18; Karl M. Rankin, "Report on Foreign Economic Policy Discussions between United States Officials in the Far East and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," 18 December 1956, DDRS, 1990, 0443; FOA, Conclusions, 18; A. Guy Hope to Rankin, 14 January 1955, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 4.
100. Troy L. Perkins to Mr. Johnson, "MSA Proposals for a Joint Commission for Industrial Development and a China Development Corporation," 18 July 1952, RG 59, 894A.00/7-1852;
101. Nicholas H. Riegg, "The Role of Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Taiwan's Economic Development" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1978), 38;
102. Igor Oganesoff, "A Tale of Two Lins: Land Reform Narrows Formosan Social Gap," Wall Street Journal, 15 April 1960. Of the four firms, only Taiwan Cement appreciated in value, and it only began to show a return after several years. Industry officials sought assurances that relations with government would remain as before.
103. See the discussion on privatization in Industry of Free China 1 (1954);
104. Joseph L. Brent, "Report on Foreign Fconomic Policy Discussions Between United States Officials in the Far Fast and Clarence B. Randall and Associates," December 1956, DDRS, 1990, 0444.
105. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report of the Subcommittee for Review of the Mutual Security Programs, 86th Cong., 1st sess., 15 February 1959, 5; Alfred E. Moon to Stassen, "Secretary Hoover's Request for Information on the Proposed Plastics Plant for Formosa," 13 May 1995,
106. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Interim Report of the Subcommittee for Review of the Mutual Security Programs, 86th Cong., 1st sess., 15 February 1959, 5; Alfred E. Moon to Stassen, "Secretary Hoover's Request for Information on the Proposed Plastics Plant for Formosa," 13 May 1995,
107. and D. A. Fitzgerald to Stassen, "Polyvinyl Chloride Project in Formosa," 7 July 1955, Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, Geographic Files of the Director, RG 469, box 26, Washington National Records Center;
108. Wade, Governing the Market, 80.
109. Walter P. McConaughy to Mr. Allison, "Program Analysis: MSA Formosa," 22 August 1952, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-55, reel 16.
110. Rankin to Radford, 3 January 1956, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 18. The military hampered the industrial effort by running up budgetary deficits that siphoned off savings and investment through taxes and high interest rates. The military also had first claim on skilled technicians, electric power, petroleum, and cement.
111. Haggard, Pathways, 87; memorandum of conversation, Karl Arndt and Herbert Prochnow, "Discussion on Taiwan Economy in Taipei, October 10, 1955," RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 12.
112. Haggard, Pathways, 87; memorandum of conversation, Karl Arndt and Herbert Prochnow, "Discussion on Taiwan Economy in Taipei, October 10, 1955," RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 12.
113. Operations Coordinating Board, "Report on Taiwan and the Government of the Republic of China," 16 April 1958, Eisenhower Papers, NSC Series, Policy Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
114. NSC-5610, "Report by the Interdepartmental Committee on Certain U.S. Aid Programs," 3 August 1956, Eisenhower Papers, NSC Series, Policy Papers.
115. T. R. Bowden to Laura B. Hughes, 7 February 1956, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 12 (emphasis in original).
116. OIR, "Attitudes Toward Aid Programs." This assumption was proved wrong on 24 May 1957, when a mob sacked the U.S. embassy in Taipei after the acquittal (by a U.S. military court) of an American officer accused of murdering a Taiwanese man. The high living standards of U.S. servicemen partly accounted for the rioters' anger. Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 90-92.
117. OIR, "Attitudes Toward Aid Programs." This assumption was proved wrong on 24 May 1957, when a mob sacked the U.S. embassy in Taipei after the acquittal (by a U.S. military court) of an American officer accused of murdering a Taiwanese man. The high living standards of U.S. servicemen partly accounted for the rioters' anger. Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 90-92.
118. House Committee on Government Operations, Foreign Aid and Construction Projects, 85th Cong., 2d sess., 1958, 852; Republic of China, China Yearbook, 1960-1961 (Taipei, 1960), 10; Robert H. Silin, Leadership and Values: The Organization of Large-Scale Taiwanese Enterprises (Cambridge, MA, 1976), 21. VACRS was originally called the Retser Program.
119. House Committee on Government Operations, Foreign Aid and Construction Projects, 85th Cong., 2d sess., 1958, 852; Republic of China, China Yearbook, 1960-1961 (Taipei, 1960), 10; Robert H. Silin, Leadership and Values: The Organization of Large-Scale Taiwanese Enterprises (Cambridge, MA, 1976), 21. VACRS was originally called the Retser Program.
120. House Committee on Government Operations, Foreign Aid and Construction Projects, 85th Cong., 2d sess., 1958, 852; Republic of China, China Yearbook, 1960-1961 (Taipei, 1960), 10; Robert H. Silin, Leadership and Values: The Organization of Large-Scale Taiwanese Enterprises (Cambridge, MA, 1976), 21. VACRS was originally called the Retser Program.
121. "Taiwan Electric Power Industry," Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 October 1954, 529; House Special Committee to Study the Foreign Aid Program, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines: A Reported an United States Foreign Assistance Programs, 8510 Cong., 1st sess., March 1957, 17.
122. "Taiwan Electric Power Industry," Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 October 1954, 529; House Special Committee to Study the Foreign Aid Program, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines: A Reported an United States Foreign Assistance Programs, 8510 Cong., 1st sess., March 1957, 17.
123. Vermont Royster, "Island in the Sun: Formosa Grows Prosperous and Tries not to Look Back," Wall Street Journal, 26 March 1959.
124. H.K. Kao, "Foreign Exchange and Trade Control in Free China," Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 January 1955.
125. Val de Beausset to file, "Value of Aluminum Company to Taiwan," 19 February 1952, Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, Mission to China, Organizations and Individuals, 1948-54, RG 469, box 2, National Archives; The Economist Intelligence Unit, Quarterly Economic Review of China and Hong Kong No. 9, March 1955, 8; George K. C. Yeh to Karl Rankin, "A Plan for Sino-American Cooperation to Combat Communist Penetration in Asia," 1 December 1956, DDRS, 1994, 1929; Stephan Haggard and Chien-kuo Pang, "The Transition to Export-Led Growth in Taiwan," in The Rule of the State in Taiwan's Development, ed. Joel Aberbach, David Dollar, and Kenneth Sokoloff (Armonk, NY, 1994), 73-74.
126. Val de Beausset to file, "Value of Aluminum Company to Taiwan," 19 February 1952, Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, Mission to China, Organizations and Individuals, 1948-54, RG 469, box 2, National Archives; The Economist Intelligence Unit, Quarterly Economic Review of China and Hong Kong No. 9, March 1955, 8; George K. C. Yeh to Karl Rankin, "A Plan for Sino-American Cooperation to Combat Communist Penetration in Asia," 1 December 1956, DDRS, 1994, 1929; Stephan Haggard and Chien-kuo Pang, "The Transition to Export-Led Growth in Taiwan," in The Rule of the State in Taiwan's Development, ed. Joel Aberbach, David Dollar, and Kenneth Sokoloff (Armonk, NY, 1994), 73-74.
127. Val de Beausset to file, "Value of Aluminum Company to Taiwan," 19 February 1952, Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, Mission to China, Organizations and Individuals, 1948-54, RG 469, box 2, National Archives; The Economist Intelligence Unit, Quarterly Economic Review of China and Hong Kong No. 9, March 1955, 8; George K. C. Yeh to Karl Rankin, "A Plan for Sino-American Cooperation to Combat Communist Penetration in Asia," 1 December 1956, DDRS, 1994, 1929; Stephan Haggard and Chien-kuo Pang, "The Transition to Export-Led Growth in Taiwan," in The Rule of the State in Taiwan's Development, ed. Joel Aberbach, David Dollar, and Kenneth Sokoloff (Armonk, NY, 1994), 73-74.
128. Val de Beausset to file, "Value of Aluminum Company to Taiwan," 19 February 1952, Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, Mission to China, Organizations and Individuals, 1948-54, RG 469, box 2, National Archives; The Economist Intelligence Unit, Quarterly Economic Review of China and Hong Kong No. 9, March 1955, 8; George K. C. Yeh to Karl Rankin, "A Plan for Sino-American Cooperation to Combat Communist Penetration in Asia," 1 December 1956, DDRS, 1994, 1929; Stephan Haggard and Chien-kuo Pang, "The Transition to Export-Led Growth in Taiwan," in The Rule of the State in Taiwan's Development, ed. Joel Aberbach, David Dollar, and Kenneth Sokoloff (Armonk, NY, 1994), 73-74.
129. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, "Licensing and Exchange Controls, Taiwan," World Trade Information Service Operations Report No. 59-12 (Washington, February 1959).
130. Wade, Governing the Market, 52-55; Haggard, Pathways, 92-93.
131. Wade, Governing the Market, 52-55; Haggard, Pathways, 92-93.
132. Harold Stassen to Struve Hansel, "Approval of FY 1950-54 Mutual Defense Assistance Revised Material and Training Programs," 29 December 1954, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5; Operations Coordinating Board, "Report on Taiwan and the Government of the Republic of China," 15 April 1959, Eisenhower Papers, NSC Series, Policy Papers.
133. Harold Stassen to Struve Hansel, "Approval of FY 1950-54 Mutual Defense Assistance Revised Material and Training Programs," 29 December 1954, RG 59, Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1954-56, lot 60D171, box 5; Operations Coordinating Board, "Report on Taiwan and the Government of the Republic of China," 15 April 1959, Eisenhower Papers, NSC Series, Policy Papers.
134. Noble, "Between Competition and Cooperation," 133.
135. "Formosa: The Remarkable Message," Fortune, June 1959, 224; "Industries to be Visited by Herter Party," 13 September 1957, RG 469, Records of the U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, Mission to China, Industrial Development Division, Subject Files, 1956-61, box 14.
136. P. W. Colm and C. B. Bongard, "Taiwan: U.S. Policy Problems," 10 January 1966, DDRS, 1993, 2117; "Formosa: The Remarkable Message," Fortune, June 1959, 220, 226; Robert Keatley, "Prosperous Taiwan is on Way to Becoming Big Factory Center," Wall Street Journal, 2 August 1965, 1.
137. P. W. Colm and C. B. Bongard, "Taiwan: U.S. Policy Problems," 10 January 1966, DDRS, 1993, 2117; "Formosa: The Remarkable Message," Fortune, June 1959, 220, 226; Robert Keatley, "Prosperous Taiwan is on Way to Becoming Big Factory Center," Wall Street Journal, 2 August 1965, 1.
138. P. W. Colm and C. B. Bongard, "Taiwan: U.S. Policy Problems," 10 January 1966, DDRS, 1993, 2117; "Formosa: The Remarkable Message," Fortune, June 1959, 220, 226; Robert Keatley, "Prosperous Taiwan is on Way to Becoming Big Factory Center," Wall Street Journal, 2 August 1965, 1.
139. Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Foreign Commerce Study, 86th Cong., 2d sess., 1960, 7.
140. For the full list of restrictions on foreign investment see Chi Huang, "The State and Foreign Capital: A Case Study of Taiwan" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1986).
141. P. W. Colm and C. B. Bongard, "Taiwan: U.S. Policy Problems," 10 January 1966, DDRS, 1993, 2117; Haggard, Pathways, 198-99.
142. P. W. Colm and C. B. Bongard, "Taiwan: U.S. Policy Problems," 10 January 1966, DDRS, 1993, 2117; Haggard, Pathways, 198-99.
143. Allan B. Cole, "Political Roles of Taiwanese Entrepreneurs," Asian Survey 7 (September 1967): 645.
144. Douglas Dillon to Robert B. Anderson, 3 December 1959, RG 59, 894A.00/12-359.
145. Seymour Topping, "Taiwan Shifting Emphasis from War to Prosperity," New York Times, 21 December 1964.
146. Kennedy to Chiang, 17 April 1961, in President John F. Kennedy's Office files, 1961-1963, part 5, Countries File, ed. Paul Kesaris and Robert E. Lester (Bethesda, MD, 1989), microfilm, reel 4; Rostow to Kennedy, 31 July 1961, ibid.
147. Congressional Record, 88th Cong., id sess., 1963, 110, pt. 9:11906.
148. Felix Belair, Jr., "U.S. to Publicize Effects of Aid on Boom in Taiwan," New York Times, 13 January 1965.
149. Jacoby, U.S. Aid to Taiwan, 245, vi.
150. Advisory Committee on Private Enterprise in Foreign Aid, Foreign Aid through Private Initiative (Washington, July 1965).
151. Max Frankel, "U.S. Economic Aid to Taiwan Ended; 'Graduation' Hailed," New York Times, 1 July 1965.
152. For example, Taiwan's "graduating class" included South Korea, Iran, and Brazil.