Democratisation from the outside in: NGO and international efforts to promote open elections

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 543-562

  Chand, Vikram K ^a  

^a WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0005467996     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599714867     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. R A Pastor, 'Elections, monitoring', in Seymour Martin Lipset (ed), Encyclopedia of Democracy, Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1995, p 409.
2. R D Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993, especially ch 6.
3. Ibid.
4. T M Franck, 'The emerging right to democratic governance', American Journal of International Law, Vol 86, No 1, 1992, p 66-68.
5. A Lake, 'The enlargement of democracy', From Containment to Enlargement, US Department of State Dispatch, 3 (39), 27 September 1993, pp 658-664.
6. See F Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, New York: Avon Books, 1992.
7. M W Doyle, 'Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs', Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol 12, Nos 3 and 4, 1983, pp 205-235, 323-353. Doyle was not the first to point out the connection between peace and democracy. Earlier works on the topic are D Babst, 'A force for peace', Industrial Research, April 1972, pp 55-58; and R J Rummel, Understanding War and Conflict, Los Angeles: Sage, 1975-81. Doyle's article, provoked far greater interest in the topic.
8. M W Doyle, 'Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs', Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol 12, Nos 3 and 4, 1983, pp 205-235, 323-353. Doyle was not the first to point out the connection between peace and democracy. Earlier works on the topic are D Babst, 'A force for peace', Industrial Research, April 1972, pp 55-58; and R J Rummel, Understanding War and Conflict, Los Angeles: Sage, 1975-81. Doyle's article, provoked far greater interest in the topic.
9. M W Doyle, 'Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs', Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol 12, Nos 3 and 4, 1983, pp 205-235, 323-353. Doyle was not the first to point out the connection between peace and democracy. Earlier works on the topic are D Babst, 'A force for peace', Industrial Research, April 1972, pp 55-58; and R J Rummel, Understanding War and Conflict, Los Angeles: Sage, 1975-81. Doyle's article, provoked far greater interest in the topic.
10. D H Levine, 'Religion and politics, politics and religion: an introduction', in Levine (ed), Churches and Politics in Latin America, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1979. See also S P Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989, p 78.
11. D H Levine, 'Religion and politics, politics and religion: an introduction', in Levine (ed), Churches and Politics in Latin America, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1979. See also S P Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989, p 78.
12. Huntington, The Third Wave, p 83.
13. J N Rosenau 'Sovereignty in a turbulent world', in G Lyons & M Mastanduno (eds), Beyond Westphalia: State Sovereignty and International Intervention, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995, pp 204-209.
14. The Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government, Observing Nicaragua's Elections, 1989-1990, Atlanta, GA: Carter Center of Emory University, 1990, pp 25-26.
15. C Eguizábal, 'Las Naciones Unidas y la consolidación de la paz en Centroamérica', in O. Pellicer (ed), La Seguridad Internacional en América Latina y el Caribe, Mexico City: Instituto Matías Romero de Estudios Diplomáticos, 1995, pp 119-127.
16. The Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government, Observing Nicaragua's Elections, 1989-1990, pp 16-21.
17. Ibid, pp 25-33.
18. J McCoy, L Garber & R Pastor, 'Pollwatching and peacemaking', in L Diamond & M F Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993, p 181.
19. National Democratic Institute, Nation Building: The UN and Namibia, Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute, 1990, pp 26-34. See also L Cliffe, The Transition to Independence in Namibia, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994, especially chs 4, 6-8.
20. National Democratic Institute, Nation Building: The UN and Namibia, Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute, 1990, pp 26-34. See also L Cliffe, The Transition to Independence in Namibia, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994, especially chs 4, 6-8.
21. National Democratic Institute, Nation Building: The UN and Namibia, pp 35-36.
22. See M W Doyle, UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia: UNTAC'S Civil Mandate, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
23. On the relationship between the OAS and the UN in Latin America, see R Greene, 'El debate ONU-OEA: nuevas competencias en el ambito de la paz y la ṡeguridad internacional', in O. Pellicer (ed), Las Naciones Unidas: Visión de México, Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1994, pp 72-102; and S N MacFarlane & T G Weiss, 'The United Nations, regional organizations, and human security: building theory in Central America', Security Studies, Vol 2, No 1, Autumn 1992, pp 6-37.
24. On the relationship between the OAS and the UN in Latin America, see R Greene, 'El debate ONU-OEA: nuevas competencias en el ambito de la paz y la ṡeguridad internacional', in O. Pellicer (ed), Las Naciones Unidas: Visión de México, Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1994, pp 72-102; and S N MacFarlane & T G Weiss, 'The United Nations, regional organizations, and human security: building theory in Central America', Security Studies, Vol 2, No 1, Autumn 1992, pp 6-37.
25. A K Henrikson, 'The growth of regional organizations and the role of the United Nations', in L Fawcett & A Hurrell (eds), Regionalism in World Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 142-147.
26. R A. Pastor, Whirlpool: US Foreign Policy toward Latin America and the Caribbean, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992, p 282.
27. On the implications of humanitarian assistance for sovereignty, see T G Weiss & J Chopra, 'Sovereignty under siege: from intervention to humanitarian space' in Lyons & Mastanduno (eds), Beyond Westphalia, pp 87-114.
28. Pastor, 'Elections, Monitoring', p 409.
29. See, for example, Franck, 'The emerging right to democratic governance'. See also G H Fox, 'The right to participation in international law', Yale Journal of International Law, Vol 17, No 539, 1992, pp 539-607; and F Tesón, 'Changing perceptions of domestic jurisdiction and intervention', in T J Farer (ed), Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp 29-51.
30. See, for example, Franck, 'The emerging right to democratic governance'. See also G H Fox, 'The right to participation in international law', Yale Journal of International Law, Vol 17, No 539, 1992, pp 539-607; and F Tesón, 'Changing perceptions of domestic jurisdiction and intervention', in T J Farer (ed), Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp 29-51.
31. See, for example, Franck, 'The emerging right to democratic governance'. See also G H Fox, 'The right to participation in international law', Yale Journal of International Law, Vol 17, No 539, 1992, pp 539-607; and F Tesón, 'Changing perceptions of domestic jurisdiction and intervention', in T J Farer (ed), Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp 29-51.
32. For a sceptical view of Western efforts to promote human rights in Asia, see B Kausikan, 'Asia's different standard', Foreign Policy, Vol 92, 1993, pp 24-51.
33. Doyle, MV Peacekeeping in Cambodia, p 84.
34. See National Democratic Institute and International Republican Institute for International Affairs, The May 9, 1989 Panamanian Elections, Washington, DC: NDI/IRI, 1990.
35. For a discussion of UN recognition practices and an argument in favour of democratic legitimacy as the standard for recognition see, G H Fox, 'Multinational election monitoring: advancing international law on the high wire', Fordham International Law Journal, Vol 18, No 5, May 1995, pp 1658-1667.
36. A de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol 1. ed J P Mayer, Garden City: Anchor Books, 1969, Part I, pp 62-84; Part II, pp 174-195, 262-311.
37. A de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol 1. ed J P Mayer, Garden City: Anchor Books, 1969, Part I, pp 62-84; Part II, pp 174-195, 262-311.
38. Doyle, UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia, pp 32-34, 40-58.
39. Eguizábal, 'Las naciones Unidas y la consolidación de la paz en Centroamérica', pp 128-137.
40. R Pastor in The Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government, Mission to Haiti #3: Elections for Parliament and Municipalities, Atlanta, GA: Carter Center of Emory University, 1995, p 19. See also, Robert Maguire et al, Haiti Held Hostage: International Responses to the Quest for Nationhood 1986-1996, Occasional Paper #23, Providence, RI: Watson Institute, 1996.
41. R Pastor in The Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government, Mission to Haiti #3: Elections for Parliament and Municipalities, Atlanta, GA: Carter Center of Emory University, 1995, p 19. See also, Robert Maguire et al, Haiti Held Hostage: International Responses to the Quest for Nationhood 1986-1996, Occasional Paper #23, Providence, RI: Watson Institute, 1996.
42. See, for example, R Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971; S M Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, New York: Doubleday, 1960. See also, Z Arat, 'Democracy and economic development: modernization theory revisited'. Comparative Politics, Vol 21, 1988, pp 21-37.
43. See, for example, R Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971; S M Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, New York: Doubleday, 1960. See also, Z Arat, 'Democracy and economic development: modernization theory revisited'. Comparative Politics, Vol 21, 1988, pp 21-37.
44. See, for example, R Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971; S M Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, New York: Doubleday, 1960. See also, Z Arat, 'Democracy and economic development: modernization theory revisited'. Comparative Politics, Vol 21, 1988, pp 21-37.
45. R A Pastor, Integration with Mexico: Options for US Policy, New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1993, especially pp 27-28, 65-67.
46. See Huntington, The Third Wave. See also L Diamond, J Linz & S M Lipset (eds), Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990; and Diamond & Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy.
47. See Huntington, The Third Wave. See also L Diamond, J Linz & S M Lipset (eds), Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990; and Diamond & Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy.
48. See Huntington, The Third Wave. See also L Diamond, J Linz & S M Lipset (eds), Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990; and Diamond & Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy.
49. See Unidad de Asistencia Electoral, Posibilidades de Apoyo a Organizaciones No Gubernamentales de Observadores Electorales en Mexico, Mexico City: UN Mission, 23 May 1994.
50. The grounds for classifying NED and NDI as NGOS lies in their autonomy from Congress and the executive in the case of NED and from the Democratic Party, in the case of NDI. Likewise, the Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government was created as a private initiative by former President Carter, and operates independently of any government.
51. 'Briefing paper for the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the International Republican Institute's Joint International Delegation to the 1994 Mexican elections', August 1994, p 14.
52. Instituto Federal Electoral, Informe Sobre Observadores y Visitantes Extranjeros, Mexico City: Instituto Federal Electoral, 1994.
53. For the view of international observers (including this author) on the 1994 elections, see The Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government, The August 21, 1994 Mexican National Elections, Fourth Report, Atlanta, GA: Carter Center of Emory University, November 1994. On the views of Mexico's most important domestic observer group, the Civic Alliance, see Alianza Civica, La Calidad de la Jornada Electoral del 21 de Agosto de 1994: Informe de Alianza Civica Observación '94, Mexico City: 19 September 1994. For the views of other domestic and international groups, see Instituto Federal Electoral, Proyecto de Informe a la Camara de Diputados, Addenda 21, 22 and 23, Mexico City: Instituto Federal Electoral, 1994.
54. For the view of international observers (including this author) on the 1994 elections, see The Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government, The August 21, 1994 Mexican National Elections, Fourth Report, Atlanta, GA: Carter Center of Emory University, November 1994. On the views of Mexico's most important domestic observer group, the Civic Alliance, see Alianza Civica, La Calidad de la Jornada Electoral del 21 de Agosto de 1994: Informe de Alianza Civica Observación '94, Mexico City: 19 September 1994. For the views of other domestic and international groups, see Instituto Federal Electoral, Proyecto de Informe a la Camara de Diputados, Addenda 21, 22 and 23, Mexico City: Instituto Federal Electoral, 1994.
55. For the view of international observers (including this author) on the 1994 elections, see The Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government, The August 21, 1994 Mexican National Elections, Fourth Report, Atlanta, GA: Carter Center of Emory University, November 1994. On the views of Mexico's most important domestic observer group, the Civic Alliance, see Alianza Civica, La Calidad de la Jornada Electoral del 21 de Agosto de 1994: Informe de Alianza Civica Observación '94, Mexico City: 19 September 1994. For the views of other domestic and international groups, see Instituto Federal Electoral, Proyecto de Informe a la Camara de Diputados, Addenda 21, 22 and 23, Mexico City: Instituto Federal Electoral, 1994.
56. J McCoy, 'On the Mexican elections', Hemisphere, Fall 1994, p 28.
57. For examples from other countries on the possible functions of international observers, see J McCoy, L Garber & R Pastor, 'Pollwatching and peacekeeping', Journal of Democracy, Vol 2, No 4, 1994, pp 102-114.
58. See Huntington, The Third Wave, pp 175-180.
59. A Sen, 'Freedoms and needs', The New Republic, 10 and 17 January 1994, pp 31-38.