Chinese capitalism: Cultures, the Southeast Asian region and economic globalisation

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 69-86

  Crawford, Darryl ^a  

^a UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPITALISM; GLOBALIZATION; MARKET SYSTEM; POLITICAL ECONOMY;

ASIA; CHINA;

EID: 0005437929     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590013233     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Mittelman, 'Rethinking the "new regionalism" in the context of globalization', Global Governance, 2, 1996, pp 190-197.
2. S Radelet & J Sachs, The East Asian Financial Crisis: Diagnosis, Remedies, Prospects, www.hiid.harvard.edu/pub/other/bpeaaia2.pdf, p 2.
3. M Beeson, Competing Capitalisms: Australia, Japan and Economic Competition in Asia-Pacific, London: Macmillan, 1999, p 194.
4. Theoretically, this approach owes much to the market integration-disintegration model developed initially by Karl Polanyi in The Great Transformation. Polanyi argued that the dislocations which stem from the self-regulating market inspire counter-movements from within societies that challenge and moderate homogenising tendencies.
5. HWC Yeung, 'Capital, state and space: contesting the borderless world', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 23, 1998, p 292.
6. K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State, London: Harper Collins, 1995, p 142.
7. F Mueller, 'Societal effect, organizational effect and globalization', Organization Studies, 15 (3), 1994, p 417.
8. R Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism, New York: Vintage, 1991, p 120.
9. W Lewis & M Harris, 'Why globalization must prevail', The McKinsey Quarterly, 2, 1992, p 115.
10. Cited in J Rosenau, 'The complexities and contradictions of globalization', Current History, November 1997, p 363. Kenichi Omhae was, incidentally director of McKinsey & Company - the institutional publisher of The McKinsey Quarterly - for 23 years.
11. HWC Yeung, 'Under siege? Economic globalization and Chinese business in Southeast Asia', Economy and Society, 28 (1), 1999, p 3.
12. F Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York: Penguin Books, 1995, p 6.
13. F Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity Ibid, pp 33-34.
14. M Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1930, p 181.
15. G Eyal, I Szelenyi & E Townsley, Making Capitalism Without Capitalists: The New Ruling Elites in Eastern Europe, London: Verso, 1998, pp 4-5. The authors go on to argue that in Central Europe the evolution of market institutions has far outstripped the development of private property, but in Russia the accumulation of wealth in private hands is far ahead of the establishment of market institutions. This constitutes two distinct post-communist regions - 'capitalism without capitalists' in Central Europe and 'capitalists without capitalism' in Russia - which has had direct implications for the culture or style of capitalism in each context.
16. Granted the scale and comprehensiveness of integration from region to region can differ quite substantially. B Hettne & F Soderbaum, 'The new regionalism', Politeia, 17 (3), 1998, p 7.
17. See also, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 1999, 25.
18. R Davies, 'Approaches to regional integration in the Southern African context', Africa Insight, 24 (1), 1994, p 12.
19. M Bernard, 'Post-Fordism, translational production, and the changing global political economy', in R Stubbs & J Underhill (eds), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, London: Macmillan, 1994, p 216.
20. see also D Harvey, The Condition of Post-Modernity, Oxford UK: Blackwell, 1989, pp 147-160.
21. HWC Yeung, 'Business networks and translational corporations: a study of Hong Kong firms in the ASEAN region', Economic Geography, 73 (1), 1997, p 5.
22. G Hamilton, 'The organizational foundations of Western and Chinese commerce: a historical and comparative analysis', in G Hamilton (ed), Business Networks and Economic Development in East and Southeast Asia, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press, 1991, p 61.
23. The emerging Alpine Diamond region linking Lyon with Geneva and Turin is anchored by a particular regional pattern of interaction and Latin culture. Likewise, the Eastern Triangle linking Vienna with Prague and Budapest is rooted in Central European geographic, historical and cultural connections. Some have referred to this movement as a rebirth of the Hanseatic League, which was dominated by North European port cities in the 15th and 16th centuries. W Drozdiak, 'Regions on the rise: as European borders become more porous, cities replace countries in transnational economic alliances', Washington Post, 22 October 1995, p A22.
24. UNDP, Human Development Report 1999, 27.
25. Joel Kotkin, Tribes: How Race, Religion, and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy, New York: Random House, 1992.
26. James Mittelman makes a distinction between macro-regions (loose geographical units larger than the state with some political and cultural bonds, eg the European Union), subregions (historical, cultural and economic areas in proximity which find their expression in subregional economic zones that transcend state boundaries, but need not encompass entire national economies, eg Greater South China Growth Triangle) and micro-regions (which develop within the boundedness of sovereign states, eg Catalonia, Quebec or industrial districts). Mittelman, 'Rethinking the "new regionalism",' pp 191-192. My approach obviously tends to emphasise subregionalism as a primary locus of economic diversity.
27. Robert Wade develops the strategic intervention thesis most persuasively. His examination of growth in East Asia suggests that economic development has been contingent upon a synthesis of government intervention (setting rules, influencing investment allocation and decision making in the private sector) and market competition (internal decentralisation, rivalry, diversity). As a result of this synthesis, East Asian nations acquired a competitive edge in international markets. R Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
28. Cited in M Weidenbaum & S Hughes, The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia, New York: Free Press, 1996, p 25.
29. Yeung, 'Under siege?', p 7;
30. and Louis Kraar, 'Special report: the Overseas Chinese', Fortune 31 October 1994, p 82.
31. G Hamilton, 'Overseas Chinese capitalism' in W M Tu (ed), Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, p 336.
32. Southeast Asia's geographic location made it a natural crossroads for trade routes between China to the Northeast and India to the West. Trading ports were scattered throughout the South China Seas. Malacca, Bantam in Java, Johore, Manila - major ports in the Chinese spice trade - were largely controlled by ethnic-Chinese middlemen. See A Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1998, pp 92-104.
33. G Redding, 'Societal transformation and the contribution of authority relations and co-operative norms in Overseas Chinese business', in Tu (ed), Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity, pp 311-314.
34. Weidenbaum & Hughes, The Bamboo Network, p 53.
35. Hamilton, 'Overseas Chinese capitalism', p 340.
36. HWC Yeung, 'The internationalization of ethnic Chinese business firms from Southeast Asia: strategies processes and competitive advantage', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23 (1), 1999, pp 105-106.
37. Interview conducted by Henry Yeung in Hong Kong on 24, March 1994 and quoted in Yeung, 'Business networks and transnational corporations', p 14.
38. Yeung, 'Business networks and transnational corporations', p 15.
39. Interview conducted with David Li by A Tazner, 'The bamboo network', Forbes, 18 July 1994, p 141.
40. G Redding, The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1991, p 67.
41. Chia Siow Yue & Lee Tsao Yuan, 'Sub-regional economic zones: a new motive force in Asia-Pacific development', in CF Bergsten & M Noland (eds), Pacific Dynamism and the International Economic System, Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1993, p 251.
42. Department of Foreign Affairs, Australia, cited in S Ostry, The Post-Cold War Trading System, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997, p 145.
43. Mitsubishi Research Institute, p 37, cited in R Hayter & Sun Sheng Han 'Reflections on China's open policy towards foreign direct investment', Regional Studies, 32 (1), 1998, p 12.
44. S Thomsen, 'Southeast Asia: the role of foreign direct investment policies in development', OECD Working Papers on International Investment, www.oecd.org, 1999, pp 9-14.
45. The China Statistical Yearbook, cited in A Mody & Fang-Yi Wang, 'Explaining industrial growth in coastal China: economic reforms ... and what else?', The World Bank Economic Review, 11 (2), 1997, p 298.
46. HWC Yeung, 'Transnational economic synergy and business networks: the case of two-way investment between Malaysia and Singapore', Regional Studies, 32 (8), 1998, p 702.
47. Ostry, The Post-Cold War Trading System, p 169.
48. Hayter & Sun Sheng Han, 'Reflections an China's open policy', p 13.
49. Union Bank of Switzerland Global Research, cited in Kris Olds & HW Yeung, '(Re)shaping 'Chinese' business networks in a globalizing era', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 17(5), 1999, pp 535-55. Available on the Internet: http://riim.metropolis.net/Virtual%20Library/1999/wp9912.pdf.