Instrumentation in X-ray crystallography: Past, present and future

Notes and Records of the Royal Society

Volumn 55, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 457-472

  Arndt, U W ^a  

^a MRC LABORATORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0005124983     PISSN: 00359149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2001.0157     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. The experience which had been gained during the Allied wartime radar research and development of electronics and electromechanical devices was published by McGraw-Hill in the 28 volumes of the MIT Radiation Laboratory Series, editor-in-chief L. N. Ridenour. Technological advances resulting from the Manhattan Project, code name for the production of the Atomic Bomb, were reported in the multi-volume (US) National Nuclear Energy Series, also published by McGraw-Hill in the 1940s.
2. M.F. Perutz, 'The structure of haemoglobin', Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 195, 474-481 (1949). I am indebted to Professor A. McL. Mathieson for the information that punched card machines were used even earlier for crystallographic computations in the Glasgow University Laboratory of Professor Monteath Robertson, F.R.S. It is interesting to note that in a book published in 1948 it was stated that punched card methods 'will perform Fourier synthesis and structure-factor calculations but are certainly far too expensive for individual installations and so consequently available only by postal contact with some central bureau'
3. (A.D. Booth, Fourier Technique in X-ray structure analysis (Cambridge University Press, 1948).
4. T.C. Fumas and D. Harker, "Single crystal orienter', Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26, 449-459 (1955).
5. U.W. Arndt and D.C. Phillips, 'The linear diffractometer', Acta Cryst. 14, 807-818 (1961).
6. D.C. Phillips, 'The hen egg-white lysozyme molecule', Proc. Natl Acad. Seci. 57, 484-495 (1967).
7. U.W. Arndt and B.T.M. Willis, 'Automatic neutron diffractometer for three-dimensional structure factor determination'. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 34, 224-230 (1963).
8. U.W. Arndt, 'X-ray single crystal diffractometers', Hilger J. 8, 2 (1964).
9. Collaborative Computational Project, Number 4.,T'he CCP4 suite: programs for protein crystallography', Acta Cryst. D50, 760-763 (1994).
10. W. Friedrich, P. Knipping and M. v. Laue, Interferenz Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen. Ber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 303-322 (1912).
11. W.H. Bragg and W.L. Bragg, The reflection of X-rays by crystals. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 88, 428-438 (1913).
12. J.D. Bernai, 'A universal X-ray goniometer', J. Sci. Instrum. 4, 273 (1927);
13. 5, 241, 281 (1928);
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16. M.J. Buerger, The precession method (John Wiley, New York, 1964).
17. U.W. Arndt, 'The optimum strategy in measuring structure factors', Acta Cryst. B24, 1355-1357 (1968).
18. U.W. Arndt, J.N. Champness, R.P. Phizackerley and A.J. Wonnacott, 'A single-crystal oscillation camera for large unit cells', J. Appl. Cryst. 6, 457-465 (1973).
19. S. Abrahamsson, A computer-controlled film scanner. J. Sci. Instrum. 43, 931-933. (1966).
20. U.W. Arndt, R.A. Crowther and J.F.W. Mallet, A computer-linked cathode-ray tube microdensitometer for X-ray crystallography. J. Sci. Instrum. Ser. 2, 1, 510-516 (1968).
21. U.W. Arndt, J. Barrington Leigh, J.F.W. Mallet and K.E. Twinn, 'A mechanical microdensitometer', J. Sci. Instrum. Ser 2, 2, 385-387 (1969)
22. Ng-H. Xuong, 'An automatic scanning densitometer and its application to X-ray crystallography', J. Sci. Instrum. Ser 2, 2, 485-489 (1969)
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24. S.M. Gruner, 'X-ray detectors for macromolecular crystallography', Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 4, 765-769 (1994).
25. E. Beauville, C. Cork, T. Earnest, W. Mar, J. Millaud, D. Nygren, H. Padmore, B. Turko, G. Zizka, P. Datte and Ng.-H. Xuong, 'A 2-D smart pixel detector for time-resolved protein crystallography', IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. August (1996).
26. A.Müller, 'A spinning target X-ray generator and its input limit', Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 125, 507-516 (1929).
27. D.A.G. Broad, 'Rotating-anode X-ray tube', UK Patent Applications, Nos. 5172, 5173, 12761, 38939, 10984, 13376 (1956).
28. U.W. Arndt, P. Duncumb, J.V.P. Long, L. Pina and A. Inneman, 'Focusing mirrors for use with microfocus X-ray tubes', J. Appl. Cryst. 31, 733-741 (1998).
29. U.W. Arndt, J.V.P. Long and P. Duncumb, 'A microfocus X-ray tube used with focusing collimators', J. Appl. Cryst. 31, 936-944 (1998).
30. G. Rosenbaum, K.C. Holmes and J. Witz, 'Synchrotron radiation as source for X-ray diffraction', Nature 230, 434-437 (1971).
31. See, for example, J.R. Helliwell, in Internat. Tab. for Crystallography, Vol. F. Ch. 8.1. Int. Union of Crystallography (2000).
32. U.W. Arndt, T.J. Greenhough, J.R. Helliwell, J.R. Howard, S.A. Rule and A.W. Thompson, 'Optimised anomalous dispersion in crystallography: a synchrotron X-radiation polychromatic simultaneous profile method'. Nature 298, 835-838 (1982).
33. W.A. Hendrickson, J.R. Horton and D.M. Lemaster, 'Selenomethionyl proteins produced for analysis by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD): a vehicle for direct determination of three-dimensional structure', EMBO J. 9, 1665-1672 (1990).
34. F.M. Richards, 'The matching of physical models to 3-dimensional electron density maps: a simple optical device', J. Mol. Biol. 37, 225-230 (1968).
35. E.A. Moelwyn-Hughes, Physical chemistry, 2nd revised edn, p. 1 (Pergamon Press London 1979).
36. Nature Structural Biology, Structural Genomics Supplement, November 2000.
37. E. Abola, P. Kuhn, T. Earnest and R.C. Stevens, 'Automatic X-ray structure analysis', Nature Structural Biology, Structural Genomics Supplement, 973-977 (November 2000).