Civic traditions in premodern Italy

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 357-377

  Brucker, Gene ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0004948415     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/002219598551742     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Robert Putnam, with Roberto Leonardi and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 121-162.
2. Robert Putnam, with Roberto Leonardi and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy Ibid., 181, 174.
3. Frederic C. Lane, Venice and History (Baltimore, 1966), 520.
4. Daniel Waley, The Italian City-Republics (London, 1969), 221-239;
5. Philip Jones, "Economia e società nell'Italia medievale: la leggenda della borghesia," in Ruggiero Romano and Corrado Vivanti (eds), Einaudi Storia d'Italia (Turin, 1978), 1, 185-372;
6. Romano, "Una tipologia economia"
7. and Vivanti, "Lacerazioni e contrasti," in idem (eds.), Einaudi Storia d'Italia (Turin, 1973), 1, 253-304, 867-948, respectively.
8. For recent surveys of the literature, see Brucker, The Civic World of Early Renaissance Florence (Princeton, 1977), 3-13;
9. John Najemy, "Linguaggi storiografici sulla Firenze rinascimentale," Rivista storica italiana, XCVII (1985), 102-159.
10. Leonardo Bruni, "On The Florentine Constitution," in Gordon Griffiths, James Hankins, and David Thompson (eds.), The Humanism of Leonardo Bruni (Binghamton, 1987), 171-174.
11. Bruni, "Florentine Constitution," 171.
12. Gregorio Dati, Istoria di Firenze dall'anno MCCCLXXX all'anno MCCCCV (Florence, 1735)
13. in Brucker (ed.), The Society of Renaissance Florence (New York, 1971), 75-78.
14. Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Molho, Kurt Raaflaub, and Julia Emlen (eds.), City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Stuttgart, 1991), 278.
15. Catasto, 17, fol., 749r; 18, fol, 806r; 21, fol. 88r, Archivio di Stato di Firenze (hereinafter ASF).
16. For examples of regulatory legislation and its enforcement, see Brucker (ed.), Society of Renaissance Florence, 179-212. Deliberazioni dei Signori e Collegi (ordinaria autorità), 99, unpaginated, February 25, 1498, ASF.
17. Giudice degli Appelli, 75, fols. 201r-20IV, 80, fol. 282r, ASF.
18. The main themes in this paragraph, and the one preceding, are discussed in detail in Brucker, Civic World, 248-507;
19. Dale Kent, The Rise of the Medici: Faction in Florence 1426-1434 (Oxford, 1978).
20. On Medicean electoral strategies, see Nicolai Rubinstein, The Government of Florence Under the Medici 1434-1494 (Oxford, 1966);
21. on the fisc, Elio Conti, L'imposta diretta a Firenze nel Quattrocento 1427-1494 (Rome, 1984);
22. on the judicial system, Lauro Martines, Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence (Princeton, 1968), 387-404;
23. on the issue of "free speech," Rubinstein, Government of Florence, 156-157.
24. For descriptions of Lorenzo's network, see Lorenzo de' Medici (ed. Riccardo Fubini et al), Lettere (Florence, 1977-), 6 v. to date.
25. For a succinct summary, see Francis W. Kent, "Patron-Client Networks in Renaissance Florence and the Emergence of Lorenzo as 'Maestro della Bottega,'" in Bernard Toscani (ed.), Lorenzo de' Medici: New Perspectives (New York, 1993), 279-313.
26. Francis W. Kent, Idem, Household and Lineage in Renaissance Florence (Princeton, 1977), 212;
27. Francis W. Kent, idem, "Lorenzo and Oligarchy," in Gian Carlo Garfagnini (ed.), Lorenzo il Magnifico e il suo mondo (Florence, 1994), 46.
28. Alessandro Perosa (ed.), Giovanni Rucellai ed il suo Zibaldone (London, 1960), 9.
29. Leon Battista Alberti, quoted in Ronald Weissman, Ritual Brotherhood in Renaissance Florence (New York, 1982), 29.
30. Weissman's first chapter, "Judas the Florentine," 1-41, describes the agonistic character of Florentine society.
31. F. W. Kent, "Un paradiso habitato da diavoli": Ties of Loyalty and Patronage in the Society of Medicean Florence," in Anna Benvenuti (ed.), Le radici cristiane di Firenze (Florence, 1994), 198;
32. Brucker, "Florentine Voices from the Catasto," I Tatti Studies, V (1993), 22-32.
33. F. W. Kent, Household and Lineage, 83;
34. F. W. Kent, idem, "Patron-Client Networks," 294.
35. Weissman, Ritual Brotherhood;
36. John Henderson, Piety and Charity in Late Medieval Florence (Oxford, 1994);
37. Nicholas Eckstein, The District of the Green Dragon: Neighborhood Life and Social Change in Renaissance Florence (Florence, 1995), 217.
38. Alison Brown, "Lorenzo and Public Opinion in Florence," in Garfagnini (ed.), Lorenzo il Magnifico e il suo mondo, 61-85.
39. Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini (Princeton, 1965), 19.
40. The phrase, vivere popolare, was commonly used by contemporaries, for example, Luca Landucci, Diario fiorentino dal 1450 al 1516 (Florence, 1883), 97, 110.
41. Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini, 7-104;
42. Humfrey Butters, Governors and Government in Early Sixteenth Century Florence 1502-1519 (Oxford, 1985), 1-165.
43. The quotations in this paragraph are from Denis Fachard (ed.), Consulte e pratiche della Republica fiorentini 1498-1505 (Geneva, 1993), 1-9.
44. Lodovico Alamanni, quoted in Rudolf von Albertini, Das Florentinische Staatsbewusstsein im Übergang von der Republik zum Prinzipat (Bern, 1955), 370.
45. F. W. Kent, "Patron-Client Networks," 302.
46. George Bull (trans.), The Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini (Baltimore, 1956; orig. pub. 1538-1562), 21-22.
47. The impact of a devastating plague in the early 1630s is described by Giulia Calvi, Histories of a Plague Year (Berkeley, 1989).
48. Political stability ensued not only in the city but also in the territory: See Giorgio Spini, Cosimo I de' Medici e la indipendenza del principato mediceo (Florence, 1945), 178-187.
49. The elaborate celebration of a Medici marriage is described by James Saslow, The Medici Wedding of 1589: Florentine Festival as Theatrum Mundi (New Haven, 1996).
50. Eric Cochrane, Florence in the Forgotten Centuries (Chicago, 1973), 43, 64;
51. Benedetto Varchi, quoted in Furio Diaz, Il Granducato di Toscana: I Medici (Turin, 1987), 74;
52. Cochrane, Florence, 40.
53. Weissman, Ritual Brotherhood, 198.
54. See also Konrad Eisenbichler, "Italian Scholarship on Pre-Modern Confraternities in Italy," Renaissance Quarterly, L (1997), 567-580.
55. Diaz, Granducato, 201.
56. Niccolò Machiavelli, Discorsi, I, chap. 55, in Guido Mazzoni and Mario Casella (eds.), Tutte le opere di Niccolò Machiavelli (Florence, 1929), 127. Machiavelli mistakenly included Lombardy and the papal states in his catalogue of regions that had never experienced republican government.
57. Landucci, Diario fiorentino, 371: "Si cominciò a lasciare la portatura de' capucci, e nel 1532 non se ne vedeva pure uno, che fu spenta l'usanza, e scanbio di capuccio si porta berrette e cappegli . . . e or cominciossi a portare la barba" ([Florentines] no longer wore hoods on their cloaks, and by 1532, there were none to be seen. Instead of hoods, they wore caps, and they also began to grow beards).
58. The definitive study of these ottomati is Burr Litchfield, Emergence of a Bureaucracy: The Florentine Patricians, 1530-1790 (Princeton, 1986).
59. Diaz, Granducato, 3: "La libertà civile, in quanto tutela dei diritti individuali, è sempre state . . . ignorata dalle 'democrazie' communali" (civil liberty, in the sense of protecting individual rights, had always been ignored by communal "democracies").
60. For the legislation that flooded granducal Tuscany, see Legislazione toscana raccolta e illustrata da Lorenzo Cantini (Florence, 1800-1807), 30v.
61. Diaz, Granducato, 133.
62. Paul Ginsborg, "The Italian Republic in the Face of the Future," Italian History and Culture (Florence, 1966), II, 4.
63. Jean Claude Waquet (trans. Linda McCall), Corruption: Ethics and Power in Florence, 1600-1770 (University Park, 1991), 17.
64. Gerard Delille, quoted in Domenico Sella, Italy in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1997), 83.
65. Sella, Italy in the Seventeenth Century, 80-81.
66. John Bossy, "The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe," Past & Present, 47 (1970), 51-70;
67. William Hudon, "Religion and Society in Early Modern Italy - Old Questions, New Insights," American Historical Review, CI (1996), 783-804.
68. The plight of confraternities is a major theme in Bossy's seminal article, "Counter-Reformation," 54-59, but his statement that confraternities were no longer an obstacle to uniform parochial observance "because they ceased to exist" is too extreme.
69. See Sella, Italy in the Seventeenth Century, 137-142.
70. Diaz, Granducato, 194.
71. Sella, Italy in the Seventeenth Century, 52-62;
72. Stuart Woolf, A History of Italy 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change (New York, 1991), 21-26.
73. Sella, Italy in the Seventeenth Century, 154-155.
74. An illustration of the survival of this mentality in the nineteenth century involved Bettino Ricasoli, the "enlightened" Tuscan statesman and landowner: Whenever there was the least hesitant attempt to change customary relationships, with the peasants hinting at the existence of wishes diverging from those of their master, Ricasoli reacted swiftly, conveying to his factor [steward or manager] at Brolio that he was the master, that the property was his, that he alone could decide how to manage it, and the first peasant that dared to speak ill of him would be dismissed. (Federico Chabod [trans. William McCuaig], Italian Foreign Policy. The Statecraft of the Founders [Princeton, 1996], 293).
75. Raymond Carr, Times Literary Supplement, 15 Oct. 1993, 4.
76. See also Ernest Gellner, Civil Society and Its Rivals (New York, 1996).
77. Woolf, History of Italy, 69-74, 95-111;
78. Aldo Mola, La massoneria nella storia d'Italia (Rome, 1981), 21-57;
79. Cochrane, Tradition and Enlightenment in the Tuscan Academies, 1690-1800 (Chicago, 1961), 3-47.
80. Woolf, History of Italy, 476;
81. Mary Nolan, "Against Exceptionalism," American Historical Review, CII (1997), 772-773.