Caribbean Plantations and Indentured Labour, 1640–1917: A Constructive or Destructive Deviation from the Free Labour Market?

Itinerario

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 73-97

  Emmer, P C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0004823890     PISSN: 01651153     EISSN: 20412827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165115300022713     Document Type: Article

References (65)

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2. Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713 (New York 1973) 67–74.
3. David Galenson, White Servitude in Colonial America: An Economic Analysis (Cambridge 1981) 3–19
4. Henry A. Gemery, ‘Markets for Migrants: English Indentured Servitude and Emigration in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’ in: P.C. Emmer ed., Colonialism and Migration: Indentured Labour Before and After Slavery (Dordrecht 1986) 33–54
5. Frederic Mauro, ‘French Indentured Servants for America’ in: Emmer ed., Colonialism and Migration, 83–104
6. B.H. Slicher van Bath, ‘The Absence of White Contract Labour in Spanish America during the Colonial Period’, in Colonialism and Migration, 19–32
7. Gunter Moltmann, ‘The Migration of German Redemptioners to North America, 1720–1820’ in: Colonialism and Migration, 105–124.
8. Carl and Roberta Bridenbaugh, No Peace Beyond the Line: The English in the Caribbean, 1624–1690 (New York 1972) 18.
9. Richard N. Bean and Robert P. Thomas, ‘The Adoption of Slave Labor in British America’ in: Henry A. Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn eds, The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (New York 1979) 377–398.
10. Barbara Solow, ‘The Transition of Plantation Slavery: The Case of the British West Indies’ in: Serge Daget ed., De la traite à l'esclavage, actes du Colloque International sur la traite des Noires, Mantes 19851 (Nantes/Paris 1988) 89–110.
11. Hilarv McD. Beckles, Write Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados, 1627–1715 (Knoxville 1989) 125–134.
12. Patrick Manning, Slaxiery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (Cambridge 1990) 92–99.
13. David Eltis, Economic Growth find the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York/ Oxford 1987) 185–204.
14. James Walvin, ‘The Propaganda of Anti-Slavery’ in: James Walvin ed., Slavery and British Society, 1776–1846 (London 1982) 49–68.
15. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution (Ithaca/London 1975) 346–356.
16. Revnolds Farlev and Walter R. Allen, The Color Line and the Quality of Life in America (New York/Oxford 1987) 162, 163.
17. Jav R. Mandle, Patterns of Caribbean Development: An Interpretive Essay on Economic Change (New York 1982) 37–52.
18. Ann J. Lane ed., The Debate over Shivery: Stanley Elkins and his Critics (Urbana/Chicago/ London 1971).
19. Robert William Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York 1989) 60–113.
20. J.R. Ward, British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1854: The Process of Amelioration (Oxford 1988) 192.
21. Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (London 1974) 144–157 and 238–239.
22. Ward, British West Indian Slavery, 262.
23. B.W. Higman, Slave Populations of the British Cariblrean, 1807–1854 (Baltimore/London 1984) 303–307.
24. Michael Craton, James Walvin and David Wright eds. Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation: Black Slaves and the British Empire (London 1976) 310–315.
25. Seymour Drescher, Eronocid: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition (Pittsburgh 1977) 65–91.
26. David Eltis, ‘Abolitionist Perceptions of Society after Slavery’ in: Walvin ed., Slavery and British Society, 195–213.
27. Stanley L. Engerman, ‘Economic Adjustments to Emancipation in the United States and British West Indies’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History XII (1982) 191–220
28. Stanley L. Engerman, ‘Coerced and Free Labor: Property Rights and the Development of the Labor Force’, Explorations in Economic History 29 (1992) 10.
29. Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge 1983) 146, 147
30. W.G. Clarence-Smith, ‘Emigration from Western Africa, 1807–1940’ in: P.C. Emmer and M. Mörner eds, European Expansion and Migration: Essays on the Intercontinental Migration from Africa, Asia and Europe (New York/Oxford 1992) 197–210.
31. P.C. Emmer, ‘Immigration into the Caribbean: The Introduction of Chinese and East Indian Indentured Labourers between 1839 and 1917’ in: Emmer and Morner eds, European Expansion and Migration, 251.
32. Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and its Legacy (Baton Rouge/London 1983) 22.
33. Pieter C. Emmer, ‘The Price of Freedom: The Constraints of Change in Postemancipation America’ in: Frank McGIynn and Seymour Drescher eds, The Meaning of Freedom: Economics, Politics and Culture after Slavery (Pittsburg/London 1992) 30.
34. Michael Craton, ‘The Transition from Slavery to Free Wage Labour in the Caribbean, 1780–1890: A Survey with Particular Reference to Recent Scholarship’, Slavery and Abolition 13/2 (August 1992) 60, suggests that plantation managers forced the system of ‘jobbing gangs’ upon the freed-men.
35. Stanley L. Engerman, ‘Servants to Slaves to Servants: Contract Labour and European Expansion’ in: P.C. Emmer ed., Colonialism and Migration: Indentured Labour Before and After Slavery (Dordrecht 1986) 270–276.
36. Emmer, ‘Immigration into the Caribbean’, 255–258.
37. Emmer, ‘Immigration into the Caribbean’, 252.
38. Gail Omvedt, ‘Migration in Colonial India: the Articulation of Feudalism and Capitalism by the Colonial State’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 7 (1980) 185–212
39. Arnaud A. Yang, ‘Peasants on the Move: A Study of Internal Migration in India’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10/1 (1979) 37–58.
40. Emmer, ‘Immigration into the Caribbean’, 253, 254.
41. Joseph Arnold Meagher, ‘The Introduction of Chinese Laborers to Latin America: The “Coolie” Trade, 1847–1874’ (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, Davis, 1975) 307–346
42. Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830–1920 (Oxford 1974) 334–367
43. Joseph Ismael, De Immigraitie van Indonesiers in Suriname (Leiden 1949) 66–76.
44. Beatrice Knerr, ‘South Asian Countries as Competitors on the World Labour Market’ in: Colin Clarke, Ceri Peach and Steven Vertovec eds, South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity (Cambridge 1990) 173–196.
45. Meagher, ‘Introduction of Chinese Laborers’, 68–83.
46. Tinker, A New System of Slavery, 61–115.
47. Singaravélou, Les indiens de la Caraibe I (Paris 1987) 44–54.
48. P.C. Emmer, ‘The Meek Hindu: The Recruitment of Indian Labourers for Service Overseas, 1870–1916’ in: Emmer ed., Colonialism and Migration, 188–195.
49. Tinker, A New System of Slavery, 275.
50. Emmer, ‘Immigration into the Caribbean’, 258–259.
51. Emmer, ‘Immigration into the Caribbean’, 259–262
52. Thomas Loudon, ‘Chinezen in Cuba: Contract met de Dood?’ (MA-thesis Department of History, University of Leiden, 1996) 35
53. John McDonald and Ralph Shlomowitz, ‘Mortality on Chinese and Indian Voyages to the West Indies and South America, 1847–1874’, Social and Economic Studies 41 (1992) 203–240.
54. Tinker, A New System of Slavery, 177–235.
55. Ralph Shlomowitz, ‘Reflections on Punishments and Rewards in Coercive Labour Systems: Comparative Perspectives’, Slavery and Abolition 12/2 (1991) 97–102
56. Emmer, ‘Immigration into the Caribbean’, 265, 266.
57. However, Walton Look Lai, Indentured Labor, Caribbean Sugar: Chinese and Indian Migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918 (Baltimore 1993) 127–129 sees no decline in the number of prosecutions.
58. Ralph Shlomowitz and Lance Brennan, ‘Epidemiology and Indian Labor Migration at Home and Abroad’, Journal of World History V (1994) 47–67
59. Jan Breman, Labour Migration and Rural Transformation in Colonial Asia (Amsterdam 1990) 7–19.
60. P.C. Emmer, The Great Escape: The Migration of Female Indentured Servants from British India to Surinam, 1873–1916’ in: David Richardson ed., Abolition and its Aftermath: The Historical Context, 1790–1916 (London 1985) 266.
61. James McNeill and Chimman Lai, Report to the Government of India on the Conditions of Indian Immigrants in Four British Colonies and Surinam (London 1915).
62. Emmer, ‘Immigration into the Caribbean’, 269, 270.
63. Unfortunately, the study of labour migration within Asia has produced many opinions, but little comparative statistical evidence as exemplified by Breman, Labour Migration (see note 43).
64. A comparative research-project directed by Ralph Shlomowitz (Flinders University, Australia) on Indian and Pacific labour migration within and outside Asia has already produced new evidence on mortality of labour migrants within Asia. Ralph Shlomowitz and Lance Brennan, ‘Mortality and Migrant Labour en route to Assam, 1863–1924’
65. ‘Mortality and Migrant Labour in Assam, 1865–1921’, The Indian Economic and Social History Review 27 (1990) 85–110 and 313–330.