The nationalisation of electoral politics: A conceptual reconstruction and review of the literature

West European Politics

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 205-224

  Caramani, Daniele ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0004800578     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389608425131     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
2. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
3. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
4. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
5. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
6. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
7. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
8. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
9. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
10. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
11. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
12. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
13. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
14. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
15. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
16. The theory of the nationalisation of politics has been developed mainly in the US and the UK. Among the most significant works, see E.E Schattschneider's classical book, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America (NY: Rinehart & Winston 1960) and D.W. Urwin's seminal contributions which include: 'Germany: Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics', in R. Rose (ed.) Electoral Behaviour. A Comparative Handbook (NY: The Free Press 1974) pp.107-70; 'Towards the Nationalisation of British Politics? The Party System, 1885-1940', in O. Büsch (ed.) Wählerbewegung in der europäischen Geschichte (Berlin: Colloqium Verlag 1980) pp.225-58; 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom', in S. Rokkan and D.W. Urwin (eds.) The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.19-74; 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation', in idem, The Politics of Territorial Identity (London: Sage 1982) pp.165-250; and 'Harbinger, Fossil or Fleabite? "Regionalism" and the West European Party Mosaic', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds) Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change (London: Sage 1983) pp.221-56. See also Stokes' pioneering articles, D.E. Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects', in J.M. Claunch (ed.) Mathematics Applications in Political Science (Dallas: The Arnold Fdn 1965) pp.61-85; and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces', in W.N. Chambers and W.D. Burnham (eds) The American Party System (NY: Oxford UP 1967) pp.182-202. For a discussion of the concepts and their empirical application see W. Claggett, W. Flanigan and N. Zingale, 'Nationalization of the American Electorate', American Political Science Review 78/1 (1984) pp.77-91, P. Hoschka and H. Schunck, 'Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis', in M. Kaase and K. von Beyme (eds) Elections and Parties (London: Sage 1976) pp.31-52, R.S. Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique', American Political Science Review 67/3 (1973) pp.817-28 and 'Rejoinder to "Comment" by Donald E. Stokes', ibid. 67/3 (1973) pp.832-4 and R. Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' in Rivista italiana di scienza politica 15/1 (1985) pp.69-97. For a comparative analysis, see R. Rose and D.W. Urwin, Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations (London: Sage Professional Papers 1975) and S. Ersson, K. Janda and J. Lane, 'Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies 18/2 (1985) pp.170-205, and for a general presentation of the concepts within the domain of political geography, see J.A. Agnew, Place and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
17. 'Local', an unprecise and vague term, is used to describe those aspects referring to small territorial contexts (towns, provinces). The three-level distinction - national, regional, local - has been adopted by convention and for convenience. This distinction derives from the three levels of the American federal system, from which some important statistical techniques have been developed.
18. See, in particular, the fifth chapter which is significantly entitled 'The Nationalization of Politics', pp.78-96.
19. 'The party realignment of 1932 is closely related to a profound change in the agenda of American politics. ... The New Deal itself was in its turn swamped a decade later by an even greater revolution in foreign policy arising from World War II and the Cold War. The cumulative effect of two revolutions has been to produce what is virtually a new government and a new political base for American public policy' (Schattschneider, Semisovereign People, note 1, pp.88-9, original italics).
20. 'One result has been a very great extension of the area of party competition. ... One of the most significant consequences of the nationalization of politics in the last twenty years has been the increased likelihood of a relatively frequent alternation of the parties in power' (Schattschneider, Semisovereign People, note 1, pp.90-1, original italics).
21. So far as electoral behaviour is concerned, it can be studied from different points of view. Nationalisation has been studied considering two electoral variables: (a) the turnout rates and (b) the percentages of vote. However, other measures, such as those of electoral volatility, can be applied.
22. Claggett et al. (note 1).
23. Urwin, 'Territorial Structures and Political Development in the United Kingdom' and 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation' (note 1).
24. It is significant that Urwin calls his method 'degree of competition'. That nationalisation is not synonymous with competition is evident. Consider a bipartisan configuration in which party A receives about 80 per cent of the vote in each electoral district and party B receives about 20 per cent of the vote, and in which the national level is the same. In this case, even if there is homogeneity, the systemic configuration is not a competitive one.
25. Furthermore, a variation in all of these kinds of homogeneity (horizontal homogeneity) is represented by the possible correspondence of the local systemic configurations with respect to the national systemic configuration (vertical homogeneity).
26. A link between these two dimensions exists concerning the problem of the operationalisation of the type of response. If there is no homogeneity of support, in effect, a uniform type of response manifests itself through non-equivalent percentages of swing among regions (D. Butler and D.E. Stokes, Political Change in Britain (London: Macmillan 1969) p.305.
27. Regarding this dimension, two aspects must be considered: (a) the objective character of the political stimuli transfer from a local to a national level; and (b) the subjective character of this transfer, which means that individuals refer to national issues independently of objective transfers.
28. Schattschneider, Semisovereign People (note 1) p.90, italics added.
29. See, in the same issue of the American Political Science Review, Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns' and 'Rejoinder to Comment' and D.E. Stokes, 'Comment: on the Measurement of Electoral Dynamics', APSR 67/3 (1973) pp.829-31.
30. See, in the same issue of the American Political Science Review, Katz, 'The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns' and 'Rejoinder to Comment' and D.E. Stokes, 'Comment: on the Measurement of Electoral Dynamics', APSR 67/3 (1973) pp.829-31.
31. Claggett et al. (note 1).
32. Let us add that this scheme would be further complicated if, for the term 'uniform', the distinction previously introduced between the uniformity of direction and the uniformity of amount of change was considered.
33. Butler and Stokes (note 11).
34. Ibid. pp.305-6.
35. As far as this causality is concerned, it exists but it is not treated extensively in the frame of this article. For more details see D. Caramani, 'La nazionalizzazione del voto', Rivista italiana di scienza politica 24/2 (1994) pp.237-86.
36. In particular, as Agnew points out, the 'acceptance of the nationalisation thesis is based largely upon intellectual foundations independent of empirical demonstration', '"Better Thieves than Reds"? The Nationalization Thesis and the Possibility of a Geography of Italian Politics', Political Geography Qtly 12/4 (1988) p.1, original italics. This evidences the fact that the lack of empirical studies leaves one unable to determine whether or not electorates have undergone a process of nationalisation within the European political systems. It will be the task of empirical research to establish, in the first place, whether there has been nationalisation, or phases of nationalisation alternated with phases of de-nationalisation.
37. Schattschneider, Semisovereign People (note 1) pp.82-3 and 89.
38. Urwin, 'Territorial structures and Political Development in the UK' (note 1) p.41.
39. Urwin, ibid. (note 1) and idem, 'Germany: from Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation' (note 1).
40. Urwin, ibid. (note 1) and idem, 'Germany: from Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation' (note 1).
41. Urwin (note 22) p.41; see also on this point, idem, 'Towards the Nationalisation ot British Politics?' (note 1) pp.237-8.
42. Urwin (note 22) p.41; see also on this point, idem, 'Towards the Nationalisation ot British Politics?' (note 1) pp.237-8.
43. Concerning the problem of the influence of electoral systems on the nationalisation of electoral politics, Duverger concludes that while plurality reinforces geographical divisions, proportional representation systems tend to produce a 'progressive nationalisation of opinions'. Since plurality ensures representation only if political parties dispose of a high proportion of votes concentrated within given constituencies, it creates a 'localisation' of political life. By contrast, the possibility through PR of obtaining seats even in those areas of the country where the electoral support for a party is weak, encourages it to diffuse its support. Both through localisation and nationalisation, plurality and PR tend to distort the real geographical distribution of opinions. See M. Duverger, 'The Influence of the Electoral System on Political Life', Int. Social Science Bulletin 3/2 (1951) pp.331-3. Mair reaches a similar conclusion in his analysis of the nationalisation of electoral strategies in Ireland. In the analysis of the STV system of proportional representation, Mair concludes that localisation is strengthened by the behaviour of those electors who vote for candidates, while nationalisation is favoured by the party vote. See P. Mair, 'Party Organization, Vote Management, and Candidate Selection: Toward the Nationalization of Electoral Strategy in Ireland', in H.R. Penniman and B. Farrell (eds) Ireland at the Polls 1981, 1982, and 1987. A Study of Four General Elections (Washington DC: American Enterprise Inst. 1987) p.128.
44. Concerning the problem of the influence of electoral systems on the nationalisation of electoral politics, Duverger concludes that while plurality reinforces geographical divisions, proportional representation systems tend to produce a 'progressive nationalisation of opinions'. Since plurality ensures representation only if political parties dispose of a high proportion of votes concentrated within given constituencies, it creates a 'localisation' of political life. By contrast, the possibility through PR of obtaining seats even in those areas of the country where the electoral support for a party is weak, encourages it to diffuse its support. Both through localisation and nationalisation, plurality and PR tend to distort the real geographical distribution of opinions. See M. Duverger, 'The Influence of the Electoral System on Political Life', Int. Social Science Bulletin 3/2 (1951) pp.331-3. Mair reaches a similar conclusion in his analysis of the nationalisation of electoral strategies in Ireland. In the analysis of the STV system of proportional representation, Mair concludes that localisation is strengthened by the behaviour of those electors who vote for candidates, while nationalisation is favoured by the party vote. See P. Mair, 'Party Organization, Vote Management, and Candidate Selection: Toward the Nationalization of Electoral Strategy in Ireland', in H.R. Penniman and B. Farrell (eds) Ireland at the Polls 1981, 1982, and 1987. A Study of Four General Elections (Washington DC: American Enterprise Inst. 1987) p.128.
45. Urwin, 'Germany: From Geopolitical Expression to Regional Accomodation' (note 1).
46. Rose and Urwin (note 1).
47. This is not true statistically. In effect, as Blalock underlines, we suppose that for the big parties the deviation will also be large and that for the small parties it will be reduced. This, however, does not constitute a statistical necessity. See H.M. Blalock Jr, Social Statistics (NY: McGraw-Hill 1960) p.84.
48. J.D. Martin and L.N. Gray, 'Measurement of relative variation: sociological examples', in American Sociological Review 34 (1971) pp.496-502 and M. Smithson, 'On Relative Dispersion: A New Solution For Some Old Problems', Quality and Quantity 16 (1982) pp.261-71.
49. J.D. Martin and L.N. Gray, 'Measurement of relative variation: sociological examples', in American Sociological Review 34 (1971) pp.496-502 and M. Smithson, 'On Relative Dispersion: A New Solution For Some Old Problems', Quality and Quantity 16 (1982) pp.261-71.
50. The index is computed by subtracting the vote percentage obtained in one region (with respect to the national score) from the percentage of voters of that region, adding the absolute values of these differences and dividing the result by two. The index varies between zero and one and thus permits an easy interpretation.
51. Hoschka and Schunck, 'Regional Stability and Voting Behavious in Federal Elections' (note 1), and Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' (note 1).
52. Hoschka and Schunck, 'Regional Stability and Voting Behavious in Federal Elections' (note 1), and Pavsic, 'Esiste una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nei partiti italiani?' (note 1).
53. In this bivariate regression, the horizontal axis figures the preceding election (t) and the vertical axis the successive election (1).
54. i. Johnston et al. discuss an index based on the principle of correlation between elections and develop it within the frame of the analysis of principal components. This technique is based of the building of a correlation matrix in which n elections are correlated (n × n). Extracting the principal components they obtain a series of values (the eigenvalues) which give the percentage of the entire variance to be attributed to the first eigenvalue. If this 'explains' the totality (100 per cent) of the variance, then the configuration appears completely stable. For further details see R.J. Johnston, A.B. O'Neill, and P.J. Taylor, 'The Geography of Party Support: Comparative Studies in Electoral Stability', in M.J. Holler (ed.) The Logic Of Multiparty Systems (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic 1987) esp. pp.269-72.
55. i. Johnston et al. discuss an index based on the principle of correlation between elections and develop it within the frame of the analysis of principal components. This technique is based of the building of a correlation matrix in which n elections are correlated (n × n). Extracting the principal components they obtain a series of values (the eigenvalues) which give the percentage of the entire variance to be attributed to the first eigenvalue. If this 'explains' the totality (100 per cent) of the variance, then the configuration appears completely stable. For further details see R.J. Johnston, A.B. O'Neill, and P.J. Taylor, 'The Geography of Party Support: Comparative Studies in Electoral
56. Schattschneider, Semisovereign People (note 1) p.93.
57. Ibid.
58. Butler and Stokes (note 11) pp.303-12. The uniformity of response is not considered here as uniformity of the direction but rather as uniformity of the amount.
59. Let us suppose, as Butler and Stokes suggest, that all over the country, uniformly, party A loses one elector out of five (20 per cent) from one election to the other and that these votes go to party B's advantage. This proportion would be different in the various districts according to the distribution of forces amongst the parties. If, in an electoral district, party A gets 80 per cent of the votes, one elector out of five corresponds to 16 per cent. If in another district, the percentage is 30 per cent, one elector out of five means six per cent.
60. See Stokes, 'A Variance Components Model of Political Effects' and 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces'. In the first of these two articles, Stokes presents the detail of his methodology and the statistical solutions he adopted. In the second article, on the contrary, he presents an application of the methodology. This is employed in order to illustrate the difference of nationalisation levels between the United States and the United Kingdom.
61. ij) is the sum of the squared deviations of the vote percentages in each constituency (j) in the various states (i) from the mean of these values for all elections. The whole variance of the national component may be imputed to national factors, since, given the large number of states and districts, it is unlikely that the national mean may be influenced by constituency variations, insofar as they cancel out. In the same way, the variance of the state component can be entirely attributed to state factors since: (a) the considerable number of districts included in every state permits their variations to be cancelled out, though not influencing state means; and (b) national effects are eliminated by subtraction.
62. See Claggett et al. (note 1) and Katz (note 14).
63. In other words, this method does not distinguish case c from case f (see table 1).
64. Stokes, 'Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral forces' (note 1) p.185.
65. In an analogous way, therefore, the model does not distinguish cases a,b from case d (see note 40).
66. See e.g. Agnew, 'Better Thieves than Reds?' (note 20).