'The ants were duly visited': Making sense of John Lubbock, scientific naturalism and the senses of social insects

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 151-176

  Clark, J F M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0004588799     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087497002999     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. Steven Shapin, 'Discipline and bounding: the history and sociology of science as seen through the externalism-internalism debate', History of Science (1992), 30, 333-69.
2. Bernard Mallet, 'Political and economic', in The Life-Work of Lord Avebury (Sir John Lubbock) 1834-1913 (ed. Ursula Grant Duff), London, 1934, 63.
3. Proverbs 6: 6-8.
4. Y. Cassis, 'Bankers in English society in the late nineteenth century', The Economic History Review (1985), 38, 210-29, especially 215, 219, 225. See Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England Since 1880, 1989; repr. London, 1990, 73, for his criticisms of Cassis's central thesis.
5. Y. Cassis, 'Bankers in English society in the late nineteenth century', The Economic History Review (1985), 38, 210-29, especially 215, 219, 225. See Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England Since 1880, 1989; repr. London, 1990, 73, for his criticisms of Cassis's central thesis.
6. N. G. Annan, 'The intellectual aristocracy', in Studies in Social History: A Tribute to G. M. Trevelyan (ed. J. H. Plumb), London, 1955, 243-87, on 244. For the Lubbock family, see 282.
7. George W. Stocking, Jr, Victorian Anthropology, New York, 1987, 150-6, 212-18, 253. Five years after the death of his first wife, Ellen, in 1879, John Lubbock married Alice Lane Fox Pitt, the daughter of the renowned evolutionary anthropologist, General A. H. L. F. Pitt Rivers.
8. See Perkin, op. cit. (4), 116-70, especially 145-54. In addition, see N. Soldon, 'Laissez-faire as dogma: the Liberty and Property Defence League, 1882-1914', in Essays in Anti-Labour History: Responses to the Rise of Labour in Britain (ed. Kenneth D. Brown), London, 1974, 208-33, especially 228.
9. See Perkin, op. cit. (4), 116-70, especially 145-54. In addition, see N. Soldon, 'Laissez-faire as dogma: the Liberty and Property Defence League, 1882-1914', in Essays in Anti-Labour History: Responses to the Rise of Labour in Britain (ed. Kenneth D. Brown), London, 1974, 208-33, especially 228.
10. Frank M. Turner, Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life, Cambridge, 1993; and Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Victorian England, London, 1974, 1-37.
11. Frank M. Turner, Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life, Cambridge, 1993; and Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Victorian England, London, 1974, 1-37.
12. J. P. Parry, Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867-1875, 1986; repr. Cambridge, 1989, 1-149; A. B. Cooke and John Vincent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet Government and Party Politics in Britain 1885-86, Brighton, 1974, 84-118. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain 1850-1930, Oxford, 1991, should also be consulted for the public commitment to morality and character; and for the notion of a 'generalist' intellectual culture. See also Jennifer Hart, Proportional Representation: Critics of the British Electoral System 1820-1945, Oxford, 1992, 101-44.
13. J. P. Parry, Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867-1875, 1986; repr. Cambridge, 1989, 1-149; A. B. Cooke and John Vincent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet Government and Party Politics in Britain 1885-86, Brighton, 1974, 84-118. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain 1850-1930, Oxford, 1991, should also be consulted for the public commitment to morality and character; and for the notion of a 'generalist' intellectual culture. See also Jennifer Hart, Proportional Representation: Critics of the British Electoral System 1820-1945, Oxford, 1992, 101-44.
14. J. P. Parry, Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867-1875, 1986; repr. Cambridge, 1989, 1-149; A. B. Cooke and John Vincent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet Government and Party Politics in Britain 1885-86, Brighton, 1974, 84-118. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain 1850-1930, Oxford, 1991, should also be consulted for the public commitment to morality and character; and for the notion of a 'generalist' intellectual culture. See also Jennifer Hart, Proportional Representation: Critics of the British Electoral System 1820-1945, Oxford, 1992, 101-44.
15. J. P. Parry, Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867-1875, 1986; repr. Cambridge, 1989, 1-149; A. B. Cooke and John Vincent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet Government and Party Politics in Britain 1885-86, Brighton, 1974, 84-118. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain 1850-1930, Oxford, 1991, should also be consulted for the public commitment to morality and character; and for the notion of a 'generalist' intellectual culture. See also Jennifer Hart, Proportional Representation: Critics of the British Electoral System 1820-1945, Oxford, 1992, 101-44.
16. 25 October 1853, John Lubbock, Diary, 1853-1863, Supplementary Avebury Papers, British Library (hereafter SAP), Add. MSS 62679, fol. 24. The Lubbock diaries, and other items, were only recently deposited at the British Library. At the time of writing, the manuscript and folio numbers were provisional. All references, therefore, to the Supplementary Avebury Papers should be checked against the dates.
17. The phrase is from J. S. Mill, On Liberty, 1859; repr. Harmondsworth, 1984, 114. Parry, op. cit. (9), 5, makes the same general point in terms of educational priorities of whig-liberals.
18. The phrase is from J. S. Mill, On Liberty, 1859; repr. Harmondsworth, 1984, 114. Parry, op. cit. (9), 5, makes the same general point in terms of educational priorities of whig-liberals.
19. John Lubbock Pre-Historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages, London, 1865, 488-9.
20. See Roy M. MacLeod, 'Resources of science in Victorian England: the Endowment of Science Movement, 1868-1900', in Science and Society 1600-1900 (ed. Peter Mathias), Cambridge, 1972, 111-66, especially 126-60; and D. S. L. Cardwell, The Organisation of Science in England, 1957; repr. London, 1972, 111-26. Henrika Kuklick, The Savage Within: The Social History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945, Cambridge, 1991, 107-8, provides an analysis of Lubbock's educational activities.
21. See Roy M. MacLeod, 'Resources of science in Victorian England: the Endowment of Science Movement, 1868-1900', in Science and Society 1600-1900 (ed. Peter Mathias), Cambridge, 1972, 111-66, especially 126-60; and D. S. L. Cardwell, The Organisation of Science in England, 1957; repr. London, 1972, 111-26. Henrika Kuklick, The Savage Within: The Social History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945, Cambridge, 1991, 107-8, provides an analysis of Lubbock's educational activities.
22. See Roy M. MacLeod, 'Resources of science in Victorian England: the Endowment of Science Movement, 1868-1900', in Science and Society 1600-1900 (ed. Peter Mathias), Cambridge, 1972, 111-66, especially 126-60; and D. S. L. Cardwell, The Organisation of Science in England, 1957; repr. London, 1972, 111-26. Henrika Kuklick, The Savage Within: The Social History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945, Cambridge, 1991, 107-8, provides an analysis of Lubbock's educational activities.
23. John Lubbock, The Pleasures of Life. Part II, 2nd edn, London, 1889, 250-1.
24. See Adrian Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994, 3-65; and T. W. Heyck, The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England, London, 1982, 97-103, for Huxley's Evangelical roots. In addition, see John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 192-225, for the close intellectual, stylistic, and emotional relationships between natural theology and scientific naturalism. Grappling with his own reluctance to extend evolution to the hallowed domain of man, Charles Lyell informed J. D. Hooker, in March 1863: 'I shall lead more people on to Darwin and you, than one who, being born later, like Lubbock, has comparatively little to abandon of old and cherished ideas, which constituted the charm to me of the theoretical part of the science in my earlier days.' See Charles Lyell, Life Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. (ed. K. M. Lyell), 2 vols., London, 1881, ii, 361-2.
25. See Adrian Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994, 3-65; and T. W. Heyck, The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England, London, 1982, 97-103, for Huxley's Evangelical roots. In addition, see John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 192-225, for the close intellectual, stylistic, and emotional relationships between natural theology and scientific naturalism. Grappling with his own reluctance to extend evolution to the hallowed domain of man, Charles Lyell informed J. D. Hooker, in March 1863: 'I shall lead more people on to Darwin and you, than one who, being born later, like Lubbock, has comparatively little to abandon of old and cherished ideas, which constituted the charm to me of the theoretical part of the science in my earlier days.' See Charles Lyell, Life Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. (ed. K. M. Lyell), 2 vols., London, 1881, ii, 361-2.
26. See Adrian Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994, 3-65; and T. W. Heyck, The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England, London, 1982, 97-103, for Huxley's Evangelical roots. In addition, see John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 192-225, for the close intellectual, stylistic, and emotional relationships between natural theology and scientific naturalism. Grappling with his own reluctance to extend evolution to the hallowed domain of man, Charles Lyell informed J. D. Hooker, in March 1863: 'I shall lead more people on to Darwin and you, than one who, being born later, like Lubbock, has comparatively little to abandon of old and cherished ideas, which constituted the charm to me of the theoretical part of the science in my earlier days.' See Charles Lyell, Life Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. (ed. K. M. Lyell), 2 vols., London, 1881, ii, 361-2.
27. See Adrian Desmond, Huxley: The Devil's Disciple, London, 1994, 3-65; and T. W. Heyck, The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England, London, 1982, 97-103, for Huxley's Evangelical roots. In addition, see John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, 1991, 192-225, for the close intellectual, stylistic, and emotional relationships between natural theology and scientific naturalism. Grappling with his own reluctance to extend evolution to the hallowed domain of man, Charles Lyell informed J. D. Hooker, in March 1863: 'I shall lead more people on to Darwin and you, than one who, being born later, like Lubbock, has comparatively little to abandon of old and cherished ideas, which constituted the charm to me of the theoretical part of the science in my earlier days.' See Charles Lyell, Life Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. (ed. K. M. Lyell), 2 vols., London, 1881, ii, 361-2.
28. 11 April 1884 [Written 5 October 1886], Alice Lubbock, Diary, 1884-1888, SAP, Add. MSS 62691, fols 61-2.
29. 7 May 1884, John Lubbock, Diary, 1883-1894, SAP, Add. MSS 62683, fol. 27.
30. John Lubbock, The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man. Mental and Social Condition of Savages, London, 1870, 255-6. See Kuklick, op. cit. (13), 75-118, for a historical analysis of 'intellectualist' anthropology.
31. John Lubbock, The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man. Mental and Social Condition of Savages, London, 1870, 255-6. See Kuklick, op. cit. (13), 75-118, for a historical analysis of 'intellectualist' anthropology.
32. Lubbock, op. cit. (12), 491-2.
33. John Lubbock, The Pleasures of Life [Part I], 3rd edn, London, 1887, 161-2.
34. J. Vernon Jensen, 'Return to the Wilberforce-Huxley Debate', BJHS (1988), 21, 161-79; J. R. Lucas, 'Wilberforce and Huxley: a legendary encounter', Historical Journal (1979), 22, 313-30; James R. Moore, 'Charles Darwin lies in Westminster Abbey', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1982), 17, 97-113; and Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin, London, 1991, 664-77.
35. J. Vernon Jensen, 'Return to the Wilberforce-Huxley Debate', BJHS (1988), 21, 161-79; J. R. Lucas, 'Wilberforce and Huxley: a legendary encounter', Historical Journal (1979), 22, 313-30; James R. Moore, 'Charles Darwin lies in Westminster Abbey', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1982), 17, 97-113; and Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin, London, 1991, 664-77.
36. J. Vernon Jensen, 'Return to the Wilberforce-Huxley Debate', BJHS (1988), 21, 161-79; J. R. Lucas, 'Wilberforce and Huxley: a legendary encounter', Historical Journal (1979), 22, 313-30; James R. Moore, 'Charles Darwin lies in Westminster Abbey', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1982), 17, 97-113; and Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin, London, 1991, 664-77.
37. J. Vernon Jensen, 'Return to the Wilberforce-Huxley Debate', BJHS (1988), 21, 161-79; J. R. Lucas, 'Wilberforce and Huxley: a legendary encounter', Historical Journal (1979), 22, 313-30; James R. Moore, 'Charles Darwin lies in Westminster Abbey', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1982), 17, 97-113; and Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin, London, 1991, 664-77.
38. W. H. Brock and R. M. MacLeod, 'The scientists' declaration: reflexions on science and belief in the wake of Essays and Reviews, 1864-5', BJHS (1976), 9, 39-66. See 51 for the relationship between the 'Declaration' and the origins of the X Club.
39. Ruth Barton '"An Influential Set of Chaps": the X-Club and Royal Society politics 1864-85', BJHS (1990), 23, 53-81; and J. Vernon Jensen, 'The X Club: fraternity of Victorian scientists', BJHS (1970), 5, 63-72. Interestingly, Lubbock does not note the creation of the X Club in his diary, although he does mention his involvement in the purchase of the Reader with many of the same people. His first reference to the X Club appears in his entry for 9 June 1866. See John Lubbock, Diary, 1864-82, SAP, British Library, Add. MSS 62680, fols. 1, 2.
40. Ruth Barton '"An Influential Set of Chaps": the X-Club and Royal Society politics 1864-85', BJHS (1990), 23, 53-81; and J. Vernon Jensen, 'The X Club: fraternity of Victorian scientists', BJHS (1970), 5, 63-72. Interestingly, Lubbock does not note the creation of the X Club in his diary, although he does mention his involvement in the purchase of the Reader with many of the same people. His first reference to the X Club appears in his entry for 9 June 1866. See John Lubbock, Diary, 1864-82, SAP, British Library, Add. MSS 62680, fols. 1, 2.
41. Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 24.
42. Roy M. MacLeod, 'Evolutionism, internationalism and commercial enterprise in science: the International Scientific Series 1871-1910', in Development of Science Publishing in Europe (ed. A. J. Meadows), Amsterdam, 1980, 63-93, on 68; Charles M. Haar, 'E. L. Youmans: a chapter in the diffusion of science in America', Journal of the History of Ideas (1948), 9, 193-213; and James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1977, 19-30.
43. Roy M. MacLeod, 'Evolutionism, internationalism and commercial enterprise in science: the International Scientific Series 1871-1910', in Development of Science Publishing in Europe (ed. A. J. Meadows), Amsterdam, 1980, 63-93, on 68; Charles M. Haar, 'E. L. Youmans: a chapter in the diffusion of science in America', Journal of the History of Ideas (1948), 9, 193-213; and James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1977, 19-30.
44. Roy M. MacLeod, 'Evolutionism, internationalism and commercial enterprise in science: the International Scientific Series 1871-1910', in Development of Science Publishing in Europe (ed. A. J. Meadows), Amsterdam, 1980, 63-93, on 68; Charles M. Haar, 'E. L. Youmans: a chapter in the diffusion of science in America', Journal of the History of Ideas (1948), 9, 193-213; and James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, 1977, 19-30.
45. Peter Rivière, 'Editor's introduction', to John Lubbock, The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man, reprint edn, London, 1978, pp. xiii-lxiv on pp. xxvi-xxvii.
46. 'Lord Avebury, F.R.S.', Nature (1913), 91, 350-1, on 350.
47. Rivière, op. cit. (26), p. xxii, and Macmillan Archive, British Library, Add. MSS 55213, fols. 139-40. See also 28 December 1891, John Lubbock, Diary, 1883-1894, SAP, Add. MSS 62683 for the income generated in 1891.
48. 'Lord Avebury', op. cit. (27), 350.
49. 'Sir John Lubbock', Leisure Hour (1881), 483-7, on 485.
50. [Arthur E. Shipley], 'Obituary', Proceedings of the Royal Society, series B (1913-14), 87, pp. i-iii, on p. i.
51. 'Lord Avebury', op. cit. (27), 350.
52. George J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London, 1882. In addition, see Romanes, 'Intelligence of ants', Nineteenth Century (1881), 9, 992-1008 and 10, 245-58; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Behaviour, London, 1900, 198, 218-19. For the contributions of Romanes and Morgan, see Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, London and Chicago, 1989, 331-408; L. S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology 1840-1940, London, 1964, 92-100; and Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 134-63. Alan Costall, 'How Lloyd Morgan's canon backfired', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1993), 29, 113-22, presents a revisionist examination of Morgan's canon. Costall's distinction between anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism is very helpful as a guideline for reinterpreting Morgan and other comparative psychologists.
53. George J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London, 1882. In addition, see Romanes, 'Intelligence of ants', Nineteenth Century (1881), 9, 992-1008 and 10, 245-58; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Behaviour, London, 1900, 198, 218-19. For the contributions of Romanes and Morgan, see Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, London and Chicago, 1989, 331-408; L. S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology 1840-1940, London, 1964, 92-100; and Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 134-63. Alan Costall, 'How Lloyd Morgan's canon backfired', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1993), 29, 113-22, presents a revisionist examination of Morgan's canon. Costall's distinction between anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism is very helpful as a guideline for reinterpreting Morgan and other comparative psychologists.
54. George J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London, 1882. In addition, see Romanes, 'Intelligence of ants', Nineteenth Century (1881), 9, 992-1008 and 10, 245-58; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Behaviour, London, 1900, 198, 218-19. For the contributions of Romanes and Morgan, see Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, London and Chicago, 1989, 331-408; L. S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology 1840-1940, London, 1964, 92-100; and Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 134-63. Alan Costall, 'How Lloyd Morgan's canon backfired', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1993), 29, 113-22, presents a revisionist examination of Morgan's canon. Costall's distinction between anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism is very helpful as a guideline for reinterpreting Morgan and other comparative psychologists.
55. George J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London, 1882. In addition, see Romanes, 'Intelligence of ants', Nineteenth Century (1881), 9, 992-1008 and 10, 245-58; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Behaviour, London, 1900, 198, 218-19. For the contributions of Romanes and Morgan, see Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, London and Chicago, 1989, 331-408; L. S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology 1840-1940, London, 1964, 92-100; and Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 134-63. Alan Costall, 'How Lloyd Morgan's canon backfired', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1993), 29, 113-22, presents a revisionist examination of Morgan's canon. Costall's distinction between anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism is very helpful as a guideline for reinterpreting Morgan and other comparative psychologists.
56. George J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London, 1882. In addition, see Romanes, 'Intelligence of ants', Nineteenth Century (1881), 9, 992-1008 and 10, 245-58; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Behaviour, London, 1900, 198, 218-19. For the contributions of Romanes and Morgan, see Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, London and Chicago, 1989, 331-408; L. S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology 1840-1940, London, 1964, 92-100; and Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 134-63. Alan Costall, 'How Lloyd Morgan's canon backfired', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1993), 29, 113-22, presents a revisionist examination of Morgan's canon. Costall's distinction between anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism is very helpful as a guideline for reinterpreting Morgan and other comparative psychologists.
57. George J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London, 1882. In addition, see Romanes, 'Intelligence of ants', Nineteenth Century (1881), 9, 992-1008 and 10, 245-58; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Behaviour, London, 1900, 198, 218-19. For the contributions of Romanes and Morgan, see Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, London and Chicago, 1989, 331-408; L. S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology 1840-1940, London, 1964, 92-100; and Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 134-63. Alan Costall, 'How Lloyd Morgan's canon backfired', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1993), 29, 113-22, presents a revisionist examination of Morgan's canon. Costall's distinction between anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism is very helpful as a guideline for reinterpreting Morgan and other comparative psychologists.
58. George J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London, 1882. In addition, see Romanes, 'Intelligence of ants', Nineteenth Century (1881), 9, 992-1008 and 10, 245-58; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Behaviour, London, 1900, 198, 218-19. For the contributions of Romanes and Morgan, see Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, London and Chicago, 1989, 331-408; L. S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology 1840-1940, London, 1964, 92-100; and Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 134-63. Alan Costall, 'How Lloyd Morgan's canon backfired', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1993), 29, 113-22, presents a revisionist examination of Morgan's canon. Costall's distinction between anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism is very helpful as a guideline for reinterpreting Morgan and other comparative psychologists.
59. George J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London, 1882. In addition, see Romanes, 'Intelligence of ants', Nineteenth Century (1881), 9, 992-1008 and 10, 245-58; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Behaviour, London, 1900, 198, 218-19. For the contributions of Romanes and Morgan, see Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, London and Chicago, 1989, 331-408; L. S. Hearnshaw, A Short History of British Psychology 1840-1940, London, 1964, 92-100; and Turner, Between Science and Religion, op. cit. (8), 134-63. Alan Costall, 'How Lloyd Morgan's canon backfired', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (1993), 29, 113-22, presents a revisionist examination of Morgan's canon. Costall's distinction between anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism is very helpful as a guideline for reinterpreting Morgan and other comparative psychologists.
60. Charles Darwin, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms, With Observations on their Habits, London, 1881, 8-128. Edward S. Reed, 'Darwin's earthworms: a case study in evolutionary psychology', Behaviorism (1982), 10, 165-85.
61. Charles Darwin, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms, With Observations on their Habits, London, 1881, 8-128. Edward S. Reed, 'Darwin's earthworms: a case study in evolutionary psychology', Behaviorism (1982), 10, 165-85.
62. John Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps: A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera, 17th edn, London, 1915, 182-235; 45; Chapters in Popular Natural History, London, 1882, 42-62; and 'On the habits of ants', Fortnightly Review (1877), 27, 299.
63. John Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps: A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera, 17th edn, London, 1915, 182-235; 45; Chapters in Popular Natural History, London, 1882, 42-62; and 'On the habits of ants', Fortnightly Review (1877), 27, 299.
64. John Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps: A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera, 17th edn, London, 1915, 182-235; 45; Chapters in Popular Natural History, London, 1882, 42-62; and 'On the habits of ants', Fortnightly Review (1877), 27, 299.
65. Richard W. Burkhardt, Jr, 'Darwin on animal behaviour and evolution', in The Darwinian Heritage (ed. David Kohn), Princeton, 1985, 327-65; and Richards, op. cit. (33), 71-156.
66. Richard W. Burkhardt, Jr, 'Darwin on animal behaviour and evolution', in The Darwinian Heritage (ed. David Kohn), Princeton, 1985, 327-65; and Richards, op. cit. (33), 71-156.
67. Alvar Ellegård, Darwin and the General Reader: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in the British Periodical Press, 1859-1872, 1958; repr. Chicago, 1990, 293-331; Peter J. Bowler, Evolution: The History of an Idea, rev. edn, Berkeley, 1989, 218-81; and The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, Baltimore, 1983.
68. Alvar Ellegård, Darwin and the General Reader: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in the British Periodical Press, 1859-1872, 1958; repr. Chicago, 1990, 293-331; Peter J. Bowler, Evolution: The History of an Idea, rev. edn, Berkeley, 1989, 218-81; and The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, Baltimore, 1983.
69. Alvar Ellegård, Darwin and the General Reader: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in the British Periodical Press, 1859-1872, 1958; repr. Chicago, 1990, 293-331; Peter J. Bowler, Evolution: The History of an Idea, rev. edn, Berkeley, 1989, 218-81; and The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, Baltimore, 1983.
70. 10 October 1854, John Lubbock, Diary, 1853-1863, SAP, Add. MSS 62679, fol. 49; and Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859; repr. London, 1985, 261.
71. John Lubbock, 'The President's address', Journal of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1866), pp. lii-lxv, on p. lxi.
72. Lubbock, op. cit. (39), p. lxiv.
73. 12 July 1873, 13 August 1873, 15 August 1873, 4 July 1874 and 10 November 1874, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fols. 51, 54, 55, 102, 115. See also Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 275-6.
74. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 274; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 63.
75. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 274; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 63.
76. [Robert James Mann], 'Sir John Lubbock on ants and bees', Edinburgh Review (1882), 156, 377-409, on 377.
77. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 2.
78. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 4, 41; and 29 July 1887, and 9 August 1888, John Lubbock, Diary, 1883-1894, SAP, Add. MSS 62683, fols. 72, 82.
79. Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, Notes from a Diary 1873-1881, 2 vols., London, 1898, i, 144; and 29 June to 10 August 1880, John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fols. 29-31. Lubbock also transported his nests to lectures. See Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 108.
80. Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, Notes from a Diary 1873-1881, 2 vols., London, 1898, i, 144; and 29 June to 10 August 1880, John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fols. 29-31. Lubbock also transported his nests to lectures. See Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 108.
81. See P. Huber, The Natural History of Ants (tr. J. R. Johnson), London, 1820, 12-13, 61-5, 310-28, for detailed descriptions of his 'glass apparatus'. Auguste Forel, The Social World of the Ants Compared with that of Man (tr. C. K. Ogden), 2 vols., London, 1928, i. 379-404, provides the best historical survey of myrmecological 'observation apparatus'. See especially 383-4 for details of the 'Lubbock nests', which 'are in very common use'.
82. See P. Huber, The Natural History of Ants (tr. J. R. Johnson), London, 1820, 12-13, 61-5, 310-28, for detailed descriptions of his 'glass apparatus'. Auguste Forel, The Social World of the Ants Compared with that of Man (tr. C. K. Ogden), 2 vols., London, 1928, i. 379-404, provides the best historical survey of myrmecological 'observation apparatus'. See especially 383-4 for details of the 'Lubbock nests', which 'are in very common use'.
83. 22 August 1886, Alice Lubbock, Diary, 1884-1888, SAP, Add. MSS 62691, fol. 13.
84. See Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 125, where he refers to some 'Lasius flavus (belonging to one of my nests of domesticated ants)'. For a discussion of insects domesticated to a laboratory regime, see Robert E. Kohler, 'Drosophila: a life in the laboratory', Journal of the History of Biology (1993), 26, 281-310, especially 282; and Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and Experimental Life, Chicago, 1994.
85. See Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 125, where he refers to some 'Lasius flavus (belonging to one of my nests of domesticated ants)'. For a discussion of insects domesticated to a laboratory regime, see Robert E. Kohler, 'Drosophila: a life in the laboratory', Journal of the History of Biology (1993), 26, 281-310, especially 282; and Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and Experimental Life, Chicago, 1994.
86. See Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 125, where he refers to some 'Lasius flavus (belonging to one of my nests of domesticated ants)'. For a discussion of insects domesticated to a laboratory regime, see Robert E. Kohler, 'Drosophila: a life in the laboratory', Journal of the History of Biology (1993), 26, 281-310, especially 282; and Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and Experimental Life, Chicago, 1994.
87. Richards, op. cit. (33), 169.
88. See Richards, op. cit. (33), 169-72; Hearnshaw, op. cit. (33), 56-68; Karl Pearson The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1914-30, ii, 211-82; and Stocking, op. cit. (6), 92-6.
89. See Richards, op. cit. (33), 169-72; Hearnshaw, op. cit. (33), 56-68; Karl Pearson The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1914-30, ii, 211-82; and Stocking, op. cit. (6), 92-6.
90. See Richards, op. cit. (33), 169-72; Hearnshaw, op. cit. (33), 56-68; Karl Pearson The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1914-30, ii, 211-82; and Stocking, op. cit. (6), 92-6.
91. See Richards, op. cit. (33), 169-72; Hearnshaw, op. cit. (33), 56-68; Karl Pearson The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1914-30, ii, 211-82; and Stocking, op. cit. (6), 92-6.
92. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), p. v.
93. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 5; Chapters, op. cit. (35), 2. Although perhaps overstated, M. W. Taylor, Men Versus the State: Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism, Oxford, 1992, delineates a healthy political grouping, which altered mid-century liberalism to sustain a Spencerian Individualist attack on New Liberalism.
94. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 5; Chapters, op. cit. (35), 2. Although perhaps overstated, M. W. Taylor, Men Versus the State: Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism, Oxford, 1992, delineates a healthy political grouping, which altered mid-century liberalism to sustain a Spencerian Individualist attack on New Liberalism.
95. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 5; Chapters, op. cit. (35), 2. Although perhaps overstated, M. W. Taylor, Men Versus the State: Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism, Oxford, 1992, delineates a healthy political grouping, which altered mid-century liberalism to sustain a Spencerian Individualist attack on New Liberalism.
96. Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development, London, 1883, 38-40, 375-78; Memories of My Life, London, 1908, 247; and Pearson, op. cit. (51), ii, 215-17.
97. Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development, London, 1883, 38-40, 375-78; Memories of My Life, London, 1908, 247; and Pearson, op. cit. (51), ii, 215-17.
98. Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development, London, 1883, 38-40, 375-78; Memories of My Life, London, 1908, 247; and Pearson, op. cit. (51), ii, 215-17.
99. 23 February 1878, 2 March 1878, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fol. 212.
100. Francis Galton, 'Hydrogen whistles', Nature (1883), 27, 491-92; and (20 June 1883), John Lubbock Diary, 1883-1894, SAP, Add. MSS 62683, fol. 9.
101. Pearson, op. cit. (51), ii, 217.
102. Gerald L. Geison, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology: The Scientific Enterprise in Late Victorian Society, Princeton, 1978, 116-47; and J. B. Morrell, 'The chemist breeders: the research schools of Liebig and Thomas Thomson', Ambix (1972), 19, 1-46.
103. Gerald L. Geison, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology: The Scientific Enterprise in Late Victorian Society, Princeton, 1978, 116-47; and J. B. Morrell, 'The chemist breeders: the research schools of Liebig and Thomas Thomson', Ambix (1972), 19, 1-46.
104. A. J. Southward and E. K. Roberts, 'One hundred years of marine research at Plymouth', Journal of the Marine Biology Association (UK) (1987), 67, 465-506, especially 465-76; and 'Psychological laboratory at University College, London', Mind (1897), 7, 448.
105. A. J. Southward and E. K. Roberts, One hundred years of marine research at Plymouth', Journal of the Marine Biology Association (UK) (1987), 67, 465-506, especially 465-76; and 'Psychological laboratory at University College, London', Mind (1897), 7, 448.
106. Ruth Barton, 'The X Club: Science, Religion, and Social Change in Victorian England', unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1976 (order no. 76-22652), 26, 44-6.
107. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 160.
108. T. H. Huxley to J. Lubbock, 10 December 1856, Avebury Papers, British Library (hereafter AP), Add. MSS 49638, fol. 51.
109. John Lubbock, 'On the objects of a collection of insects', Entomologist's Annual for 1856, 115-21. A 'List of British entomologists' and their collection interests appeared in the same volume (pp. 14-25). John Lubbock acknowledged his research interest in crustacea, and noted that he had 'no collection' (p. 21).
110. William Kirby, 'Introductory address', Zoological Journal (1825), 2, 1-8, on 2 and 5.
111. Mary Louise Pratt, Travel Writing and Transculturation, London, 1992, 36.
112. Francis Galton, 'Psychometric experiments', Brain (1879), 2, 148-62, on 148.
113. John Lubbock, On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals with Special Reference to Insects, London, 1888, 279.
114. Perkin, op. cit. (4), 86-7. In addition, see Heyck, op. cit. (17), 81-119.
115. Perkin, op. cit. (4), 86-7. In addition, see Heyck, op. cit. (17), 81-119.
116. L. Huxley (ed.), Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 2 vols., London, 1900, i, 165.
117. Edwin G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology, 2nd edn, New York, 1950, 27-50, 96-115.
118. See, for instance, 12 September 1877, and 23 February 1879, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fols. 193, 239; and Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 200. On 24 November 1879, Lubbock made 'some experiments on Ants with the telephone, but they had no result'. John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fol. 14. See also Grant Duff, op. cit. (46), ii, 116.
119. See, for instance, 12 September 1877, and 23 February 1879, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fols. 193, 239; and Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 200. On 24 November 1879, Lubbock made 'some experiments on Ants with the telephone, but they had no result'. John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fol. 14. See also Grant Duff, op. cit. (46), ii, 116.
120. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 181, 273, 291-310. For an assessment of Lubbock's contributions to entomology and sensory physiology, see J. Arthur Thomson, 'Zoology (animal behavior)', and H. St J. K. Donisthorpe, 'Entomology (ants)', in Grant Duff, op. cit. (2), 115-56, 157-67; R. J. Pumphrey, 'The forgotten man-Sir John Lubbock, FRS', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1958), 13, 49-58; G. Richard, 'The historical development of nineteenth and twentieth century studies on the behavior of insects', in History of Entomology (ed. Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler and Carol N. Smith), Palo Alto, CA, 1973, 477-502; and Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth, 'The contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to insect physiology', Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series c (1964-65), 29, 55-60. For a statement of Lubbock's goals in sensory physiology, explained within the context of his ideology of progress, see Lubbock, op. cit. (14), 242-8.
121. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 181, 273, 291-310. For an assessment of Lubbock's contributions to entomology and sensory physiology, see J. Arthur Thomson, 'Zoology (animal behavior)', and H. St J. K. Donisthorpe, 'Entomology (ants)', in Grant Duff, op. cit. (2), 115-56, 157-67; R. J. Pumphrey, 'The forgotten man-Sir John Lubbock, FRS', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1958), 13, 49-58; G. Richard, 'The historical development of nineteenth and twentieth century studies on the behavior of insects', in History of Entomology (ed. Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler and Carol N. Smith), Palo Alto, CA, 1973, 477-502; and Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth, 'The contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to insect physiology', Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series c (1964-65), 29, 55-60. For a statement of Lubbock's goals in sensory physiology, explained within the context of his ideology of progress, see Lubbock, op. cit. (14), 242-8.
122. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 181, 273, 291-310. For an assessment of Lubbock's contributions to entomology and sensory physiology, see J. Arthur Thomson, 'Zoology (animal behavior)', and H. St J. K. Donisthorpe, 'Entomology (ants)', in Grant Duff, op. cit. (2), 115-56, 157-67; R. J. Pumphrey, 'The forgotten man-Sir John Lubbock, FRS', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1958), 13, 49-58; G. Richard, 'The historical development of nineteenth and twentieth century studies on the behavior of insects', in History of Entomology (ed. Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler and Carol N. Smith), Palo Alto, CA, 1973, 477-502; and Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth, 'The contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to insect physiology', Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series c (1964-65), 29, 55-60. For a statement of Lubbock's goals in sensory physiology, explained within the context of his ideology of progress, see Lubbock, op. cit. (14), 242-8.
123. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 181, 273, 291-310. For an assessment of Lubbock's contributions to entomology and sensory physiology, see J. Arthur Thomson, 'Zoology (animal behavior)', and H. St J. K. Donisthorpe, 'Entomology (ants)', in Grant Duff, op. cit. (2), 115-56, 157-67; R. J. Pumphrey, 'The forgotten man-Sir John Lubbock, FRS', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1958), 13, 49-58; G. Richard, 'The historical development of nineteenth and twentieth century studies on the behavior of insects', in History of Entomology (ed. Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler and Carol N. Smith), Palo Alto, CA, 1973, 477-502; and Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth, 'The contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to insect physiology', Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series c (1964-65), 29, 55-60. For a statement of Lubbock's goals in sensory physiology, explained within the context of his ideology of progress, see Lubbock, op. cit. (14), 242-8.
124. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 181, 273, 291-310. For an assessment of Lubbock's contributions to entomology and sensory physiology, see J. Arthur Thomson, 'Zoology (animal behavior)', and H. St J. K. Donisthorpe, 'Entomology (ants)', in Grant Duff, op. cit. (2), 115-56, 157-67; R. J. Pumphrey, 'The forgotten man-Sir John Lubbock, FRS', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1958), 13, 49-58; G. Richard, 'The historical development of nineteenth and twentieth century studies on the behavior of insects', in History of Entomology (ed. Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler and Carol N. Smith), Palo Alto, CA, 1973, 477-502; and Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth, 'The contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to insect physiology', Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series c (1964-65), 29, 55-60. For a statement of Lubbock's goals in sensory physiology, explained within the context of his ideology of progress, see Lubbock, op. cit. (14), 242-8.
125. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 181, 273, 291-310. For an assessment of Lubbock's contributions to entomology and sensory physiology, see J. Arthur Thomson, 'Zoology (animal behavior)', and H. St J. K. Donisthorpe, 'Entomology (ants)', in Grant Duff, op. cit. (2), 115-56, 157-67; R. J. Pumphrey, 'The forgotten man-Sir John Lubbock, FRS', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1958), 13, 49-58; G. Richard, 'The historical development of nineteenth and twentieth century studies on the behavior of insects', in History of Entomology (ed. Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler and Carol N. Smith), Palo Alto, CA, 1973, 477-502; and Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth, 'The contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to insect physiology', Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series c (1964-65), 29, 55-60. For a statement of Lubbock's goals in sensory physiology, explained within the context of his ideology of progress, see Lubbock, op. cit. (14), 242-8.
126. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 181, 273, 291-310. For an assessment of Lubbock's contributions to entomology and sensory physiology, see J. Arthur Thomson, 'Zoology (animal behavior)', and H. St J. K. Donisthorpe, 'Entomology (ants)', in Grant Duff, op. cit. (2), 115-56, 157-67; R. J. Pumphrey, 'The forgotten man-Sir John Lubbock, FRS', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1958), 13, 49-58; G. Richard, 'The historical development of nineteenth and twentieth century studies on the behavior of insects', in History of Entomology (ed. Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler and Carol N. Smith), Palo Alto, CA, 1973, 477-502; and Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth, 'The contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to insect physiology', Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series c (1964-65), 29, 55-60. For a statement of Lubbock's goals in sensory physiology, explained within the context of his ideology of progress, see Lubbock, op. cit. (14), 242-8.
127. John Lubbock, Scientific Lectures, 2nd edn, London, 1890, p. v.
128. Christopher Hamlin, 'Robert Warington and the moral economy of the aquarium', Journal of the History of Biology (1986), 19, 133-53, especially 150-3; and Graeme Gooday, '"Nature" in the laboratory: domestication and discipline with the microscope in Victorian life science', BJHS (1991), 24, 307-41.
129. Christopher Hamlin, 'Robert Warington and the moral economy of the aquarium', Journal of the History of Biology (1986), 19, 133-53, especially 150-3; and Graeme Gooday, '"Nature" in the laboratory: domestication and discipline with the microscope in Victorian life science', BJHS (1991), 24, 307-41.
130. For contemporary accounts of Lubbock's weekend parties, see Galton, Memories op. cit. (54), 177-8; and Alfred Russel Wallace, My Life. A Record of Events and Opinions, 2 vols., London, 1905, ii, 33. On the March 1877 visit to Darwin, see 11 March 1877, John Lubbock, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fol. 173. The quotation comes from William Irvine, Apes, Angels and Victorians: A Joint Biography of Darwin and Huxley, 1955; repr. London, 1956, 164.
131. For contemporary accounts of Lubbock's weekend parties, see Galton, Memories op. cit. (54), 177-8; and Alfred Russel Wallace, My Life. A Record of Events and Opinions, 2 vols., London, 1905, ii, 33. On the March 1877 visit to Darwin, see 11 March 1877, John Lubbock, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fol. 173. The quotation comes from William Irvine, Apes, Angels and Victorians: A Joint Biography of Darwin and Huxley, 1955; repr. London, 1956, 164.
132. For contemporary accounts of Lubbock's weekend parties, see Galton, Memories op. cit. (54), 177-8; and Alfred Russel Wallace, My Life. A Record of Events and Opinions, 2 vols., London, 1905, ii, 33. On the March 1877 visit to Darwin, see 11 March 1877, John Lubbock, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fol. 173. The quotation comes from William Irvine, Apes, Angels and Victorians: A Joint Biography of Darwin and Huxley, 1955; repr. London, 1956, 164.
133. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 2; Chapters, op. cit (35), 6; 'Habits', op. cit. (35), 287; and 1 December 1874, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fol. 115.
134. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 2; Chapters, op. cit (35), 6; 'Habits', op. cit. (35), 287; and 1 December 1874, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fol. 115.
135. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 2; Chapters, op. cit (35), 6; 'Habits', op. cit. (35), 287; and 1 December 1874, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fol. 115.
136. Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, Notes from a Diary 1886-1888, 2 vols., London, 1900, i, 178-9.
137. 9 December 1881, John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fol. 108.
138. 16 and 20 August 1878, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fols. 227, 229.
139. 29 November 1881, John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fol. 106, and 3 November 1885, 18 January 1887 and 17 October 1885, Add. MSS 62683, fols. 50, 66, 49.
140. Thomas Greenwood, Eminent Naturalists, London, 1886, 34-45, on 38.
141. 27 October 1892, John Lubbock, Diary, 1883-1894, SAP, Add. MSS 62683, fol. 121.
142. See Gillian Beer, 'Darwin's reading and the fictions of development', in Kohn, op. cit. (36), 543-88, on 546.
143. John Lubbock, 'Recent observations on the habits of ants, bees and wasps', Contemporary Review (1885), 48, 619-30; 'Can insects reason?', London Magazine (1902-3), 9, 423-7; and 'Observations on bees and wasps', Linnean Society Journal - Zoology (1874), 12, 110-39. See also Lubbock, op. cit. (73), 69-140, and op. cit. (35).
144. John Lubbock, 'Recent observations on the habits of ants, bees and wasps', Contemporary Review (1885), 48, 619-30; 'Can insects reason?', London Magazine (1902-3), 9, 423-7; and 'Observations on bees and wasps', Linnean Society Journal - Zoology (1874), 12, 110-39. See also Lubbock, op. cit. (73), 69-140, and op. cit. (35).
145. John Lubbock, 'Recent observations on the habits of ants, bees and wasps', Contemporary Review (1885), 48, 619-30; 'Can insects reason?', London Magazine (1902-3), 9, 423-7; and 'Observations on bees and wasps', Linnean Society Journal - Zoology (1874), 12, 110-39. See also Lubbock, op. cit. (73), 69-140, and op. cit. (35).
146. John Lubbock, 'Recent observations on the habits of ants, bees and wasps', Contemporary Review (1885), 48, 619-30; 'Can insects reason?', London Magazine (1902-3), 9, 423-7; and 'Observations on bees and wasps', Linnean Society Journal - Zoology (1874), 12, 110-39. See also Lubbock, op. cit. (73), 69-140, and op. cit. (35).
147. John Lubbock, 'Recent observations on the habits of ants, bees and wasps', Contemporary Review (1885), 48, 619-30; 'Can insects reason?', London Magazine (1902-3), 9, 423-7; and 'Observations on bees and wasps', Linnean Society Journal - Zoology (1874), 12, 110-39. See also Lubbock, op. cit. (73), 69-140, and op. cit. (35).
148. J. Lubbock to Macmillan's, 15 February 1879, Macmillan Archive, British Library, Add. MSS 55213, fols. 23-4. On the Athenaeum Club, see Collini, op. cit. (9), 13-19.
149. John Ruskin, 'The best hundred books', Pall Mall Gazette, 19 January, 15 February, 23 February 1886, in idem, The Works of John Ruskin (ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn), 39 vols., London, 1903-12, xxxiv, 582-8, on 582 and 584; and John Lubbock, 'On the pleasure of reading', Contemporary Review (1886), 49, 240-51. In addition, see 12 June 1881, John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fol. 65: 'In the evening Mr. G. D. [Grant Duff] tried to make out a list of the 100 books best worth reading.'
150. John Ruskin, 'The best hundred books', Pall Mall Gazette, 19 January, 15 February, 23 February 1886, in idem, The Works of John Ruskin (ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn), 39 vols., London, 1903-12, xxxiv, 582-8, on 582 and 584; and John Lubbock, 'On the pleasure of reading', Contemporary Review (1886), 49, 240-51. In addition, see 12 June 1881, John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fol. 65: 'In the evening Mr. G. D. [Grant Duff] tried to make out a list of the 100 books best worth reading.'
151. John Ruskin, 'The best hundred books', Pall Mall Gazette, 19 January, 15 February, 23 February 1886, in idem, The Works of John Ruskin (ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn), 39 vols., London, 1903-12, xxxiv, 582-8, on 582 and 584; and John Lubbock, 'On the pleasure of reading', Contemporary Review (1886), 49, 240-51. In addition, see 12 June 1881, John Lubbock, Diary, 1879-1882, SAP, Add. MSS 62682, fol. 65: 'In the evening Mr. G. D. [Grant Duff] tried to make out a list of the 100 books best worth reading.'
152. John Lubbock, The Use of Life, London, 1894, 97, quoted in Kuklick, op. cit. (13), 107.
153. John Lubbock, The Use of Life, London, 1894, 97, quoted in Kuklick, op. cit. (13), 107.
154. For explicit references to ants as 'Lilliputians', see Revd William Gould, An Account of English Ants, London, 1747, 80; Revd W. F. White, '"A Little People", but "Exceeding Wise"', Leisure Hour (1880), 5;
155. For explicit references to ants as 'Lilliputians', see Revd William Gould, An Account of English Ants, London, 1747, 80; Revd W. F. White, '"A Little People", but "Exceeding Wise"', Leisure Hour (1880), 5; and Revd H. C. McCook, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1879, xiii, 84, quoted in Ludwig Büchner, Mind in Animals (tr. Annie Besant), London, 1880, 99-100. See also Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, and London, 1984, 54, 67-8, for Lilliput and the ideological uses of an island. She draws an explicit parallel between the clearly circumscribed space of an island and the Victorian craze for 'domesticating' nature under glass. Beer, op. cit. (83), 563, detects 'tones of Gulliver among the Lilliputians' in Darwin's discussion on ants. On natural history, travel narratives and islands, see idem, Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, Oxford, 1996. Interestingly, Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, Cambridge, 1995, asserts that 'isolated oceanic islands', such as Mauritius, provided mental and physical allegories of an early nineteenth-century global conservationist image.
156. For explicit references to ants as 'Lilliputians', see Revd William Gould, An Account of English Ants, London, 1747, 80; Revd W. F. White, '"A Little People", but "Exceeding Wise"', Leisure Hour (1880), 5; and Revd H. C. McCook, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1879, xiii, 84, quoted in Ludwig Büchner, Mind in Animals (tr. Annie Besant), London, 1880, 99-100. See also Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, and London, 1984, 54, 67-8, for Lilliput and the ideological uses of an island. She draws an explicit parallel between the clearly circumscribed space of an island and the Victorian craze for 'domesticating' nature under glass. Beer, op. cit. (83), 563, detects 'tones of Gulliver among the Lilliputians' in Darwin's discussion on ants. On natural history, travel narratives and islands, see idem, Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, Oxford, 1996. Interestingly, Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, Cambridge, 1995, asserts that 'isolated oceanic islands', such as Mauritius, provided mental and physical allegories of an early nineteenth-century global conservationist image.
157. For explicit references to ants as 'Lilliputians', see Revd William Gould, An Account of English Ants, London, 1747, 80; Revd W. F. White, '"A Little People", but "Exceeding Wise"', Leisure Hour (1880), 5; and Revd H. C. McCook, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1879, xiii, 84, quoted in Ludwig Büchner, Mind in Animals (tr. Annie Besant), London, 1880, 99-100. See also Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, and London, 1984, 54, 67-8, for Lilliput and the ideological uses of an island. She draws an explicit parallel between the clearly circumscribed space of an island and the Victorian craze for 'domesticating' nature under glass. Beer, op. cit. (83), 563, detects 'tones of Gulliver among the Lilliputians' in Darwin's discussion on ants. On natural history, travel narratives and islands, see idem, Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, Oxford, 1996. Interestingly, Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, Cambridge, 1995, asserts that 'isolated oceanic islands', such as Mauritius, provided mental and physical allegories of an early nineteenth-century global conservationist image.
158. For explicit references to ants as 'Lilliputians', see Revd William Gould, An Account of English Ants, London, 1747, 80; Revd W. F. White, '"A Little People", but "Exceeding Wise"', Leisure Hour (1880), 5; and Revd H. C. McCook, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1879, xiii, 84, quoted in Ludwig Büchner, Mind in Animals (tr. Annie Besant), London, 1880, 99-100. See also Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, and London, 1984, 54, 67-8, for Lilliput and the ideological uses of an island. She draws an explicit parallel between the clearly circumscribed space of an island and the Victorian craze for 'domesticating' nature under glass. Beer, op. cit. (83), 563, detects 'tones of Gulliver among the Lilliputians' in Darwin's discussion on ants. On natural history, travel narratives and islands, see idem, Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, Oxford, 1996. Interestingly, Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, Cambridge, 1995, asserts that 'isolated oceanic islands', such as Mauritius, provided mental and physical allegories of an early nineteenth-century global conservationist image.
159. For explicit references to ants as 'Lilliputians', see Revd William Gould, An Account of English Ants, London, 1747, 80; Revd W. F. White, '"A Little People", but "Exceeding Wise"', Leisure Hour (1880), 5; and Revd H. C. McCook, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1879, xiii, 84, quoted in Ludwig Büchner, Mind in Animals (tr. Annie Besant), London, 1880, 99-100. See also Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, and London, 1984, 54, 67-8, for Lilliput and the ideological uses of an island. She draws an explicit parallel between the clearly circumscribed space of an island and the Victorian craze for 'domesticating' nature under glass. Beer, op. cit. (83), 563, detects 'tones of Gulliver among the Lilliputians' in Darwin's discussion on ants. On natural history, travel narratives and islands, see idem, Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, Oxford, 1996. Interestingly, Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, Cambridge, 1995, asserts that 'isolated oceanic islands', such as Mauritius, provided mental and physical allegories of an early nineteenth-century global conservationist image.
160. For explicit references to ants as 'Lilliputians', see Revd William Gould, An Account of English Ants, London, 1747, 80; Revd W. F. White, '"A Little People", but "Exceeding Wise"', Leisure Hour (1880), 5; and Revd H. C. McCook, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1879, xiii, 84, quoted in Ludwig Büchner, Mind in Animals (tr. Annie Besant), London, 1880, 99-100. See also Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, and London, 1984, 54, 67-8, for Lilliput and the ideological uses of an island. She draws an explicit parallel between the clearly circumscribed space of an island and the Victorian craze for 'domesticating' nature under glass. Beer, op. cit. (83), 563, detects 'tones of Gulliver among the Lilliputians' in Darwin's discussion on ants. On natural history, travel narratives and islands, see idem, Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, Oxford, 1996. Interestingly, Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, Cambridge, 1995, asserts that 'isolated oceanic islands', such as Mauritius, provided mental and physical allegories of an early nineteenth-century global conservationist image.
161. For explicit references to ants as 'Lilliputians', see Revd William Gould, An Account of English Ants, London, 1747, 80; Revd W. F. White, '"A Little People", but "Exceeding Wise"', Leisure Hour (1880), 5; and Revd H. C. McCook, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1879, xiii, 84, quoted in Ludwig Büchner, Mind in Animals (tr. Annie Besant), London, 1880, 99-100. See also Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, and London, 1984, 54, 67-8, for Lilliput and the ideological uses of an island. She draws an explicit parallel between the clearly circumscribed space of an island and the Victorian craze for 'domesticating' nature under glass. Beer, op. cit. (83), 563, detects 'tones of Gulliver among the Lilliputians' in Darwin's discussion on ants. On natural history, travel narratives and islands, see idem, Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, Oxford, 1996. Interestingly, Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, Cambridge, 1995, asserts that 'isolated oceanic islands', such as Mauritius, provided mental and physical allegories of an early nineteenth-century global conservationist image.
162. Beer, op. cit. (83), 561-2, 574.
163. Stefan Collini, Liberalism and Sociology: L. T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England 1880-1914, Cambridge, 1979, 13-50; and Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform, 1978; repr. Oxford, 1986, 76-116.
164. Stefan Collini, Liberalism and Sociology: L. T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England 1880-1914, Cambridge, 1979, 13-50; and Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform, 1978; repr. Oxford, 1986, 76-116.
165. J. Addison, Social Democrat (1909), 13, 299, quoted in Greta Jones, Darwinism and English Thought: The Interaction Between Biological and Social Thought, Sussex, 1980, 75.
166. J. Addison, Social Democrat (1909), 13, 299, quoted in Greta Jones, Darwinism and English Thought: The Interaction Between Biological and Social Thought, Sussex, 1980, 75.
167. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, 1914; repr. London, 1972, 35-9, on 38, and 253-4. In addition, see Jones, op. cit. (91), 76-7; Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought, Philadelphia, 1979, 158-60; and Paul Crook, Darwinism, War, and History: The Debate over the Biology of War from the Origin of Species to the First World War, Cambridge, 1994.
168. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, 1914; repr. London, 1972, 35-9, on 38, and 253-4. In addition, see Jones, op. cit. (91), 76-7; Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought, Philadelphia, 1979, 158-60; and Paul Crook, Darwinism, War, and History: The Debate over the Biology of War from the Origin of Species to the First World War, Cambridge, 1994.
169. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, 1914; repr. London, 1972, 35-9, on 38, and 253-4. In addition, see Jones, op. cit. (91), 76-7; Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought, Philadelphia, 1979, 158-60; and Paul Crook, Darwinism, War, and History: The Debate over the Biology of War from the Origin of Species to the First World War, Cambridge, 1994.
170. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, 1914; repr. London, 1972, 35-9, on 38, and 253-4. In addition, see Jones, op. cit. (91), 76-7; Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought, Philadelphia, 1979, 158-60; and Paul Crook, Darwinism, War, and History: The Debate over the Biology of War from the Origin of Species to the First World War, Cambridge, 1994.
171. 27 October 1890, in Huxley, op. cit. (69), ii, 267-8. According to Büchner, op. cit. (88), 42, 'ants have shown us a specimen of Socialism in practice, carried to its fullest consequences'.
172. 27 October 1890, in Huxley, op. cit. (69), ii, 267-8. According to Büchner, op. cit. (88), 42, 'ants have shown us a specimen of Socialism in practice, carried to its fullest consequences'.
173. J. G. Myers, 'Lubbock as an entomologist and comparative psychologist', [editor's introduction to] Sir John Lubbock, Ants Bees and Wasps: A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera, London, 1929, pp. ix-xiv, on p. x.
174. John R. Durant, 'Scientific naturalism and social reform in the thought of Alfred Russel Wallace', BJHS (1979), 12, 31-58.
175. Lubbock, op. cit. (18), 262-3. In a letter to A. R. Wallace, dated 1 May 1910, Lubbock stated: 'It surprises me ... how much we differ ... Apart from the hardship of Socialism, have you considered the inevitable loss of freedom, & tyranny of bureaucracy which it would involve? You say you yourself are lazy which I should never have suspected. How much more so are others & how many there are who will do little or no work unless directly, or indirectly, compelled. As to spiritualism my difficulty is that nothing comes of it.' Alfred Russel Wallace Papers, British Library, Add. MSS 46442, fols. 98-9.
176. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 93-118, 285-6; and 'Habits', op. cit. (35), 295-7. Michael S. Helfand, 'T. H. Huxley's "Evolution and Ethics": the politics of evolution and the evolution of politics', Victorian Studies (1977), 20, 159-77, argues that Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics' was an attempt to establish ideological control over interpretations of ethics by an appeal to scientific disinterestedness. See also James Paradis, 'Evolution and Ethics in its Victorian context', in Evolution and Ethics (ed. J. Paradis and George C. Williams), reprint edn, Princeton, 1989, 3-55. Individualist and feminist Florence Fenwick Miller took Lubbock's political tack on the social insects to its fullest extreme. See Miller, 'Insect communists', National Review (1890), 15, 392-403.
177. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 93-118, 285-6; and 'Habits', op. cit. (35), 295-7. Michael S. Helfand, 'T. H. Huxley's "Evolution and Ethics": the politics of evolution and the evolution of politics', Victorian Studies (1977), 20, 159-77, argues that Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics' was an attempt to establish ideological control over interpretations of ethics by an appeal to scientific disinterestedness. See also James Paradis, 'Evolution and Ethics in its Victorian context', in Evolution and Ethics (ed. J. Paradis and George C. Williams), reprint edn, Princeton, 1989, 3-55. Individualist and feminist Florence Fenwick Miller took Lubbock's political tack on the social insects to its fullest extreme. See Miller, 'Insect communists', National Review (1890), 15, 392-403.
178. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 93-118, 285-6; and 'Habits', op. cit. (35), 295-7. Michael S. Helfand, 'T. H. Huxley's "Evolution and Ethics": the politics of evolution and the evolution of politics', Victorian Studies (1977), 20, 159-77, argues that Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics' was an attempt to establish ideological control over interpretations of ethics by an appeal to scientific disinterestedness. See also James Paradis, 'Evolution and Ethics in its Victorian context', in Evolution and Ethics (ed. J. Paradis and George C. Williams), reprint edn, Princeton, 1989, 3-55. Individualist and feminist Florence Fenwick Miller took Lubbock's political tack on the social insects to its fullest extreme. See Miller, 'Insect communists', National Review (1890), 15, 392-403.
179. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 93-118, 285-6; and 'Habits', op. cit. (35), 295-7. Michael S. Helfand, 'T. H. Huxley's "Evolution and Ethics": the politics of evolution and the evolution of politics', Victorian Studies (1977), 20, 159-77, argues that Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics' was an attempt to establish ideological control over interpretations of ethics by an appeal to scientific disinterestedness. See also James Paradis, 'Evolution and Ethics in its Victorian context', in Evolution and Ethics (ed. J. Paradis and George C. Williams), reprint edn, Princeton, 1989, 3-55. Individualist and feminist Florence Fenwick Miller took Lubbock's political tack on the social insects to its fullest extreme. See Miller, 'Insect communists', National Review (1890), 15, 392-403.
180. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 93-118, 285-6; and 'Habits', op. cit. (35), 295-7. Michael S. Helfand, 'T. H. Huxley's "Evolution and Ethics": the politics of evolution and the evolution of politics', Victorian Studies (1977), 20, 159-77, argues that Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics' was an attempt to establish ideological control over interpretations of ethics by an appeal to scientific disinterestedness. See also James Paradis, 'Evolution and Ethics in its Victorian context', in Evolution and Ethics (ed. J. Paradis and George C. Williams), reprint edn, Princeton, 1989, 3-55. Individualist and feminist Florence Fenwick Miller took Lubbock's political tack on the social insects to its fullest extreme. See Miller, 'Insect communists', National Review (1890), 15, 392-403.
181. Pierre-André Latreille, Essai sur l'histoire des fourmis de la France, 1798; repr. Paris, 1989, 8, quoted in Jean-Marc Drouin, 'L'image des sociétés d'insectes en France à l'époque de la Revolution', Revue de Synthèse (1992), 4, 333-45, on 334.
182. Pierre-André Latreille, Essai sur l'histoire des fourmis de la France, 1798; repr. Paris, 1989, 8, quoted in Jean-Marc Drouin, 'L'image des sociétés d'insectes en France à l'époque de la Revolution', Revue de Synthèse (1992), 4, 333-45, on 334.
183. Stewart, op. cit. (88), 40-1, 146; Pratt, op. cit. (65), 1-37; and Gooday, op. cit. (74), 320-5.
184. Stewart, op. cit. (88), 40-1, 146; Pratt, op. cit. (65), 1-37; and Gooday, op. cit. (74), 320-5.
185. Stewart, op. cit. (88), 40-1, 146; Pratt, op. cit. (65), 1-37; and Gooday, op. cit. (74), 320-5.
186. Lubbock, op. cit. (18), 1; Stocking, op. cit. (6), 154-5; Rivière, op. cit. (26), pp. xxxiv-xxxvi; Idus L. Murphree, 'The evolutionary anthropologists: the progress of mankind. The concepts of progress and culture in the thought of John Lubbock, Edward B. Tylor, and Lewis H. Morgan', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1961), 105, 265-300, especially 272-82; and Neal C. Gillespie, 'The Duke of Argyll, evolutionary anthropology, and the art of scientific controversy', Isis (1977), 68, 40-55. Both Stocking (p. 153), and Gay Weber, 'Science and society in nineteenth century anthropology', History of Science (1974), 12, 260-83, on 281, discern similarities between 'arm-chair anthropology' and some of Lubbock's myrmecological observations. In general, there are many similarities between Prichardian ethnology and 'anecdotalist' comparative psychology.
187. Lubbock, op. cit. (18), 1; Stocking, op. cit. (6), 154-5; Rivière, op. cit. (26), pp. xxxiv-xxxvi; Idus L. Murphree, 'The evolutionary anthropologists: the progress of mankind. The concepts of progress and culture in the thought of John Lubbock, Edward B. Tylor, and Lewis H. Morgan', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1961), 105, 265-300, especially 272-82; and Neal C. Gillespie, 'The Duke of Argyll, evolutionary anthropology, and the art of scientific controversy', Isis (1977), 68, 40-55. Both Stocking (p. 153), and Gay Weber, 'Science and society in nineteenth century anthropology', History of Science (1974), 12, 260-83, on 281, discern similarities between 'arm-chair anthropology' and some of Lubbock's myrmecological observations. In general, there are many similarities between Prichardian ethnology and 'anecdotalist' comparative psychology.
188. Lubbock, op. cit. (18), 1; Stocking, op. cit. (6), 154-5; Rivière, op. cit. (26), pp. xxxiv-xxxvi; Idus L. Murphree, 'The evolutionary anthropologists: the progress of mankind. The concepts of progress and culture in the thought of John Lubbock, Edward B. Tylor, and Lewis H. Morgan', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1961), 105, 265-300, especially 272-82; and Neal C. Gillespie, 'The Duke of Argyll, evolutionary anthropology, and the art of scientific controversy', Isis (1977), 68, 40-55. Both Stocking (p. 153), and Gay Weber, 'Science and society in nineteenth century anthropology', History of Science (1974), 12, 260-83, on 281, discern similarities between 'arm-chair anthropology' and some of Lubbock's myrmecological observations. In general, there are many similarities between Prichardian ethnology and 'anecdotalist' comparative psychology.
189. Lubbock, op. cit. (18), 1; Stocking, op. cit. (6), 154-5; Rivière, op. cit. (26), pp. xxxiv-xxxvi; Idus L. Murphree, 'The evolutionary anthropologists: the progress of mankind. The concepts of progress and culture in the thought of John Lubbock, Edward B. Tylor, and Lewis H. Morgan', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1961), 105, 265-300, especially 272-82; and Neal C. Gillespie, 'The Duke of Argyll, evolutionary anthropology, and the art of scientific controversy', Isis (1977), 68, 40-55. Both Stocking (p. 153), and Gay Weber, 'Science and society in nineteenth century anthropology', History of Science (1974), 12, 260-83, on 281, discern similarities between 'arm-chair anthropology' and some of Lubbock's myrmecological observations. In general, there are many similarities between Prichardian ethnology and 'anecdotalist' comparative psychology.
190. Lubbock, op. cit. (18), 1; Stocking, op. cit. (6), 154-5; Rivière, op. cit. (26), pp. xxxiv-xxxvi; Idus L. Murphree, 'The evolutionary anthropologists: the progress of mankind. The concepts of progress and culture in the thought of John Lubbock, Edward B. Tylor, and Lewis H. Morgan', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1961), 105, 265-300, especially 272-82; and Neal C. Gillespie, 'The Duke of Argyll, evolutionary anthropology, and the art of scientific controversy', Isis (1977), 68, 40-55. Both Stocking (p. 153), and Gay Weber, 'Science and society in nineteenth century anthropology', History of Science (1974), 12, 260-83, on 281, discern similarities between 'arm-chair anthropology' and some of Lubbock's myrmecological observations. In general, there are many similarities between Prichardian ethnology and 'anecdotalist' comparative psychology.
191. Lubbock, op. cit. (18), 1; Stocking, op. cit. (6), 154-5; Rivière, op. cit. (26), pp. xxxiv-xxxvi; Idus L. Murphree, 'The evolutionary anthropologists: the progress of mankind. The concepts of progress and culture in the thought of John Lubbock, Edward B. Tylor, and Lewis H. Morgan', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1961), 105, 265-300, especially 272-82; and Neal C. Gillespie, 'The Duke of Argyll, evolutionary anthropology, and the art of scientific controversy', Isis (1977), 68, 40-55. Both Stocking (p. 153), and Gay Weber, 'Science and society in nineteenth century anthropology', History of Science (1974), 12, 260-83, on 281, discern similarities between 'arm-chair anthropology' and some of Lubbock's myrmecological observations. In general, there are many similarities between Prichardian ethnology and 'anecdotalist' comparative psychology.
192. 'The "primitive" like the "unconscious" is rather frightening, and I think these scholars wanted to tame it, to domesticate it'. Clifford Geertz, 'Notions of primitive thought: dialogue with Clifford Geertz' in States of Mind (ed. Jonathan Miller), Toronto, 1983, 192-210, on 200. In addition, see Charles Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, 1839; repr. London, 1989, 172, for his description of the natives of Tierra del Fuego: 'I could not have believed how wide was the difference, between savage and civilized man. It is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, in as much as in man there is a greater power of improvement'.
193. 'The "primitive" like the "unconscious" is rather frightening, and I think these scholars wanted to tame it, to domesticate it'. Clifford Geertz, 'Notions of primitive thought: dialogue with Clifford Geertz' in States of Mind (ed. Jonathan Miller), Toronto, 1983, 192-210, on 200. In addition, see Charles Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, 1839; repr. London, 1989, 172, for his description of the natives of Tierra del Fuego: 'I could not have believed how wide was the difference, between savage and civilized man. It is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, in as much as in man there is a greater power of improvement'.
194. 'I painted 12 bees green & am going to see if I can tame them'. 14 May 1873, John Lubbock, Diary, 1872-1879, SAP, Add. MSS 62681, fol. 44.
195. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 315-16; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 70-1; Horace G. Hutchinson, Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury, 2 vols., London, 1914, i, 141-2; 'A philosopher's pet', Punch, or the London Charivari, 7 September 1872, 97; 'Notes', Nature (1873), 7, 391; and Tim Ingold, 'The architect and the bee: reflections on the work of animals and men', in The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, Manchester, 1986, 16-39. For the semiotics of the flea circus, see Stewart, op. cit. (88), 56.
196. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 315-16; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 70-1; Horace G. Hutchinson, Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury, 2 vols., London, 1914, i, 141-2; 'A philosopher's pet', Punch, or the London Charivari, 7 September 1872, 97; 'Notes', Nature (1873), 7, 391; and Tim Ingold, 'The architect and the bee: reflections on the work of animals and men', in The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, Manchester, 1986, 16-39. For the semiotics of the flea circus, see Stewart, op. cit. (88), 56.
197. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 315-16; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 70-1; Horace G. Hutchinson, Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury, 2 vols., London, 1914, i, 141-2; 'A philosopher's pet', Punch, or the London Charivari, 7 September 1872, 97; 'Notes', Nature (1873), 7, 391; and Tim Ingold, 'The architect and the bee: reflections on the work of animals and men', in The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, Manchester, 1986, 16-39. For the semiotics of the flea circus, see Stewart, op. cit. (88), 56.
198. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 315-16; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 70-1; Horace G. Hutchinson, Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury, 2 vols., London, 1914, i, 141-2; 'A philosopher's pet', Punch, or the London Charivari, 7 September 1872, 97; 'Notes', Nature (1873), 7, 391; and Tim Ingold, 'The architect and the bee: reflections on the work of animals and men', in The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, Manchester, 1986, 16-39. For the semiotics of the flea circus, see Stewart, op. cit. (88), 56.
199. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 315-16; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 70-1; Horace G. Hutchinson, Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury, 2 vols., London, 1914, i, 141-2; 'A philosopher's pet', Punch, or the London Charivari, 7 September 1872, 97; 'Notes', Nature (1873), 7, 391; and Tim Ingold, 'The architect and the bee: reflections on the work of animals and men', in The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, Manchester, 1986, 16-39. For the semiotics of the flea circus, see Stewart, op. cit. (88), 56.
200. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 315-16; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 70-1; Horace G. Hutchinson, Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury, 2 vols., London, 1914, i, 141-2; 'A philosopher's pet', Punch, or the London Charivari, 7 September 1872, 97; 'Notes', Nature (1873), 7, 391; and Tim Ingold, 'The architect and the bee: reflections on the work of animals and men', in The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, Manchester, 1986, 16-39. For the semiotics of the flea circus, see Stewart, op. cit. (88), 56.
201. Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, op. cit. (35), 315-16; and Chapters, op. cit. (35), 70-1; Horace G. Hutchinson, Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury, 2 vols., London, 1914, i, 141-2; 'A philosopher's pet', Punch, or the London Charivari, 7 September 1872, 97; 'Notes', Nature (1873), 7, 391; and Tim Ingold, 'The architect and the bee: reflections on the work of animals and men', in The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, Manchester, 1986, 16-39. For the semiotics of the flea circus, see Stewart, op. cit. (88), 56.
202. 29 February 1861, J. D. Hooker Correspondence (Letters from), vol. x, fols. 240-1; and 2 March 1861, J. D. Hooker, Correspondence (Letters to), vol. xiv, fol. 174, Library, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Barton, op. cit. (60), 55-7, makes this point.
203. 'Punch's fancy portraits. - No. 97', Punch, or the London Charivari, 19 August 1882, 82. Lubbock is best remembered as the architect of the Bank Holidays Act, which was passed on 15 May 1871. See Hutchinson, op. cit. (103), i. 119-26. Punch's verse illustrates the connection between Lubbock's provision for greater 'leisure', and his commitment to self-help. 'Lord Avebury, F.R.S.', Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (1913), 24, 163, noted that 'as the originator of the "Bank Holiday", his name will be for all time held in grateful remembrance by those Entomologists who are blessed with only a limited amount of leisure.'.
204. 'Punch's fancy portraits. - No. 97', Punch, or the London Charivari, 19 August 1882, 82. Lubbock is best remembered as the architect of the Bank Holidays Act, which was passed on 15 May 1871. See Hutchinson, op. cit. (103), i. 119-26. Punch's verse illustrates the connection between Lubbock's provision for greater 'leisure', and his commitment to self-help. 'Lord Avebury, F.R.S.', Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (1913), 24, 163, noted that 'as the originator of the "Bank Holiday", his name will be for all time held in grateful remembrance by those Entomologists who are blessed with only a limited amount of leisure.'.
205. 'Punch's fancy portraits. - No. 97', Punch, or the London Charivari, 19 August 1882, 82. Lubbock is best remembered as the architect of the Bank Holidays Act, which was passed on 15 May 1871. See Hutchinson, op. cit. (103), i. 119-26. Punch's verse illustrates the connection between Lubbock's provision for greater 'leisure', and his commitment to self-help. 'Lord Avebury, F.R.S.', Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (1913), 24, 163, noted that 'as the originator of the "Bank Holiday", his name will be for all time held in grateful remembrance by those Entomologists who are blessed with only a limited amount of leisure.'.
206. Henry Drummond, Tropical Africa, London, 1888, 123. On Drummond, see James R. Moore, 'Evangelicals and evolution: Henry Drummond, Herbert Spencer, and the naturalisation of the spiritual world'. Scottish Journal of Theology (1985), 38, 383-417.
207. Henry Drummond, Tropical Africa, London, 1888, 123. On Drummond, see James R. Moore, 'Evangelicals and evolution: Henry Drummond, Herbert Spencer, and the naturalisation of the spiritual world'. Scottish Journal of Theology (1985), 38, 383-417.